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80-644: The Spreča ( Serbian Cyrillic : Спреча ) is a river of northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina , a tributary of the Bosna . Its source is located in the village of Snagovo in Zvornik municipality, and it reaches the Bosna at the city of Doboj . A damming of the Spreča in the municipality of Lukavac forms Modrac Lake . The 138.8-kilometre-long (86.2 mi) river also flows through the town of Gračanica . This article related to

160-665: A hierarchical " pentarchy ", or system of five sees ( patriarchates ), with a settled order of precedence. The first four of the patriarchs were located in the largest cities of the Roman Empire, while the fifth was in Jerusalem, a city deriving its importance from being the place where the Christian Church was founded, despite its relatively small size. All five locations also had Christian communities who traced their lineage back to one or several Apostles. Thus, in order of precedence,

240-548: A synod held at Constantinople and was presided over by the Emperor Andronicus ; the synod, taking into account the regard in which the writings of the pseudo-Dionysius were held, condemned Barlaam, who recanted and returned to Calabria , becoming a bishop in the Roman Catholic Church. Three other synods on the subject were held, at the second of which the followers of Barlaam gained a brief victory. In 1351, at

320-766: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

400-528: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

480-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

560-819: A gradual process of estrangement took place between the four Eastern Patriarchates and the Latin Church of Rome, culminating with the Great Schism in the 11th century, in which Orthodoxy and the Latin Church (later called the Roman Catholic Church) separated from each other. In the Late Middle Ages, the Fall of Constantinople brought a large part of the world's Orthodox Christians under Ottoman Turkish rule. Nevertheless, Orthodoxy continued to flourish in Russia , as well as within

640-565: A river in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During

720-422: A single language, Koine Greek, in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus in 200 BC. The early Christians had no way to have a copy of the works that later became the canon and other church works accepted but not canonized. Much of the original church liturgical services functioned as a means of learning these works. Orthodox Church services today continue to serve this educational function. The issue of collecting

800-535: A synod under the presidency of Emperor John VI Cantacuzenus , Hesychast doctrine and Palamas' Essence-Energies distinction was established as the doctrine of the Orthodox Church. One of Barlaam's friends, Gregory Akindynos , who originally was also a friend of Gregory's, later took up the controversy. Another opponent of Palamism was Manuel Kalekas who sought to reconcile the Eastern and Western Churches. Following

880-521: A visible ( immanent ) and an invisible God ( transcendent ). On the Hesychast side, the controversy was taken up by Antonite St Gregory Palamas , afterwards Archbishop of Thessalonica , who was asked by his fellow monks on Mt Athos to defend Hesychasm from Barlaam's attacks. St Gregory was well-educated in Greek philosophy ( dialectical method ) and thus able to defend Hesychasm. In 1341 the dispute came before

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960-557: Is as follows: History of the Eastern Orthodox Church Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: The history of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the formation, events, and transformation of

1040-615: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

1120-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

1200-517: The Constantinian shift ) ignore the fact that Constantine deposed Athanasius of Alexandria and later restored Arius, who had been branded a heresiarch by the Nicene Council . After his death, Constantine I was succeeded by two Arian Emperors Constantius II (son of Constantine I) and Valens . It was not until the co-reigns of Gratian and Theodosius that Arianism was effectively wiped out among

1280-808: The Council of Chalcedon (451), which led to the separation between the Byzantine Church and the Alexandrian Coptic Church , as well as the fall of the Patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem following the conquest of Palestine and Syria during the rise of Islam , made the theory of the Pentarchy more of a simple theory, than a practical reality. These events also led to the Patriarch of Constantinople centralizing more power in his office, acting alone as

1360-828: The Eastern Orthodox Church through time. According to the Eastern Orthodox tradition , the history of the Eastern Orthodox Church is traced back to Jesus Christ and the Apostles . The Apostles appointed successors, known as bishops , and they in turn appointed other bishops in a process known as Apostolic succession . Over time, five Patriarchates were established to organize the Christian world , and four of these ancient patriarchates remain Orthodox today. Orthodox Christianity reached its present form in late antiquity (in

1440-699: The Eastern Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great that Christianity was legalized ( Edict of Milan , 313). It was not until then, that systematic Roman persecution of Christians stopped, although it did resurface later, though temporarily, under Roman Paganism (Emperor Julian the Apostate ). Christianity as Orthodox was not established as the State Religion in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire until Theodosius I convened The First Council of Constantinople or

1520-552: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

1600-522: The Nika riots . These Pre Ecumenical councils include the Council of Jerusalem c. 50, Council of Rome (155) , Second Council of Rome 193 AD, Council of Ephesus 193 AD, Council of Carthage (251) , Council of Iconium 258 AD, Council of Antioch (264) , Councils of Arabia 246–247 AD, Council of Elvira 306 AD, Council of Carthage (311) , Synod of Neo-Caesarea c.314 AD Council of Ancyra 314 AD, Council of Arles (314) . The first ecumenical council in part

1680-719: The Ottoman Empire among the latter's Christian subject peoples. As the Ottoman Empire declined in the 19th century and several majority-Orthodox nations regained their independence, they organized a number of new autocephalous Orthodox churches in Southern and Eastern Europe. The Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions with the largest number of adherents in modern times are the Russian and the Romanian Orthodox churches. The most ancient of

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1760-716: The Psalms ) and reading from the Scriptures ( Old and New Testament ). The final uniformity of liturgical services became solidified after the church established a Biblical canon , being based on the Apostolic Constitutions and Clementine literature . In the Orthodox view, the Bible represents those texts approved by the church for the purpose of conveying the most important parts of what it already believed. The oldest list of books for

1840-713: The Septuagint or seventy , continues to be the Old Testament of the Orthodox faith, along with the New Testament 's Good news (gospels), Revelations and Letters of the Apostles (including Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Hebrews ). The earliest text of the New Testament was written in common or Koine Greek. The texts of the Old Testament had previously been translated into

1920-487: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

2000-634: The ( second ecumenical council ) in 381. This council put an end to the Arianism controversy by establishing the Trinitarian doctrine. Legalization included the calling of the Ecumenical Councils to resolve disputes and establish church dogma on which the entire church would agree. Thus defining what it means to be a Christian in a universal or broad sense of the word the Greek word for universal being katholikós or catholic. These councils being also

2080-634: The 11th century the East–West Schism took place between Rome and Constantinople , resulting in a separation between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church (with both claiming to represent the sole legitimate continuation of the original Church). There were doctrinal issues like the filioque clause and the authority of the Pope involved in the split, but these were exacerbated by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. Prior to that,

2160-546: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

2240-616: The Bulgarian Church and State in 893 AD. St. Clement , St. Naum and St. Angelaruis returned to Bulgaria, where they managed to instruct several thousand future Slavonic clergymen in the rites using the Slavic language and the Glagolitic alphabet . In 893 AD, Bulgaria expelled its Byzantine clergy and proclaimed the Slavonic language as the official language of the Bulgarian Church and State. In

2320-796: The Byzantine capital, during which the Roman Church's behaviour was harshly condemned. As a personal culprit, Pope Nicholas I was anathematized. In a letter to Boris, the Byzantine emperor Michael III expressed his disapproval of Bulgaria's religious reorientation and used offensive language against the Roman Church. The old rivalry between the two Churches burned with new power. The Roman mission's efforts were met with success and King Boris asked Pope Nicholas I to appoint Formosa of Portua as Bulgarian Archbishop. The Pope refused, and his successor Pope Adrian II turned out to be even more disinclined to comply, so Boris turned again to Constantinople. This resulted in

2400-648: The Byzantine rite in 870 had already secured for it an autocephalous church. Without the consent of Boris I of Bulgaria , the papacy was unable to enforce any of its claims. In Great Moravia, the two brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius encountered Frankish missionaries from Germany, who represented the Latin branch of the Church, more particularly representing the Holy Roman Empire as founded by Charlemagne , and committing to linguistic and cultural uniformity. They insisted on

2480-566: The Christianization of his subjects by the Byzantine mission would facilitate the undesired spread of Byzantine influence in Bulgaria, as the liturgy was carried out in the Greek language, and the newly established Bulgarian Church was subordinate to the Church of Constantinople. A popular revolt against the new religion prompted the King to request that the Bulgarian Church be granted independence, which

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2560-432: The Church without the bishop. Let that be deemed a proper Eucharist, which is [administered] either by the bishop, or by one to whom he has entrusted it . Wherever the bishop shall appear, there let the multitude [of the people] also be; even as, wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church . It is not lawful without the bishop either to baptize or to celebrate a love-feast ." The original church or community of

2640-654: The Church. Some churches of the East believed that the Roman See had a primacy of honour but not supremacy, i.e. the Pope being the first among equals, not an absolute authority with the ability to make infallible statements. Photius refused to accept the supremacy of the pope in Orthodox matters, or accept the Filioque clause that had been added to the Nicene Creed by the Latin church, and

2720-490: The East before the Great Schism comprised: The church of Rome by tradition was founded by both Saint Peter and Saint Paul. Systematic persecution of the early Christian church caused it to become an underground movement. The first above-ground legal churches were built in Armenia ( see Echmiadzin ). Armenia became the first country to legalize Christianity (around 301 AD ) under King Tiridates III and also embrace it as

2800-713: The Eastern Orthodox communities existing today are the churches of Jerusalem , Antioch , Alexandria , Constantinople , and Georgia . Christianity first spread in the predominantly Greek -speaking eastern half of the Roman Empire . The Apostles traveled extensively throughout the empire, establishing communities in major cities and regions, with the first community appearing in Jerusalem , followed by communities in Antioch , Ethiopia and others. Early growth also occurred in

2880-435: The Eastern and Western halves of the Church had frequently been in conflict, particularly during the periods of iconoclasm and the Photian schism . The Orthodox Byzantine Greeks perceived the Papacy as taking on monarch type characteristics that were not inline with the Church's historical tradition as can be seen in the words of Archbishop Niketas of Nicomedia of the 12th century: My dearest brother, we do not deny to

2960-471: The Egyptian traditions of monasticism exemplified by such Orthodox monastics as St Anthony of Egypt . The Hesychasts stated that at higher stages of their practice they reached the actual contemplation-union with the Tabor Light , i.e., Uncreated Divine Light or photomos seen by the apostles in the event of the Transfiguration of Christ and Saint Paul while on the road to Damascus . It is depicted in icons and theological discourse as tongues of fire. Around

3040-427: The Father. This Ecumenical council declared that Jesus Christ was distinct from God in existence ( hypostasis or persona). Jesus was God in essence, being and nature ( ousia or substantia). The first council did not end the conflict. When Emperor Constantine I was baptized, the baptism was performed by an Arian bishop and relative, Eusebius of Nicomedia . Also the charges of Christian corruption by Constantine (see

3120-466: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

3200-418: The Orthodox faith. Liturgical services, especially the Eucharist service, are based on repeating the actions of Jesus ("do this in remembrance of me"), using the bread and wine, and saying his words (known as the words of the institution). The church has the rest of the liturgical ritual being rooted in Jewish Passover , Siddur , Seder , and synagogue services, including the singing of hymns (especially

3280-404: The Orthodox recognize as the definitive interpretation of Christian dogma. The Orthodox Church also recognizes the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 879 as Ecumenical, and continues to participate in dogmatically binding councils. The First Ecumenical Council was convened to address the divinity of Christ once more (see Paul of Samosata and the Synods of Antioch ) but this time through

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3360-402: The Roman Church the primacy among the five sister patriachates and we recognize her right to the most honorable seat at the Ecumenical Council. But she has separated herself from us by her own deeds when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office ... How shall we accept decrees from her that have been issued without consulting us and even without our knowledge? If

3440-424: The Roman pontiff seated on the lofty throne of his glory wished to thunder at us and, so to speak, hurl his mandates at us from on high and if he wishes to judge us and even to rule us and our churches, not by taking counsel with us but at his own arbitrary pleasure what kind of brotherhood, or even what kind of parenthood can this be? We should be the slaves not the sons, of such a church and the Roman see would not be

3520-432: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

3600-495: The apostolic council of Jerusalem , but this council is not numbered as an ecumenical council. It was convened to address the Abrahamic tradition of circumcision and its relation to converted Gentiles (Acts 15). Its decisions are accepted by all Christians, and later definitions of an ecumenical council to conform to this sole Biblical council. The First seven Ecumenical Councils were held between 325 (the First Council of Nicaea ) and 787 (the Second Council of Nicaea ), which

3680-415: The canon is the Muratorian fragment dating to c. 170 (see also Chester Beatty Papyri ). The oldest complete canon of the Christian Bible was found at Saint Catherine's Monastery (see Codex Sinaiticus ) and later sold to the British by the Soviets in 1933. Parts of the codex are still considered stolen by the Monastery even today. These texts (as a whole) were not universally considered canonical until

3760-500: The church at Pergamon ) and also in the underground cities of Anatolia such as Derinkuyu Underground City ( also see Cave monastery and Bab Kisan ). Also noteworthy are the Church of St Peter in Antioch and the Cenacle in Jerusalem. Much of the official organizing of the ecclesiastical structure, clarifying true from false teachings was done by the bishops of the church. Their works are referred to as Patristics . This tradition of clarification can be seen as established in

3840-403: The church reviewed, edited, accepted and ratified them in 368 AD (also see the Council of Laodicea ). Salvation or Soteriology from the Orthodox perspective is achieved not by knowledge of scripture but by being a member of the church or community and cultivating phronema and theosis through participation in the church or community. By the 5th century, Christian ecclesiology had organized

3920-460: The continuation of the church council tradition that predated legalization (see Synod ). According to Joseph Raya , "Byzantine culture and Orthodoxy are one and the same.". In the 530s the second Church of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) was built in Constantinople under emperor Justinian I , to become the center of the ecclesiastical community for the rulers of the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium . The first church had been destroyed during

4000-404: The creation of an autonomous national (Bulgarian) Archbishopric. In the next 10 years, Pope Adrian II and his successors made desperate attempts to reclaim their influence in Bulgaria, but their efforts ultimately failed. The foundations of the Bulgarian national Church had been set. The next stage was the implementation of the Glagolitic alphabet and the Slavonic language as official language of

4080-423: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

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4160-422: The end, only the Croats joined. The Serbs were baptised during the reign of Heraclius (610–641) by "elders of Rome" according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his annals (r. 913–959). The forming of Christianity as state religion dates to the time of the Eastern Orthodox missionaries (Saints) Cyril and Methodius during Basil I (r. 867–886), who baptised the Serbs sometime before helping Knez Mutimir in

4240-447: The family of Christ and subsequent Christians and biblical scenes were not of a Christian origin and therefore heretical. The group destroyed much of the Christian churches' art history, until it was later defined as heretical itself under the Seventh Ecumenical council . The iconoclasts considered the tradition of icons as contrary to the ban on 'graven images', interpreted in a narrow sense as 'engraved or carved'. This forbade many of

4320-403: The five patriarchates (and the Apostles claimed as founders by each patriarchate) were as follows: Two patriarchates are noted to have been founded by St Peter, the patriarchate of Rome and the patriarchate of Antioch. The Eastern churches accept Antioch as the church founded by St Peter (see the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Syriac Orthodox Church ). It was in the establishment of

4400-457: The official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

4480-410: The ornaments that Moses was commanded to create in the passages right after the commandment was given, i.e., cherubim., as well as the Cross and other holy artifacts. The Orthodox Church understands this in a wider sense as a ban on no carved images : the people of God are not to create idols and then worship them. Furthermore, the loss of the Patriarchate of Alexandria following the schism regarding

4560-453: The period from the 3rd to the 8th century), when the ecumenical councils were held, doctrinal disputes were resolved, the Fathers of the Church lived and wrote, and Orthodox worship practices settled into their permanent form (including the liturgies and the major holidays of the Church). In the early medieval period , Orthodox missionaries spread Christianity towards the north, to the Bulgarians , Serbs , Russians and others. Meanwhile,

4640-428: The pious mother of sons but a hard and imperious mistress of slaves Under church tradition the practice of Hesychasm has it beginnings in the bible, Matthew 6:6 and the Philokalia . It is a form of constant purposeful prayer or experiential prayer, explicitly referred to as contemplation . The tradition of contemplation with inner silence or tranquility is shared by all Eastern asceticism movements, having its roots in

4720-401: The ruling class and elite of the Eastern Empire. Theodosius' wife St Flacilla was instrumental in his campaign to end Arianism. This later culminated into the killing of some 300,000 Orthodox Christians at the hands of Arians in Milan in 538AD. The Iconoclasm (730–787 and 813–843) was a movement within the Byzantine church to assert that the Christian culture of portraits (see icon ) of

4800-411: The saints of the Orthodox Church referred to as the Apostolic Fathers , bishops themselves established by apostolic succession . This also continued into the age when the practice of the religion of Christianity became legal (see the Ecumenical Councils). The Biblical canon began with the officially accepted books of the Koine Greek Old Testament (which predates Christianity). This canon , called

4880-434: The same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and

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4960-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

5040-442: The sole Patriarch remaining in the East until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 . Two basic problems—the primacy of the bishop of Rome and the procession of the Holy Spirit—were involved. These doctrinal differences were first openly discussed during the patriarchate of Photius I . Rome interpreted her primacy among the Pentarchy of five sees in terms of sovereignty, as a God-given right involving universal jurisdiction in

5120-437: The state religion in 310 AD. However, illegal churches before "Christian legalization" are mentioned throughout church history; for example, in the City of Nisibis during the persecutions of Diocletian . Of the underground churches that existed before legalization, some are recorded to have existed in the catacombs of Europe i.e. Catacombs of Rome and also in Greece (see Cave of the Apocalypse , The Church of St George and

5200-414: The teachings of Arius , an Egyptian presbyter from Alexandria , who taught that Jesus Christ was created, albeit divine, and not God in essence: both the Father and the Son where of "like" essence or being (see homoiousia ) but not of the same essence or being (see homoousia ). Much of the controversion was over the kenotic phrasing that Christ expressed in the New Testament to express submission to God

5280-427: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

5360-427: The two political centers of Rome and Greece , as well as in Byzantium (initially a minor centre under the Metropolitan of Heraclea, but which later became Constantinople ). Orthodoxy believes in the apostolic succession that they believe was established by the Apostles in the New Testament ; this played a key role in the communities' view of itself as the preserver of the original Christian tradition. Historically

5440-403: The use of the Latin liturgy, and regarded Moravia as their rightful mission field. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Christianity made great inroads into Eastern Europe : first in Bulgaria and Serbia, then followed by Kievan Rus' . For a period of time, there was a real possibility that all of the newly baptized South Slav nations, Bulgarians, Serbs, and Croats would join the Western church, but in

5520-428: The various works of the eastern churches and compiling them into a canon, each being confirmed as authentic text was a long protracted process. Much of this process was motivated by a need to address various heresies. In many instances, heretical groups had themselves begun compiling and disseminating text that they used to validate their positions, positions that were not consistent with the text, history and traditions of

5600-481: The war against the Saracens in 869, after acknowledging the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire . A Serbian bishopric (Diocese of Ras) may have been founded in Stari Ras in 871 by Serbian Knez Mutimir , confirmed by the Council of Constantinople in 879–80. The Serbs and Bulgarians adopt the Old Slavonic liturgy instead of the Greek. In 863, a mission from the Patriarch of Constantinople converted King Boris I of Bulgaria to Christianity. Boris realized that

5680-425: The word "church" did not mean a building or housing structure (for which Greek-speakers might have used the word " basilica ") but meant a community or gathering of like peoples (see ekklesia ). The earliest Ecclesiology would posit that the Eucharistic assembly , under the authority and permission of a Bishop , is what constitutes a Church. As St. Ignatius of Antioch said, "Let no man do anything connected with

5760-682: The year 1337, Hesychasm attracted the attention of a learned member of the Orthodox Church, Barlaam, a Calabrian monk who at that time held the office of abbot in the Monastery of St Saviour's in Constantinople and who visited Mount Athos . There, he encountered Hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices, also reading the writings of the teacher in Hesychasm of St Gregory Palamas , himself an Athonite monk. Trained in Scholastic theology, Barlaam

5840-450: Was a continuation of Trinitarian doctrinal issues addressed in pre-legalization of Christianity councils or synods (for examples see Synods of Antioch between 264–269AD and Synod of Elvira ). As such, they constitute a permanent standard for an Orthodox understanding of the Trinity, the person or hypostasis of Christ, the incarnation. The tradition of councils within the church started with

5920-559: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

6000-511: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

6080-560: Was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has

6160-465: Was later the theological breaking point in the ultimate Great Schism in the 11th century. The controversy also involved ecclesiastical jurisdictional rights in the Bulgarian church. Photios did provide concession on the issue of jurisdictional rights concerning Bulgaria, and the papal legates made do with his return of Bulgaria to Rome. This concession, however, was purely nominal, as Bulgaria's return to

6240-576: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

6320-453: Was refused by Constantinople. Boris turned to the Pope, and the arrival of the Roman clerical mission concluded the activity of the Byzantine mission, which was ordered by the King to leave Bulgaria. Constantinople nervously watched the events taking place in their northern neighbour, because a pro-Rome Bulgaria threatened its immediate interests. A religious council was held in the summer of 867 in

6400-604: Was scandalized by Hesychasm and began to campaign against it. As a teacher of theology in the Scholastic mode, Barlaam propounded a more intellectual and propositional approach to the knowledge of God than the Hesychasts taught. In particular, he took exception to the Hesychasts doctrine to the nature of the uncreated light , the experience of which was said to be the goal of Hesychast practice. Barlaam held this concept to be polytheistic , inasmuch as it postulated two eternal substances,

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