110-451: Springfield is the third most populous city in the U.S. state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County . The city's population was 169,176 at the 2020 census . It is the principal city of the Springfield metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 487,061 in 2022 and includes the counties of Christian , Dallas , Greene , Polk , and Webster , The city sits on
220-609: A Springfield police officer, John Orr, shoot and kill James Coleman after Coleman interfered with the arrest of Coleman's friend Bingham, who was drunk and disorderly. Hickok provided testimony in the case. Orr was arrested, released on bail, and immediately fled the country. He was never brought to trial or heard from again. From the period after Reconstruction into the early 20th century, lynchings of freedmen and their descendants occurred in some cities and counties in Missouri, particularly in former slaveholding areas. On April 14, 1906,
330-643: A certificate proclaiming the honoree a "hillbilly of the Ozarks". On June 7, 1953, U.S. President Harry Truman received the medallion after a breakfast speech ( Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ) at the Shrine Mosque for a reunion of the 35th Division . Other recipients included US Army generals Omar Bradley and Matthew Ridgway , US Representative Dewey Short , J. C. Penney , Johnny Olson , Ralph Story and disc jockey Nelson King . Springfield
440-520: A daughter of Samuel Ward , a prominent Rhode Island politician who became an important political ally until his death in 1776. Greene and Catherine's first child was born in 1776, and they had six more children between 1777 and 1786. After the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the British parliament began imposing new policies designed to raise revenue from British America for a war which colonists had played
550-547: A debt Tutt claimed Hickok owed him. During a poker game at the former Lyon House Hotel, in response to the disagreement over the amount, Tutt had taken Hickok's watch, which Hickok immediately demanded be returned. Hickok warned that Tutt had better not be seen wearing that watch, then spotted him wearing it in Park Central Square, prompting the gunfight. On January 25, 1866, Hickok was still in Springfield when he witnessed
660-546: A disastrous state, Greene also struggled to clothe and feed his troops. In late 1781, he declined appointment to the newly created position of secretary of war , which was charged with overseeing the Continental Army. He also corresponded with Robert Morris , the superintendent of finance of the United States , who shared Greene's view on the need for a stronger national government than the one that had been established in
770-438: A division in the subsequent Battle of Monmouth , which, after hours of fighting, ended indecisively. In July 1778, Washington granted Greene temporary leave as quartermaster general so that he could take part in an attack on British forces stationed in his home state of Rhode Island. The offensive was designed as a combined Franco-American operation under the command of General John Sullivan and French admiral d'Estaing , but
880-827: A family was $ 38,114. Males had a median income of $ 27,778 versus $ 20,980 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,711. About 9.9% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.1% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over. List of cities in Missouri Missouri is a state located in the Midwestern United States . In Missouri, cities are classified into three types: 3rd Class, 4th Class, and those under constitutional charters. A few older cities are incorporated under legislative charters (Carrollton, Chillicothe, LaGrange, Liberty, Miami, Missouri City, and Pleasant Hill) which are no longer allowed. (Carthage
990-554: A hill behind a small stream, making up the third line. After skirmishes on the morning of March 15, the main British force launched a full attack in the afternoon, beginning the Battle of Guilford Court House . The first American line fired volleys and then fled, either to the next line or away from the battlefield. The second line held up for longer and continued to resist the British advance while Cornwallis ordered an unsuccessful assault against
1100-438: A letter that strongly criticized Congress; although some members of Congress were so outraged by the letter that they sought to relieve Greene of his officer's commission, Washington's intervention ensured that Greene retained a position in the Continental Army. After Benedict Arnold defected to the British, Greene briefly served as the commandant of West Point and presided over the execution of John André , Arnold's contact in
1210-511: A male householder with no spouse present, and 49.2% were non-families. 37.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.81. The median age in the city was 33.2 years. 18.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 18.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 22.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of
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#17330934879971320-513: A message to the Union forces asking that Confederate casualties have a proper burial. The city remained under Union control for the remainder of the war. The US army used Springfield as a supply base and central point of operation for military activities in the area. Promptly after the Civil War ended on July 21, 1865, Wild Bill Hickok shot and killed Davis Tutt in a shootout over a disagreement about
1430-521: A pivotal role in instigating. After British official William Dudington seized a vessel owned by Greene and his brothers, Greene filed an ultimately successful lawsuit against Dudington for damages. While the lawsuit was pending, Dudington's vessel was torched by a Rhode Island mob in what became known as the Gaspee Affair . In the aftermath of the Gaspee Affair, Greene became increasingly alienated from
1540-461: A potential line of retreat; these would later prove to be valuable resources for the Continental Army. Washington suggested to Greene that he remove the garrison from Fort Washington due to its vulnerability to a British attack, but he ultimately deferred to Greene's decision to continue to station soldiers there. In the subsequent Battle of Fort Washington , fought in November 1776, the British captured
1650-502: A replica of the Statue of Liberty Their bodies were burned in the courthouse square by a mob of more than 2,000 white residents. Judge Azariah W. Lincoln called for a grand jury, but no one was prosecuted. The proceedings were covered by national newspapers, including the New York Times and Los Angeles Times . Duncan's and Coker's employer testified that they were at his business at
1760-418: A separate race. According to the 2020 U.S. Census , the racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 81.12% (137,235) white alone , 4.77% (8,063) black or African-American alone , 0.79% (1,334) Native American or Alaska Native alone , 2.28% (3,853) Asian alone , 0.18% (304) Pacific Islander alone , 2.21% (3,731) other race alone , and 8.66% (14,656) from two or more races. According to
1870-421: A siege of Camden, South Carolina , and established a camp at a nearby ridge known as Hobkirk's Hill. On the 25th, Rawdon launched a surprise attack on Greene's position, beginning the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill . Despite having been taken by surprise, Greene's force nearly achieved victory, but the left flank collapsed and the cavalry failed to arrive. Facing total defeat, Greene ordered a retreat, bringing an end to
1980-430: A strategy of unconventional war ." Historian Curtis F. Morgan Jr. describes Greene as Washington's "most trusted military subordinate." According to Golway, "on at least two occasions, fellow officers and politicians described Greene... as the man Washington had designated to succeed him if he were killed or captured." He was also respected by his opponents; Cornwallis wrote that Greene was "as dangerous as Washington. He
2090-457: A stronger national government. In June 1780, while Washington's main force continued to guard the Hudson River, Greene led a detachment to block the advance of a British contingent through New Jersey. Despite being vastly outnumbered in the Battle of Springfield , Greene forced the withdrawal of the British force on the field. Shortly after the battle, Greene resigned as quartermaster general in
2200-534: A successful campaign of guerrilla warfare against a numerically superior British force led by Charles Cornwallis . He gained several strategic victories at Guilford Court House , Hobkirk's Hill , and Eutaw Springs , eroding British control over the American South . Major fighting on land came to an end following the surrender of Cornwallis at the siege of Yorktown in October 1781, but Greene continued to serve in
2310-410: A surprise attack on a British force at the October 1777 Battle of Germantown . Greene's detachment arrived late to the battle, which ended in another American defeat. In December, Greene joined with the rest of Washington's army in establishing a camp at Valley Forge , located twenty-five miles northwest of Philadelphia. Over the winter of 1777–1778, he clashed with Thomas Mifflin and other members of
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#17330934879972420-471: A third of a mile southeast of Johnson Square, was named for him upon its platting in 1799. As noted above, Greene was in debt. In 1782 and 1783, Greene had difficulty supplying his troops in Charleston with clothing and provisions. He contracted with Banks & Co to furnish supplies but was compelled to put his name to the bond for the supplies. An order was given by Greene to Robert Morris for payment of
2530-525: A tutor, and he studied mathematics, the classics , law, and various works of the Age of Enlightenment . At some point during his childhood, Greene gained a slight limp that would remain with him for the rest of his life. In 1770, Greene moved to Coventry, Rhode Island , to take charge of the family-owned foundry, and he built a house in Coventry called Spell Hall. Later in the year, Greene and his brothers inherited
2640-717: A village – see list of villages in Missouri ). It may incorporate as a 3rd Class city if the population is between 3,000 and 29,999. There is more flexibility in government for 3rd Class cities than 4th Class. Cities under constitutional charters may operate under any form of municipal government if it is enacted in the city's charter. Population data based on 2023 estimates. † County seat †† State capital and county seat A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Nathanael Greene Major-General Nathanael Greene (August 7, 1742 – June 19, 1786)
2750-462: A white mob broke into the Springfield county jail, and lynched two black men, Horace Duncan and Fred Coker, for allegedly sexually assaulting Mina Edwards, a white woman. Later they returned to the jail, where other African-American prisoners were being held, and pulled out Will Allen, who had been accused of murdering a white man. All three suspects were hanged from the Gottfried Tower, which held
2860-462: Is Greene County, Missouri . Municipalities named for Greene include Greensboro, North Carolina ; Greensboro, Georgia ; Greensburg, Pennsylvania ; Greenville, North Carolina ; Greenville, South Carolina ; Greeneville, Tennessee ; and Greensboro, Pennsylvania . Other things named for Greene include Fort Greene Park in Brooklyn and several schools. Several ships have been named for Greene, including
2970-425: Is also a Charter City and Charter Cities are by constitution not legislation and are still allowed to this day). The level at which they incorporate is determined by their population when they incorporate. They do not change if they gain or lose in population, unless a vote is held by the people. A municipality incorporates as a 4th Class city if the population is between 500 and 2,999 (under 500, it may incorporate as
3080-474: Is also memorialized by statues in or near Philadelphia, Valley Forge National Historical Park , Greensboro, North Carolina, Greensburg, Pennsylvania , and Greenville, South Carolina. The Nathanael Greene Monument in Savannah, Georgia, serves as his burial place. Numerous places and things have been named after Greene across the United States. Fourteen counties are named for Greene, the most populous of which
3190-618: Is near the population center of the United States , about 80 miles (130 km) to the east. Springfield has an average surface wind velocity comparable to that of Chicago , according to information compiled at the National Climatic Data Center at NOAA . It is placed within "Power Class 3" in the Wind Energy Resource Atlas published by a branch of the U.S. Department of Energy ; having an average wind speed range of 6.4 to 7.0 miles per hour. Springfield lies in
3300-634: Is on the Springfield Plateau of the Ozarks region of southwest Missouri. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 82.31 square miles (213.2 square kilometres), of which 81.72 square miles (211.7 square kilometres) is land and 0.59 square miles (1.5 square kilometres) (0.7%) is water. The city of Springfield is mainly flat with rolling hills and cliffs surrounding its south, east, and north sections. Springfield
3410-494: Is on the Springfield Plateau, which reaches from Northwest Arkansas to Central Missouri. Most of the plateau is characterized by forest, pastures and shrub-scrub habitats. Many streams and tributaries, such as the James River , Galloway Creek and Jordan Creek, flow within or near the city. Nearby lakes include Table Rock Lake , Stockton Lake , McDaniel Lake , Fellows Lake , Lake Springfield , and Pomme de Terre Lake . Springfield
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3520-528: Is vigilant, enterprising, and full of resources–there is but little hope of gaining an advantage over him." Alexander Hamilton wrote that Greene's death deprived the country of a "universal and pervading genius which qualified him not less for the Senate than for the field." Killebrew argues that Greene was the "most underrated general" in American history. His statue , along with that of Roger Williams , represents
3630-536: The 2020 U.S. Census , the racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 79.38% (134,294) White alone (non-Hispanic) , 4.66% (7,877) Black alone (non-Hispanic) , 0.63% (1,074) Native American alone (non-Hispanic) , 2.25% (3,809) Asian alone (non-Hispanic) , 0.16% (276) Pacific Islander alone (non-Hispanic) , 0.41% (699) Other Race alone (non-Hispanic) , 6.63% (11,221) Multiracial or Mixed Race (non-Hispanic) , and 5.87% (9,926) Hispanic or Latino . Of
3740-546: The Articles of Confederation . No major military action occurred in 1782, and the British evacuated Savannah and Charleston before the end of that year. Congress officially declared the end of the war in April 1783, and Greene resigned his commission in late 1783. After resigning his commission, Greene returned to Newport. Facing a large amount of debt, he relocated to the South to focus on
3850-629: The Battle of Harlem Heights , a minor British defeat that nonetheless represented one of the first American victories in the war. After the Battle of Harlem Heights, Washington placed Greene in command of both Fort Constitution (later known as Fort Lee), which was on New Jersey side of the Hudson River , and Fort Washington , which was across the river from Fort Constitution. While in command of Fort Lee, Greene established supply depots in New Jersey along
3960-633: The Boston campaign , the New York and New Jersey campaign , and the Philadelphia campaign before being appointed quartermaster general of the Continental Army in 1778. In October 1780, Washington appointed Greene as the commander of the Continental Army in the southern theater, where he was involved in several engagements, primarily in Virginia , Georgia , and South Carolina . After taking command, Greene engaged in
4070-530: The Conway Cabal , a group that frequently criticized Washington and sought to install Horatio Gates as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. In March 1778, Greene reluctantly accepted the position of quartermaster general , making him responsible for procuring supplies for the Continental Army. Along with his top two assistants, Charles Pettit and John Cox, Greene reorganized his 3,000-person department, establishing supply depots in strategic places across
4180-631: The Landers Theatre , was the first network color television series to originate outside of New York City or Hollywood. Springfield's NBC affiliate, KYTV-TV (which helped produce the program), was not equipped to broadcast in color and aired the show in black-and-white . The ABC , NBC and Mutual radio networks all carried country music shows nationally from Springfield during the decade, including KWTO'S Korn's-A-Krackin ' (Mutual). The Springfield Chamber of Commerce once presented visiting dignitaries with an "Ozark Hillbilly Medallion" and
4290-684: The USRC ; General Green , the USS ; General Greene , the USS Nathanael Greene , and the USAV MGen Nathanael Greene . The Nathanael Greene Homestead in Coventry, Rhode Island , features Spell Hall, which was General Greene's home, built in 1774. Greene commissioned cabinetmaker Thomas Spencer to build a desk and bookcase, likely to be put in this new home. The desk and bookcase
4400-731: The slave plantations he had been awarded during the war, and he made his home at the Mulberry Grove Plantation outside of Savannah. In 1784, Greene declined appointment to a commission tasked with negotiating treaties with Native Americans , but he agreed to attend the first meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati . He then became an original member with the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati . Greene fell ill on June 12, 1786, and he died at Mulberry Grove on June 19, 1786, at
4510-527: The 78,027 households, 19.4% had children under the age of 18; 33.1% were married couples living together; 33.6% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 39.4% consisted of individuals and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.0 and the average family size was 2.7. 17.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 19.1% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
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4620-534: The April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord . In early May, the legislature of Rhode Island established the Rhode Island Army of Observation and appointed Greene to command it. Greene's army marched to Boston , where other colonial forces were laying siege to a British garrison. He missed the June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill because he was visiting Rhode Island at the time, but he returned almost immediately after
4730-611: The British army. By October 1780, the Continental Army had suffered several devastating defeats in the South under the command of Benjamin Lincoln and Horatio Gates , leaving the United States at a major disadvantage in the Southern theater of the war. On October 14, 1780, Washington, acting on the authorization of Congress, appointed Greene as the commander of the Southern Department of
4840-480: The British began a campaign to capture Philadelphia , the seat of Congress. At the Battle of the Brandywine , Greene commanded a division at the center of the American line, but the British launched a flanking maneuver. Greene's division helped prevent the envelopment of American forces and allowed for a safe retreat. The British captured Philadelphia shortly after the Battle of the Brandywine, but Washington launched
4950-539: The British suffered substantially greater losses. After the Battle of Guilford Court House, Cornwallis's force headed south to Wilmington, North Carolina . Greene initially gave chase but declined to press for an attack after much of the militia returned home. To Greene's surprise, in late April Cornwallis's force began a march north to Yorktown, Virginia . Rather than follow Cornwallis, Greene headed South, where he challenged British commander Francis Rawdon for control of South Carolina and Georgia. On April 20, he began
5060-538: The British. At the same time, Greene drifted away from his father's Quaker faith, and he was suspended from Quaker meetings in July 1773. In 1774, after the passage of measures that colonials derided as the " Intolerable Acts ," Greene helped organize a state militia unit known as the Kentish Guards . Because of his limp, Greene was not selected as an officer in the militia. The American Revolutionary War broke out with
5170-464: The British. Outnumbered and under-supplied, Greene settled on a strategy of guerrilla warfare rather than pitched battles in order to prevent the advance of the British into North Carolina and Virginia . His strategy would heavily depend on riverboats and cavalry to outmaneuver and harass British forces. Among Greene's key subordinates in the Southern campaign were his second-in-command, Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , cavalry commander Henry Lee ,
5280-585: The Continental Army into three divisions , each consisting of regiments from different colonies, and Greene was given command of a brigade consisting of seven regiments. The Siege of Boston continued until March 1776, when British forces evacuated from the city. After the end of the siege, Greene briefly served as the commander of military forces in Boston, but he rejoined Washington's army in April 1776. Washington established his headquarters in Manhattan , and Greene
5390-781: The Continental Army resumed operations and engaged a British force on September 8 at the Battle of Eutaw Springs . The battle ended with a Continental retreat, but the British suffered more substantial losses. After the battle, the British force returned to Charleston, leaving interior South Carolina in full control of Continental forces. Congress issued Greene a gold medal and passed a resolution congratulating him for his victory at Eutaw Springs. While Greene campaigned in South Carolina and Georgia, Lafayette led Continental resistance to Cornwallis's army in Virginia. Although Greene's command gave him leadership of Continental operations in Virginia, he
5500-629: The Continental Army until late 1783. After the war, he settled down to a career as a plantation owner in Georgia, but his rice crops were mostly a failure. He died in 1786 at the Mulberry Grove Plantation in Chatham County, Georgia . Numerous locations in the United States are named for him . Greene was born on Forge Farm at Potowomut in the township of Warwick, Rhode Island , which
5610-403: The Continental Army. By the time he took command, the British were in control of key portions of Georgia and South Carolina , and the governments of the Southern states were unable to provide much support to the Continental Army. Greene would face a 6,000-man British army led by General Cornwallis and cavalry commander Banastre Tarleton , as well as numerous Loyalist militias that worked with
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#17330934879975720-521: The December 1776 Battle of Trenton and the January 1777 Battle of Princeton , both of which were victories for the Continental Army. Along with the rest of Washington's army, Greene was stationed in New Jersey throughout the first half of 1777. In July 1777, he publicly threatened to resign over the appointment of a French officer to the Continental Army, but he ultimately retained his commission. Meanwhile,
5830-472: The Fort Washington and its 3,000-man garrison. Greene was subjected to heavy criticism in the aftermath of the battle, but Washington declined to relieve Greene from command. Shortly after the Battle of Fort Washington, a British force under General Cornwallis captured Fort Lee, and the Continental Army began a retreat across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania . Greene commanded part of Washington's army in
5940-507: The French fleet withdrew due to bad weather conditions. Greene fought in the subsequent Battle of Rhode Island , an inconclusive battle that ended with a British retreat from the American position. After the battle, the American force under Sullivan left Rhode Island, while Greene returned to his duties as quartermaster general. After mid-1778, the Northern theater of the war became a stalemate, as
6050-515: The Marquis de Lafayette, Daniel Morgan , and Francis Marion . While en route to the Southern theater, Greene learned of the October 1780 American victory at the Battle of Kings Mountain , which postponed Cornwallis's planned advance into North Carolina. Upon arriving in Charlotte, North Carolina , in December 1780, Greene went against conventional military strategy by dividing his forces; he would lead
6160-693: The Southeast and other areas, and relocating tribes from east of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory . This later developed as the state of Oklahoma in 1908. During the 1838 relocation of most of the Cherokee , the Trail of Tears passed through Springfield to the west, along the Old Wire Road . By 1861, Springfield's population had grown to approximately 2,000, and it had become an important commercial hub. In
6270-466: The Springfield Plateau of the Ozarks , which ranges from nearly-level to rolling hills. Springfield is the second-largest urban area in the Ozarks. Springfield's nicknames include "Queen City of the Ozarks " and "The Birthplace of Route 66 ". The city has been called the "Buckle of the Bible Belt " due to its association with evangelical Christianity. The city is the headquarters for Bass Pro Shops and
6380-533: The United States. As quartermaster general, Greene continued to attend Washington's councils-of-war, an unusual arrangement for a staff officer . After France joined the war in early 1778, the British army in Philadelphia was ordered to New York. Along with Anthony Wayne and the Marquis de Lafayette , Greene recommended an attack on the British force while it retreated across New Jersey to New York. Greene commanded
6490-409: The United States. The city is a regional center of medical care, with the two largest hospitals, CoxHealth and Mercy , being the largest employers in the city. Springfield hosts several universities and colleges, including Missouri State University , Drury University , and Evangel University . Springfield is an important regional center for distribution, logistics, and manufacturing. The origin of
6600-620: The Weather Variety Index, Springfield is the city with the most varied weather in the United States. On May 1, 2013, Springfield reached a high temperature of 81 degrees Fahrenheit. By the evening of May 2, snow was falling, persisting into the following day and eventually accumulating to about two inches. This was only the second instance of measurable May snowfall in Springfield since record keeping began in 1888. The 2020 United States census counted 169,176 people, 78,027 households, and 37,297 families in Springfield. The population density
6710-417: The adjoining Wonders of Wildlife Museum & Aquarium . It is also home to O'Reilly Auto Parts , which began as a family business with 13 employees in 1957. Springfield is close to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield and is along the national historic Trail of Tears . In 2020, Springfield's largest ethnicities were 87.6% White, 4% Black, and 5% two or more races, placing it among the least diverse cities in
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#17330934879976820-417: The administrators of Murray filed a bill of Chancery against the land; however, his agent who had bought the land had not taken title to it, on the grounds that there was a dispute about the land. The claim to the title was not resolved, and the money was never paid. Meanwhile, from 1789 to 1840, the plantation had gone to ruin; under the original decree, the land, instead of bringing the sum it had first bought,
6930-693: The age of 43. The official cause of death was sunstroke . For over a century, his remains were interred at the Graham Vault in Colonial Park Cemetery in Savannah, alongside John Maitland , his arch-rival in the conflict. On November 14, 1902, through the efforts of Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati President Asa Bird Gardiner , his remains were moved to a monument in Johnson Square in Savannah. Greene Square , about
7040-511: The amount; this was paid by the Government of the United States to the contractor, who did not use it to pay the debt and left the bond unpaid. Greene paid the debt himself, and in 1791, his executrix petitioned Congress for relief. Greene had obtained some security from a partner of Banks & Co named Ferrie on a mortgage or lien on a tract of land, but the land was liable to a prior mortgage of £1,000 sterling to an Englishman named Murray. In 1788,
7150-408: The area were John Polk Campbell and his brother, who reached this area in 1829 from Tennessee. Campbell chose the area because of the presence of a natural well that flowed into a small stream. He staked his claim by carving his initials in a tree. Campbell was joined by settlers Thomas Finney, Samuel Weaver, and Joseph Miller. They cleared the land of trees to develop it for farms. A small general store
7260-405: The average family size was 2.82. In the city 19.9% were under the age of 18, 17.4% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 29,563, and the median income for
7370-708: The battle and was impressed by the performance of colonial forces. That same month, the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army and appointed George Washington to command all colonial forces. In addition to Washington, Congress appointed sixteen generals , and Greene was appointed as a brigadier general in the Continental Army. Washington took command of the Siege of Boston in July 1775, bringing with him generals such as Charles Lee , Horatio Gates , and Thomas Mifflin . Washington organized
7480-407: The battle, Greene urged Washington to raze Manhattan so that it would not fall into the hands of the British, but Congress forbade Washington from doing so. Unable to raze Manhattan, Washington initially wanted to fortify the city, but Greene joined with several officers in convincing Washington that the city was indefensible. During the withdrawal from Manhattan, Greene saw combat for the first time in
7590-561: The battle. Although the American and British forces suffered a similar number of losses in the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, Greene was deeply disappointed by the result of the battle. On May 10, Rawdon's force left Camden for Charleston, South Carolina , effectively conceding control of much of interior South Carolina to the Continental Army. In a series of small actions known as the "war of the posts," Greene and his subordinates further eroded British control of interior South Carolina by capturing several British forts. On June 18, after undertaking
7700-410: The biggest names in country music frequently visited or lived in Springfield at the time. City officials estimated the programs meant about 2,000 weekly visitors and "over $ 1,000,000 in fresh income." Staged at the Jewell Theatre (demolished in 1961), Ozark Jubilee is the first national country music TV show to feature top stars and attract a significant viewership. Five Star Jubilee , produced from
7810-702: The bordering Lawrence County also lynched three African-American men in this period. After the mass lynching in Springfield, many African Americans left the region. A historic plaque on the southeast corner of the Springfield courthouse square commemorates Duncan, Coker, and Allen, the three victims of mob violence. Four nationally broadcast television series originated from the city between 1955 and 1961: Ozark Jubilee and its spin-off, Five Star Jubilee ; Talent Varieties ; and The Eddy Arnold Show . All were carried live by ABC except for Five Star Jubilee on NBC . They were produced by Springfield's Crossroads TV Productions, owned by Ralph D. Foster . Many of
7920-566: The circumstance of there being a spring under the hill, on the creek, while on top of the hill, where the principal portion of the town lay, there was a field." Native American peoples had long lived in this area. In the 1830s, the native Osage Nation , the Kickapoo people from Indiana, and the Lenape (Delaware) from the mid-Atlantic coast had settled in this general area trying to evade encroachment by European Americans on their lands. The Osage had been
8030-599: The city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. According to the 2000 United States Census , 151,580 people, 64,691 households, and 35,709 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,072.0 inhabitants per square mile (800.0/km). There were 69,650 housing units at an average density of 952.1 units per square mile (367.6 units/km). The racial makeup of the city was 91.69% White , 3.27% African American , 0.75% Native American , 1.36% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 0.88% from other races , and 1.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.31% of
8140-445: The city was 88.7% White , 4.1% African American , 0.8% Native American , 1.9% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 1.2% from other races , and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population. There were 69,754 households, of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no spouse present, 4.7% had
8250-492: The city's name is unclear, but the most common view is that it was named by migrants from Springfield , Massachusetts . One account is that James Wilson, who lived in the new settlement, offered free whiskey to anyone who would vote for the name Springfield, after his hometown in Massachusetts. Springfield Express editor J. G. Newbill said in the November 11, 1881, issue: "It has been stated that this city got its name from
8360-413: The colonial opposition to British revenue policies in the early 1770s and helped establish the Kentish Guards , a state militia unit . After the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord , the legislature of Rhode Island established an army and appointed Greene to command it. Later in the year, Greene became a general in the newly established Continental Army . Greene served under George Washington in
8470-522: The dominant tribe for more than one century in the larger region. On the southeastern side of the town in 1812, about 500 Kickapoo built a small village of about 100 wigwams . They abandoned the site in 1828. Ten miles south of the site of Springfield, the Lenape had built a substantial community of houses that borrowed elements of Anglo colonial style from the mid-Atlantic, where some of their people had migrated from. The first European-American settlers to
8580-498: The fact of a spring and field being near by just west of town. But such is not a correct version. When the authorized persons met and adopted the title of the 'Future Great' of the Southwest, several of the earliest settlers had handed in their favorite names, among whom was Kindred Rose, who presented the winning name in honor of his hometown, Springfield , Tennessee ." In 1883, historian R. I. Holcombe wrote: "The town took its name from
8690-549: The family business after their father's death. Greene began to assemble a large library that included military histories by authors like Julius Caesar , Frederick the Great , and Maurice de Saxe . In July 1774, Greene married the nineteen-year-old Catharine Littlefield , a niece by marriage of his distant cousin, William Greene , an influential political leader in Rhode Island. The same year, one of Greene's younger brothers married
8800-464: The high temperature fails to rise above freezing, and 1.3 nights of lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) per year. It has an average annual precipitation of 44.71 inches (1,140 mm), including an average 13.70 inches (34.8 cm) of snow. Extremes in temperature range from −29 °F (−34 °C) on February 12, 1899 up to 113 °F (45 °C) on July 14, 1954. According to the 2007 Forbes list of "America's Wildest Weather Cities" and
8910-402: The land for Springfield's public square and platted the town site. In 1835 he deeded 50 acres of land to the legislature for the creation of a county seat. Campbell laid out city streets and lots. The town was incorporated in 1838. In 1878, the town got its nickname as the "Queen City of the Ozarks". The United States government enforced Indian removal during the 1830s, forcing land cessions in
9020-638: The late 1850s, telegraph lines, previously connected only as far as St. Louis, reached Springfield. News from points further west was brought to Springfield overland. It was sent by telegraph to what was then called the New York Associated Press. At the start of the American Civil War , Springfield was divided in its loyalty. It had been settled by people from both the North and South, including slaveholders. It also attracted many German immigrants in
9130-745: The main American force southeast, while Morgan would lead a smaller detachment to the southwest. Cornwallis responded by dividing his own forces, marching the main detachment against Greene while Tarleton led a force against Morgan. In the January 1781 Battle of Cowpens , Morgan led Continental troops to a major victory that resulted in the near-total destruction of Tarleton's force. After the battle, Cornwallis set off in pursuit of Morgan, burning some of his own supplies in order to speed up his army's movement. Greene linked up with Morgan and retreated into North Carolina, purposely forcing Cornwallis away from British supply lines. On February 9, in consultation with Morgan and other top officers, Greene decided to continue
9240-528: The main British force remained in New York City and Washington's force was stationed nearby on the Hudson River. The British turned their attention to the Southern theater of the war, launching an ultimately successful expedition to capture Savannah . Though he desired a battlefield command, Greene continued to serve as the Continental Army's quartermaster general. As Congress was increasingly powerless to furnish funds for supplies, Greene became an advocate of
9350-408: The mid-19th century, who tended to support the Union. The Union and Confederate armies both recognized the city's strategic importance and sought to control it. They fought the Battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, a few miles southwest of town. The battle was a Confederate victory, and Nathaniel Lyon was killed here, the first Union General to die in the Civil War. Union troops retreated to
9460-490: The month-long siege of Ninety Six , Greene launched an unsuccessful attack on the British fort at Ninety Six, South Carolina . Although the assault failed, Rawdon ordered the fort abandoned shortly thereafter. Meanwhile, Greene's subordinates further expanded Continental control, capturing Augusta, Georgia , on June 5. By the end of June, the British controlled little more than a thin strip of coastal land from Charleston to Savannah. After resting through much of July and August,
9570-466: The mortgagor in England filed a bill to foreclose on the mortgage, while Greene's family instituted proceedings against Ferrie, who was entitled to a reversionary interest in the land. The court ordered the land be sold and the sale proceeds to be first used to extinguish the mortgage, with the balance to go to representatives of General Greene. The land was sold, and after the £1,000 mortgage had been paid off,
9680-521: The nearby town of Lebanon to regroup. When they returned, they found that most of the Confederate army had withdrawn. On October 25, 1861, Union Major Charles Zagonyi led an attack against the remaining Confederates in the area, in a battle known as the First Battle of Springfield , or Zagonyi's Charge. Zagonyi's men removed the Confederate flag from Springfield's public square and returned to camp. It
9790-503: The north, Taylor Township on the east, and Wilson and Clay Townships on the south. (Later, Campbell was split into Campbell No. 1 Township and Campbell No. 2 Township, then into North Campbell No. 1 Township, North Campbell No. 2 Township, and North Campbell No. 3 Township.) The county seat of Springfield is located in Campbell Township due to the efforts of John Polk Campbell. The township is named after John Polk Campbell, who donated
9900-530: The northern limits of a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), as defined by the Köppen climate classification system. As such, it experiences times of exceptional humidity; especially in late summer. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 34.3 °F (1.3 °C) in January to 79.2 °F (26.2 °C) in July. On average, there are 40 days with high temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or greater, 2 days of 100 °F (38 °C) or greater, 15 days where
10010-409: The population. There were 64,691 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 44.8% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and
10120-471: The residue of £2,400 was to go Greene's representatives. However, the purchaser never took title and never paid the money on the grounds that the title was in dispute. In 1792, a Relief Act was passed by Congress for General Greene which was based upon the decree of the land sale; the sum of which he was entitled to (£2,400) was exempted out of the indemnity allowed him at that time, not one cent of which his heirs received except $ 2,000 (~$ 60,380 in 2023). In 1830,
10230-590: The retreat north, heading toward the Dan River at the North Carolina-Virginia border. With the British in close pursuit, Greene divided his forces, leading the main contingent north while sending a smaller group under Colonel Otho Williams to harass British forces. Greene's force outpaced the British and crossed the Dan River on February 14. Greene's contemporaries were impressed by the speed and efficiency of
10340-584: The retreat through difficult territory; Alexander Hamilton wrote that it was a "masterpiece of military skill and exertion." Unwilling to travel even farther from his supply lines, General Cornwallis led his army south to Hillsborough, North Carolina . On February 22, Greene's force crossed back over the Dan River to challenge Cornwallis in North Carolina. After crossing back into North Carolina, Greene harassed Cornwallis's army. In early March, he received reinforcements from North Carolina and Virginia, doubling
10450-510: The second-best American general" in the Revolutionary War, after Washington. The historian Russell Weigley believed that "Greene's outstanding characteristic as a strategist was his ability to weave the maraudings of partisan raiders into a coherent pattern, coordinating them with the maneuvers of a field army otherwise too weak to accomplish much, and making the combination a deadly one.... [He] remains alone as an American master developing
10560-415: The size of his force to approximately 4,000 men. On March 14, he led his army to Guilford Courthouse and began preparing for an attack by Cornwallis, using a strategy based on Morgan's plan at the Battle of Cowpens. Greene established three defensive lines, with the North Carolina militia making up the first line, the Virginia militia making up the second line, and the Continental Army regulars, positioned on
10670-851: The state of Rhode Island in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol . Washington, D.C. , also hosts a bronze equestrian statue of Greene in Stanton Park . A large oil portrait of Nathanael Greene hangs in the State Room in the Rhode Island State House , and a statue stands outside the building's south facade. A cenotaph to him stands in the Old Forge Burial Ground in Warwick. Greene
10780-440: The third line. The British re-formed and launched an assault on the left flank of the third line, but were overwhelmed by Henry Lee's cavalry. In response, Cornwallis ordered his artillery to fire grapeshot into the fray, hitting British and American soldiers alike. With his army's left flank collapsing, Greene ordered a retreat, bringing the battle to an end. Although the Battle of Guilford Court House ended with an American defeat,
10890-464: The time of the crime against Edwards, and other evidence suggested that they and Allen were all innocent. These three are the only recorded lynchings in Greene County. But the extrajudicial murders were part of a pattern of discrimination, repeated violence and intimidation of African Americans in this city and southwest Missouri from 1894 to 1909, in an attempt to expel them from the region. Whites in
11000-514: Was $ 25,751 (+/- $ 590). Approximately, 12.8% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.8% of those under the age of 18 and 12.1% of those ages 65 or over. In the 2010 census , there were 159,498 people, 69,754 households, and 35,453 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,951.8 inhabitants per square mile (753.6/km). There were 77,620 housing units at an average density of 949.8 units per square mile (366.7 units/km). The racial makeup of
11110-403: Was 2,035.6 per square mile (785.9/km). There were 83,116 housing units at an average density of 1,000.1 units per square mile (386.1 units/km). The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies: "Race alone" where Hispanics are allocated to the various racial categories and "Race alone less Hispanics" where Hispanics are excluded from the racial categories and delineated separately as if
11220-474: Was 33.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 91.1 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $ 37,491 (with a margin of error of +/- $ 1,212) and the median family income was $ 52,296 (+/- $ 1,594). Males had a median income of $ 28,927 (+/- $ 1,383) versus $ 23,395 (+/- $ 767) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old
11330-559: Was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War . He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington 's most talented and dependable officers and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict . Born into a prosperous Quaker family in Warwick, Rhode Island , Greene became active in
11440-404: Was sold for only $ 13,000. This left Greene's representatives only about $ 2,000 instead of £2,400. In 1840, they applied to Congress for the difference between the two sums. In 1854, the case was put to Congress for the relief of Phineas Nightingale, who was the administrator of the deceased General Greene. Defense analyst Robert Killebrew writes that Greene was "regarded by peers and historians as
11550-530: Was soon opened. In 1833, the southern part of the state was named Greene County after Revolutionary War hero General Nathanael Greene . Campbell Township was one of the seven original townships organized on March 11, 1833, when Greene County was much larger. An 1876 map shows its boundaries include all the sections in T29N and R21 and 22W. It was bounded by Center Township on the west, Robberson, and Franklin Townships on
11660-466: Was tasked with preparing for the invasion of nearby Long Island . While he focused on building up fortifications in Brooklyn , Greene befriended General Henry Knox and struck up a correspondence with John Adams . He was also, along with several other individuals, promoted to major general by an act of Congress. Because of a severe fever , he did not take part in the Battle of Long Island , which ended with an American retreat from Long Island. After
11770-601: Was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861. The increased military activity in the area set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in northern Arkansas in March 1862. On January 8, 1863, Confederate forces under General John S. Marmaduke advanced to take control of Springfield and an urban fight ensued. But that evening, the Confederates withdrew. This became known as the Second Battle of Springfield . Marmaduke sent
11880-700: Was then part of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in British America . He was the second son of Mary Mott and Nathanael Greene Sr., a prosperous Quaker merchant and farmer. Greene was descended from John Greene and Samuel Gorton , both of whom were founding settlers of Warwick. Greene had two older half-brothers from his father's first marriage and was one of six children born to Nathanael and Mary. Due to religious beliefs, Greene's father discouraged book learning, as well as dancing and other activities. Nonetheless, Greene convinced his father to hire
11990-457: Was unable to closely control events in Virginia from South Carolina. Lafayette heeded Greene's advice to avoid combat, but his force only narrowly escaped destruction at the July 1781 Battle of Green Spring . In August, Washington and French general Rochambeau left New York for Yorktown, intent on inflicting a decisive defeat against Cornwallis. Washington laid siege to Cornwallis at Yorktown, and Cornwallis surrendered on October 19. Yorktown
12100-630: Was widely regarded as a disastrous defeat for the British, and many considered the war to have effectively ended in late 1781. The governments of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia each voted Greene liberal grants of lands and money, including an estate called "Boone's Barony" in Bamberg County, South Carolina , and Mulberry Grove Plantation near Savannah. Nonetheless, the British still controlled New York, Savannah, and Charleston, and Greene still contended with Loyalist militias who sought to destabilize Continental control. With American finances in
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