Viola Spolin (November 7, 1906 — November 22, 1994) was an American theatre academic, educator and acting coach. She is considered an important innovator in 20th century American theater for creating directorial techniques to help actors to be focused in the present moment and to find choices improvisationally, as if in real life. These acting exercises she later called Theater Games and formed the first body of work that enabled other directors and actors to create improvisational theater. Her book Improvisation for the Theater , which published these techniques, includes her philosophy and her teaching and coaching methods, and is considered the "bible of improvisational theater". Spolin's contributions were seminal to the improvisational theater movement in the U.S. She is considered to be the mother of Improvisational theater. Her work has influenced American theater, television and film by providing new tools and techniques that are now used by actors, directors and writers.
61-663: Spolin influenced the first generation of improvisational actors at the Second City in Chicago in the mid- to late 1950s, through her son, Paul Sills . He was the founding director of the Compass Players which led to the formation of the Second City. He used her techniques in the training and direction of the company, which enabled them to create satirical improvisational theater about current social & political issues. Spolin also taught workshops for Second City actors, as well as for
122-520: A collaboration with the Lyric Opera of Chicago that had been initiated by soprano and Lyric creative consultant Renée Fleming , with Best Director: Revue going to Billy Bungeroth. Toronto's Second City mainstage troupe has won ten Canadian Comedy Awards : Best Improv Troupe (2001), Best Sketch Troupe (2001, 2006 and 2009), and Best Comedic Play winners Family Circus Maximus (2002), Psychedelicatessen (2003), Facebook of Revelations , Barack to
183-420: A full-service restaurant and bar. The Second City New York opened to the public on November 16, 2023, marking a significant expansion of the institution into a new geographic region. On June 15, 2023, The Second City announced to teachers through email that it would no longer pursue reopening a Los Angeles location. In recent years, educators at The Second City initiated efforts to unionize in order to create
244-478: A more inclusive, equitable, and fair workplace. The process began with the filing of an application for unionization by the teachers, facilitators, and musical directors at The Second City. The Illinois Federation of Teachers (IFT) announced that the National Labor Relations Board had ratified the election to form a union for educators at the training center of Second City. Following this, a vote
305-557: A theatre called The Second City where revues developed improvisationally were presented under Sills's direction. With early cast members Alan Arkin , Barbara Harris , Severn Darden , Mina Kolb and Paul Sand , success led to New York (a brief run on Broadway and a long one off-Broadway), London and world recognition. Sills left Second City in 1965 to form the Game Theater, where he coached improvisational techniques of his mother, Viola Spolin, in performance, and audience participation
366-447: A way to help develop creative confidence in troubled kids as well as for child actors and kids who just wanted to have fun improvising. Inspired by Boyd, Spolin created these games around three core features: focus, side-coaching, and evaluation. Using these features to plan her work and activities with children created a productive safe space for children in which they were not judged based upon assumptions, but rather what they displayed in
427-562: Is an improvisational comedy enterprise. It is the oldest improvisational theater troupe to be continuously based in Chicago , with training programs and live theaters in Toronto and New York . Since its debut in 1959, it has become one of the most influential and renowned in the English-speaking world. In February 2021, ZMC , a private equity investment firm based in Manhattan , purchased
488-713: The University of Chicago , where he established himself as a director, co-founding Playwright's Theater Club. There, with fellow actors Edward Asner , Byrne Piven and Zohra Lampert , they blended Spolin's improvisational techniques with established theater training. In 1955, Sills and David Shepherd founded the Compass Players , the first improvisational theater in the United States, where he directed Shelley Berman , Mike Nichols and Elaine May . In 1959, Sills, along with partners Howard Alk and Bernie Sahlins , opened
549-633: The West Coast , she conducted workshops for the casts of the television shows, Rhoda and Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers , and appeared on film as an actress in Paul Mazursky 's Alex in Wonderland (1970). In November 1975, "The Theater Game File" was published. She designed it to make her unique approaches to teaching and learning more readily available to classroom teachers . In 1976, she established
610-405: The musical revue , From the Second City , directed by Sills and earning Tony Award nominations for ensemble members Severn Darden and Barbara Harris. The company moved a few blocks south, to 1616 North Wells, in 1967. Eventually, the theater expanded to include three touring companies and a second resident company, and now fosters a company devoted to outreach and diversity. In 2020, during
671-428: The protests following the murder of George Floyd , The Second City faced several criticisms regarding racism. The CEO, Andrew Alexander, resigned after accusations of institutional racism from former performers and an alumnus were made. Accusations and allegations were also made on social media, triggering further leadership resignations. A notable criticism came from Second City alumnus Dewayne Perkins, who alleged that
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#1733086328260732-592: The 1980s, all of which were based on Spolin's work. In 1965, with Sills and others, Spolin co-founded the Game Theater in Chicago , and around the same time organized a small cooperative kindergarten and elementary school (called Playroom School and later Parents School) for with several other families in the Old Town/Lincoln Park area. The theater and the school's classes sought to have audiences participate directly in Theater Games, thus effectively eliminating
793-737: The Association of International Comedy Educators (AICE). The Second City Detroit was a comedy theater and training center in Novi, Michigan . It was the Second City's third mainstage location in North America following the Second City Chicago and Toronto . Originally established in September 1993 in downtown Detroit , it relocated to a strip mall in Novi in 2005. The original downtown Detroit theater in
854-591: The Comedy Studies program was created, as a collaboration with Chicago's Columbia College , which provides students with an immersion in "all aspects of the study of comedy and improvisation". In 2016, the Training Center expanded to include the Harold Ramis Film School, now called The Second City Film School, dedicated to comedy in filmmaking. In 2021, The Second City's educators voted to unionize as
915-634: The Executive Producer position will be a member of the BIPOC community". Interim executive producer Anthony LeBlanc was appointed to replace him. On November 25, 2020, The Second City announced that former Dad's Garage Theatre Company artistic director Jon Carr had been hired as executive producer. He stepped down in early 2022, and a successor has yet to be named. As of 2014 , the Second City has been awarded thirty-seven Equity Joseph Jefferson Awards , which have recognized them for Best Revue five times,
976-544: The Future (2009), 0% Down, 100% Screwed (2010) and Something Wicked Awesome This Way Comes (2011). Created in 1967 as a way to increase the talent pool, the initial Touring Company, featuring Ramis, Doyle-Murray and Flaherty, was tested on the road for two years before taking the stage as The Next Generation after the mainstage ensemble was sent to perform in New York. The Touring Company continued to perform greatest hit shows on
1037-751: The Hockeytown Cafe complex was renamed the City Theater and has since reopened as the Detroit House of Comedy; the Novi location has become the Andiamo Novi Theater. In the early years of the Second City and Game Theater, several parents and Lincoln Park community members—including Carol and Paul Sills and activists Mona and Dennis Cunningham —started a progressive school for their children, based on Viola Spolin 's Theater Games techniques and philosophy with her son Paul Sills ' refinements. Early on it
1098-561: The Second City Company and continued to teach and develop Theater Games theory and practice. As an outgrowth of this work, she published Improvisation for the Theater , consisting of approximately 220 games and exercises. It has become a classic reference text for teachers of acting, as well as for educators in other fields. In the early-1960s Viola Spolin took on an assistant and protégé, Josephine Forsberg , to help with her workshops at
1159-406: The Second City and ran from 1976 to 1984. Broadcaster and surgeon Charles A. "Chuck" Allard formed a partnership in 1981 that acquired the fledgling series. Allard then moved the series from Toronto to Edmonton , where he owned television station CITV-TV . The basic premise of SCTV was based on a television station (later a network) in the fictional city of Melonville. Rather than broadcast
1220-548: The Second City, as well as with her children's theatre that performed there on weekends. Viola Spolin eventually handed both the children's show and the improv classes over to Forsberg, who continued teaching Spolin's work at the Second City from the mid-1960s on, leading to the creation of Forsberg's own improv school, Players Workshop in 1971, as well as the Improv Olympic and the Second City Training Center in
1281-809: The Second City. The Second City has produced television programs in both Canada and the United States, including SCTV , Second City Presents , and Next Comedy Legend . It has been a starting point for many comedians, award-winning actors, directors, and others in show business , including Del Close , Alan Alda , Alan Arkin , Harold Ramis , Bill Murray , Gilda Radner , John Candy , John Belushi , Dan Aykroyd , Eugene Levy , Catherine O'Hara , Dave Thomas , Chris Farley , Tim Meadows , Colin Mochrie , Ryan Stiles , Mike Myers , Nia Vardalos , Steve Carell , Jordan Peele , Tina Fey , Amy Poehler , Stephen Colbert , Cecily Strong , Mae Martin , and Aidy Bryant . The Second City chose its self-mocking name from
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#17330863282601342-525: The Sillses and Cunninghams, Viola Spolin, Joyce and Byrne Piven, John Schultz, Mel Spiegel, Carol Dougal, and Beverly Gold. The highly progressive curriculum included daily theater games, and some students went on to careers in entertainment. Briefly at the Game Theater site at 1935 N. Sedgwick, the school moved to several locations in Lincoln Park before it closed in the mid-1970s. In 1971, The Players Workshop
1403-589: The Spolin Theater Game Center in Hollywood, to train professional Theater Games Coaches and served as its artistic director . In 1979 she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Eastern Michigan University , and until the 1990s she continued to teach at the Theater Game Center. In 1985 her new book, Theater Games for Rehearsal: A Director's Handbook , was published. Spolin's Theater Games transform
1464-490: The United States. On June 6, 2020, during the Black Lives Matter protests, various Second City comedians signed an open letter stating that "erasure, racial discrimination, manipulation, pay inequity, tokenism, monetization of Black culture, and trauma-inducing experiences of Black artists at The Second City will no longer be tolerated". prompting Alexander to apologize and resign, pledging that "The next person to fill
1525-719: The Young Actors Company in Hollywood . Children six years of age and older were trained, through the medium of the still developing Theater Games system, to perform in productions. This company continued until 1955. Spolin returned to Chicago in 1955 to direct for the Playwright's Theater Club and, subsequently, to conduct games workshops with the Compass Players , the country's first professional improvisational acting company. The Compass Players made theater history in America. It began in
1586-632: The areas of group leadership, recreation, and social group work strongly influenced Spolin, as did the use of traditional game structures to affect social behavior in inner-city and immigrant children. While serving as drama supervisor for the Chicago branch of the Works Progress Administration's Recreational Project (1939–1941), Spolin perceived a need to create within the WPA drama program an easily grasped system of theater training that could cross
1647-483: The backroom of a bar near the University of Chicago campus in the summer of 1955 and out of this group was born a new form: improvisational theater. They are said to have created a radically new kind of comedy. "They did not plan to be funny or to change the course of comedy", writes Janet Coleman. "But that is what happened." From 1960 to 1965, still in Chicago, she worked with her son Paul Sills as workshop director for
1708-448: The base of an improvisation, which became a hallmark of the Second City's brand of improv and is now universally employed in workshop and performance. She strongly emphasized the need for the individual to overcome what she called "The Approval/Disapproval Syndrome," which she described as the performer blocking their own natural creativity in an effort to please the audience, director, teacher, peers or anyone else. In 1946, Spolin founded
1769-584: The company was celebrating its 50th year, the Second City was awarded an honorary Jeff for the milestone, as well as three awards for the e.t.c.' s 33rd revue Studs Terkel's Not Working, recognizing director Matt Hovde and actress Amanda Blake Davis and naming it Best Revue. In 2011, the e.t.c.'s 35th revue Sky's the Limit (Weather Permitting) won the Jeff for Best New Work (Musical or Revue), as well Best Revue and Best Actor, for ensemble member Tim Baltz. The following year,
1830-419: The concept of play to unlock the individual's capacity for creative self-expression. These techniques were later to be formalized under the rubric " Theater Games ". Spolin acknowledged she was influenced by J.L. Moreno , originator of the therapeutic techniques known as psychodrama and sociodrama. Spolin's exercises had a therapeutic impact on players. She drew on Moreno's idea of using audience suggestions as
1891-483: The conventional separation between improvisational actors and audiences. The theater experiment achieved limited success, and it closed after only a few months, but the school continued to use the techniques, alongside a regular elementary curriculum, well into the 1970s. In 1970 and 1971 Spolin served as special consultant for productions of Sills' Story Theater in Los Angeles , New York City and on television . On
Viola Spolin - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-486: The cultural and ethnic barriers of the immigrant children with whom she worked. According to Spolin, Boyd's teachings provided "an extraordinary training in the use of games, story-telling, folk dance and dramatics as tools for stimulating creative expression in both children and adults, through self discovery and personal experiencing." Building upon the experience of Boyd's work, she responded by developing new games that focused on individual creativity, adapting and focusing
2013-557: The e.t.c.'s 36th revue We're All In This Room Together won for Best Revue and Best Director of a Revue - Ryan Bernier , while ensemble member Edgar Blackman took home the Jeff for Best Actor/Actress in a Revue for his work in Who Do We Think We Are? on the Second City mainstage. In 2013, the Jeff Awards awarded Best Production: Revue to a Second City show not housed at the venue on Wells Street, The Second City Guide to Opera ,
2074-404: The educational environment. Spolin was associated for many years with Jane Addams Hull House as well as other locations where she and her assistant teachers taught improv workshops to children. Spolin also directed numerous shows for children, including a production at Playwights in the mid-1950s. Soon after the Second City opened its doors in 1959, Spolin started putting up shows for children on
2135-460: The educators in Toronto. In a collective move, arts educators and facilitators from Chicago, Hollywood, and Toronto, affirmed their intent to form a union under the Association of International Comedy Educators (AICE) by filing cards with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). Second City Television, or SCTV, was a Canadian television sketch comedy show offshoot from the Toronto troupe of
2196-797: The first being Paradigm Lost (1997). The revue's director, Mick Napier , is one of several directors recognized by the Jeffs, a list that includes founder Bernard Sahlins (for 1983's Exit, Pursued by a Bear ) and improv guru Del Close (1981's Miro, Miro on the Wall ). Sixteen alumni have received Jeff Awards for their performances in Second City revues, including David Pasquesi ( The Gods Must Be Lazy , 1989), Scott Adsit ( Paradigm Lost , 1997), Jackie Hoffman ( Disgruntled Employee Picnic , 1993), Shelley Long ( Wellsapoppin , 1977), and Nia Vardalos ( Whitewater for Chocolate , 1994), with Rachel Dratch and Keegan-Michael Key each being honored twice. In 2009, as
2257-406: The focus of the game, rather than falling into self-consciousness or trying to think up good ideas, from an intellectual source. The intention of giving the actor something on which to focus is to help them to be in the present moment, like a mantra in meditation. In this playful, active state the player gets flashes of intuitive, inspired choices that come spontaneously. The focus of the game keeps
2318-550: The general public. Paul Sills and the success of the Second City were largely responsible for the popularization of improvisational theater, which became best known as a comedy form called "improv." Many actors, writers and directors grew out of that school of theater and had formative experiences performing and being trained at the Second City. Many notable theater, television and film professionals were influenced by Spolin and Sills. Spolin developed acting exercises or "games" that unleashed creativity, adapting focused "play" to unlock
2379-462: The individual's capacity for creative self-expression. Viola Spolin's use of recreational games in theater came from her background with the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression where she studied with Neva Boyd starting in 1924. Spolin also taught classes at Jane Addams ' Hull House in Chicago. She authored a number of texts on improvisation. Her first and most famous
2440-478: The institution initially refused to host a benefit show for Black Lives Matter unless half of the proceeds also went to the Chicago Police Department. In response to these issues, The Second City instituted changes, including the formation of a steering committee comprising representatives from BIPOC, Latinx, and LGBTQIA+ communities to foster inclusivity and diversity. In October 2020, The Second City
2501-488: The mind busy in the moment of creating or playing, rather than being in the mind pre-planning, comparing or judging their choices in the improvisation. The exercises are, as one critic has written, "structures designed to almost fool spontaneity into being." Spolin believed that every person can learn to act and express creatively. In the beginning of her book Improvisation for the Theater , she wrote: Everyone can act. Everyone can improvise. Anyone who wishes to can play in
Viola Spolin - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-591: The reins of The Second City Toronto, which had opened in 1972, then formed a partnership with Len Stuart, in 1976, starting The Second City Entertainment Company. Its inaugural television production was SCTV that year. Alexander co-developed and executive produced over 185 half-hour shows for the series. In 1985, Alexander and Stuart acquired Chicago's Second City. He later founded SCTV, thereby expanding The Second City TV & Film Division. He has produced or executive-produced hundreds of Second City revues in Canada and
2623-1177: The road, and in 1982, with the assistance of producer Joyce Sloane (and without Sahlins's knowledge) they staged an original revue in what would become the theater's second stage, the Second City e.t.c. In December 2009, the theater celebrated its fiftieth anniversary with a weekend of panels and performance which featured many prominent alumni, including an SCTV reunion show starring Joe Flaherty , Eugene Levy , Andrea Martin , Catherine O'Hara , Harold Ramis , Martin Short , and Dave Thomas . Other notable alumni returning to participate included Steve Carell , Stephen Colbert , Jeff Garlin , Jack McBrayer , James Belushi , Dan Castellaneta , Amy Sedaris , Ian Gomez , Richard Kind , Robert Klein , Fred Willard , David Rasche , Betty Thomas , and George Wendt , as well as original cast member Mina Kolb, Compass Player Shelley Berman , and co-founder Bernard Sahlins , along with Playwrights Theater Club co-founder Sheldon Patinkin ; he later served as assistant director to Paul Sills , then succeeded him as artistic director, spending over five decades as an artistic mentor of
2684-425: The teaching of acting skills and techniques into exercises that are in game forms. Each Theater Game is structured to give the players a specific focus or technical problem to keep in mind during the game, like keeping your eye on the ball in a ball game. These simple, operational structures teach complicated theater conventions and techniques. By playing the game the players learn the skill, keeping their attention on
2745-626: The theater and learn to become 'stage-worthy.' We learn through experience and experiencing, and no one teaches anyone anything. This is as true for the infant moving from kicking and crawling to walking as it is for the scientist with his equations. If the environment permits it, anyone can learn whatever he chooses to learn; and if the individual permits it, the environment will teach him everything it has to teach. 'Talent' or 'lack of talent' have little to do with it. Viola Spolin began working with children early in her career. Aside from her work with The Parent's School, Spolin used her Theatre Games as
2806-411: The theater, in 1959, as a place where scenes and stories were created with improvisation, using techniques that grew out of Spolin's innovative teachings, later known as Theater Games , with Sills as its director. The cabaret theater comedy style of the Second City tended towards satire and commentary on social norms, and political figures and events. In 1961, the theater sent a cast to Broadway with
2867-535: The title of a series of articles about Chicago by A. J. Liebling , published in The New Yorker in 1952, and published in book form as a collection the same year. In summer 1955, at The Compass bar in Hyde Park, University of Chicago students, led by David Shepherd and Paul Sills , calling themselves Compass Players , began a " commedia dell'arte ", based on professional theater games taught by Viola Spolin , who
2928-482: The troupe while chairman of the theater department at Columbia College Chicago for three decades. The Second City Training Center was founded in the mid-1980s to facilitate the growing demand for workshops and instruction from the world-famous Second City theatre. Training Centers are located in Chicago, Toronto and Los Angeles. The Training Centers have grown substantially since the Second City Conservatory
2989-719: The usual TV rerun fare, the business, run by the greedy Guy Caballero ( Joe Flaherty ) sitting in a wheelchair only "for respect," operates a bizarre and humorously incompetent range of cheap local programming. The range included soap opera "The Days of the Week"; game shows , such as "Shoot at the Stars", in which celebrities literally are shot at in similar fashion to targets in a shooting gallery; and movie parodies , such as "Play it Again, Bob" in which Woody Allen (as played by Rick Moranis ) attempts to entice Bob Hope (as played by Dave Thomas ) to star in his next film. In-house media melodrama
3050-518: The weekends. During Spolin children's shows the kids in the audience were invited up onto the stage to play Theatre Games with the cast. In the mid-1960s, Spolin handed the children's show (along with her improv classes) over to her protégé and assistant, Josephine Forsberg , who renamed it The Children's Theatre of the Second City and continued to produce and direct it until 1997, using Viola Spolin's audience participation improv games after every performance. The Second City The Second City
3111-408: Was Improvisation for the Theater , published by Northwestern University Press . This book has become a classic resource for improvisational actors, directors and teachers. It has been published in three editions in 1963, 1983 and 1999. Viola Spolin initially trained to be a settlement worker (from 1924 to 1927), studying at Neva Boyd 's Group Work School in Chicago . Boyd's innovative teaching in
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#17330863282603172-512: Was Chicago's only official school of Improvisation for over a decade. Although it was never officially a part of The Second City cabaret theater, The Players Workshop was often referred to as Players Workshop Of The Second City, due to the school's close affiliation with the famous sketch comedy stage. 41°54′41″N 87°38′06″W / 41.91151°N 87.63506°W / 41.91151; -87.63506 Paul Sills Paul Sills (born Paul Silverberg ; November 18, 1927 – June 2, 2008)
3233-535: Was Sills's mother. They soon began performing occasional shows on the Near North Side . On December 16, 1959, The Second City's first revue show premiered at 1842 North Wells Street, with Sills's former wife and Compass Player Barbara Harris singing "Everybody's in the Know". Admission was $ 1.50 (equivalent to $ 16 in 2023). Sahlins and Sills flipped burgers in the kitchen. Sahlins, Sills, and Howard Alk had founded
3294-473: Was an American director and improvisation teacher, and the original director of Chicago 's The Second City . Sills was born Paul Silverberg in Chicago, Illinois, to a family who believed in the teachings of modern-day Judaism. His mother was teacher and writer Viola Spolin , who authored the first book on improvisation techniques, Improvisation for the Theater . Spolin in turn was the student of play therapy theorist Neva Boyd . In 1948, Sills enrolled in
3355-439: Was called "Playroom School," after Spolin's "Educational Playroom," a progressive school project during the 1930's on Sheridan Road which Paul Sills had attended. Theater Games were gaining recognition and are now incorporated in drama therapy , play therapy , and are used as an educational tool. Early Second City and Game Theater members, as well as some Old Town and Lincoln Park community members, were closely involved, including
3416-416: Was encouraged. His mother and other community friends were partners. The Parents School was co-founded there, with wife Carol Bleackley Sills and others, with a children's curriculum based on group art forms and play. It operated for almost two decades. At the Game Theater, he also discovered a new form he called Story Theater , which debuted at 1848 N. Wells Street, during the summer of 1968. That building
3477-723: Was established in the mid-1980s under the tutelage of longtime Chicago improv instructors and mentors Martin de Maat and Sheldon Patinkin . The Chicago Training Center has over 5,000 students in several disciplines, including improvisation and comedy writing . Former Training Center students include Steve Carell , Tina Fey , Amy Poehler , Mike Myers , Chris Farley , Tim Meadows , Bonnie Hunt , Stephen Colbert , Halle Berry , Sean Hayes , Amy Sedaris , Jon Favreau , Hinton Battle , Jack McBrayer , Dave Foley , and Kevin McDonald . Classes are taught by working professionals, many of whom are existing or former Second City performers. In 2007,
3538-529: Was frequently satirized, including by John Candy , as the vain, bloated variety star character, Johnny La Rue; Thomas's acerbic critic, Bill Needle; Andrea Martin 's flamboyant, leopard-skin clad station manager, Mrs. Edith Prickley; Catherine O'Hara 's alcoholic, narcissistic, former leading-lady, Lola Heatherton; and Flaherty's effusive talk show host, Sammy Maudlin. Martin Short also originated his dorky Ed Grimley character here, which he later brought to Saturday Night Live . In 1974, Andrew Alexander took
3599-628: Was held, which concluded with a significant majority in favor of unionization, marking a successful end to the union campaign initiated by the IFT in the spring. Furthermore, comedy educators at The Second City in both the U.S. and Canada announced their unionization, with the Canadian contingent joining CWA Canada. The organizers in Canada filed for union certification with the Ontario Labour Relations Board after garnering substantial support from
3660-645: Was put up for sale by Alexander and co-owner D’Arcy Stuart. In January 2021, The Second City and Saturday Night Live paired up to launch a new training scholarship for diverse, upcoming talent. In February 2021, ZMC , a New York City-based private equity investment firm, purchased The Second City. In 2022, The Second City announced its expansion to New York with its new location in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The nearly 12,000-square-foot (1,100 m ) entertainment complex at 64 N. 9th Street comprises two cabaret-style live theaters, seven Training Center classrooms, and
3721-550: Was the original location of the Second City, which had already moved to its new and current location at 1616 N. Wells St. After Sills finished doing Story Theater there, it was torn down. Story Theatre went on to play at the Yale Repertory Theatre , in Los Angeles and on Broadway, remaining the form Sills explored for the rest of his life. His book, Paul Sills' Story Theater: Four Shows . Sills's first two wives were Dorothea Horton and Barbara Harris . In 2011, he
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