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41-534: This article focuses on the variety of spoken Finnish that is predominant in the Helsinki metropolitan area and urbanized areas in the Tavastian and Central Finland dialectal areas, such as the cities of Tampere , Jyväskylä , Lahti , Hyvinkää , and Hämeenlinna – as well as in coastal cities such as Vaasa and Porvoo , which have been traditionally Swedish-speaking and have experienced an influx of Finnish speakers from

82-821: A culprit, the sentence "He broke it." has these forms: Numerals 1–10 in colloquial spoken Finnish: Numbers 11-19 are formed by appending -toista , which can be shortened to -toist . Numbers 20-90 are formed by appending -kymmentä , which can be shortened to -kymment or even -kyt(ä) . Kolme , neljä and seittemän can be abbreviated to kol- , nel- and seit- with -kytä , but not independently, as in kolkytäkolme "33" or seitkytäneljä "74". When counting out loud, even shorter forms are used, mostly one-syllable words with long vowels: -toista becomes -toi , -too or even -to . -kymmentä becomes -kyt , with 20-60 typically retaining their longer numeral forms (e.g. kakskyt rather than * kaakyt for 20). 70

123-421: A synonym for the numeral's name. Kahdeksikko is also used to describe a figure eight shape. The regular -Onen / -inen forms can additionally be used of objects with an ID number. For example, bus 107 is called sataseiska , and a competition winner is an ykkönen (not * sataseittemän or * yks .) Personal pronouns are used extensively in spoken Finnish whereas in formal forms

164-484: A teacher in a school", a similar sentence using translative olen koolis õpetajaks "I work as a teacher in a school" hints at it either being a temporary position, the speaker not being fully qualified, or some other factor of impermanency. In Hungarian , the ending is -vá / -vé after a vowel; it assimilates to the final consonant otherwise: This grammar -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This linguistic morphology article

205-542: A variety of dialectal areas. The standard language takes most of its features from these dialects, i.e. most "dialectal" features are reductions with respect to this form of language. The combination of the common spoken Finnish and a dialect gives a regional variant ( aluepuhekieli ), which has some local idiosyncrasies but is essentially similar to the common spoken Finnish. The basics of Finnish needed to fully understand this article can be found in pages about Finnish phonology and Finnish grammar . As in any language,

246-512: Is abbreviated into a clitic that is effectively a comitative case , e.g. -nkans or -nkaa . The most common reflexes for old Finnish dental fricatives are /d/ for /ð/ , and /ts/ or /t(ː)/ for /θ(ː)/ . For example, metsä, metsän or mettä, metän ← meθθä, meθän "forest, of the forest" and meidän < meiðän "ours". Loss of /d/ also occurs, e.g. meiän . These are seen as "accent-free" pronunciations. Dialects generally have different reflexes — in fact,

287-411: Is also the problem that purists want to avoid irregularity regardless of actual usage. This has left some sound changes common in spoken language out from the standard language. There is a tendency to favor "more logical" constructs over easily pronounceable ones. This ideal does reflect spoken Finnish usage to a degree, as Finnish is demonstrably a conservative language with few reduction processes, but it

328-701: Is based on the common vision of the municipalities in the Helsinki region regarding the challenges facing the region and the common will to contribute to the development of the region. As a part of the "Urban audit" project, Eurostat has attempted to standardise the concept of a 'metropolitan area'. According to this study the Metropolitan area of Helsinki consists of the kernel of Helsinki: Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen. The Helsinki Larger Urban Area ( Helsingin seutu in Finnish) consists of 12 cities and municipalities:

369-478: Is commonplace not only in these cases but also elsewhere. Particularly in Helsinki, deletion of /æ/ or /ɑ/ , spelt «ä» and «a», respectively, in highly frequent words is common. This is a feature of Western Finnish dialects, found also in Savonian dialects and Estonian . Word-final vowel clusters ending in /ɑ/ or /æ/ have much variation in dialects of Finnish. Especially in Helsinki they assimilate, where only

410-412: Is not entirely accurate. The problem of avoiding "irregularity" is most evident in spelling, where internal sandhi is not transcribed, because there is the idea that morphemes should be immutable. For example, the "correct" spelling is syönpä ("I eat" with emphasis), even though the pronunciation is usually syömpä . The explanation is that -n- and -pä are in different morphemes just like

451-475: Is not used in the spoken language; instead, the third person singular form is used with plural meaning being conveyed by the pronoun ne ( they ) Therefore, the full present-tense paradigm of puhua "to speak" in everyday speech is: Some e -stem verbs have abbreviated (irregular) oblique forms, where /n/ or /l/ is elided. This class includes only four frequently used verbs. In Finnish, verbs have an infinitive form, marked with -ta and used in

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492-522: Is systematically replaced by /ʔ/ , e.g. isä'iän ← isän ääni "father's voice". Both pronunciations can be heard in the Helsinki area. This means that the genitive/accusative form -n , which is very common in any form of Finnish, is simply noted by a glottal stop. However, this glottal stop undergoes sandhi whenever followed by consonant, or more often than not (see below). Certain wordforms that end in /si/ in Standard Finnish occur without

533-429: Is the final consonant sandhi . When two words co-occur in the same prosodic unit, the consonant beginning the second word assimilates to the word-final consonant in the first word, creating a long consonant. This is not commonly written down, except in dialectal transcriptions. For example, Some dialects have the full-length personal pronouns minä and sinä , but most people use shorter forms, like these found in

574-440: Is typically seitkyt or seiskyt , while 80 and 90 do with kasi- and ysi- . The numerals 1–9 have their own names, different from the cardinal numbers used in counting. Numbers that have longer names are often shortened in speech. This may be problematic for a foreigner to understand, if they have learnt words by book: The -kko suffix normally denotes a group of x people, but on 8 and 9, it doubles as

615-574: The Helsinki urban area according to the official Finnish definion of an urban area ( taajama in Finnish). Urban areas in Finland are defined as inhabited areas of at least 200 people with a maximum distance of 200 metres (660 ft) between buildings. The Helsinki urban area is the largest of its kind in Finland, and encompasses land throughout metropolitan area, with notable gaps around forests and other less-densely populated areas. The commuter towns of Lohja and Porvoo are not usually included to

656-572: The commuting area. The sub-region has a population of about 1.66 million. The Helsinki Region Cooperation Assembly is a cooperative body of the municipalities of the Helsinki Region, whose members are the leading elected representatives of the municipalities. Seventeen municipalities participate in cooperation in the Helsinki Region: The common goal of the participating municipalities is to develop cooperation and advocacy. The cooperation

697-442: The instructive and comitative cases and the potential mood . Some survive only in expressions. On the other hand, spoken language has its own features rarely or never found in formal language. Most importantly, there is very common external sandhi , and some assimilatory sound changes. (On the contrary, there is no vowel reduction .) In some variants (e.g. Vaasa, Kymenlaakso) of spoken Finnish -n kanssa ("with [something]")

738-419: The urban areas of the cities, but within the boundaries of these cities there are also suburban and rural areas . The Helsinki metropolitan area includes around ten additional municipalities that can be considered commuter towns and exurbs of Helsinki. These municipalities are Hyvinkää , Järvenpää , Kerava , Kirkkonummi , Nurmijärvi , Sipoo , Tuusula , Mäntsälä , Pornainen and Vihti , bringing

779-604: The Finnish capital region consists of four municipalities with city title, Helsinki , Vantaa , Espoo and Kauniainen . It has a population of about 1.26 million. This area is most often called the Capital region in English, Pääkaupunkiseutu in Finnish, and Huvudstadsregionen in Swedish, although the use of the terms is not especially consistent. The vast majority of the inhabitants live in

820-482: The Helsinki metropolitan area region: Note: these do differ depending on where the speaker is from . For example minä can also be mie , miä , mää etc. The root words are also shorter: The third-person pronouns hän ('he', 'she', singular 'they') and he (plural 'they'), are rarely used in the spoken language outside of Southwestern Finland and are getting rare there, as well. Elsewhere, they are usually replaced by se and ne , which in

861-629: The Helsinki metropolitan area, though, if they were (considering their proximity to Helsinki and their high commuting rate), they would raise the overall population almost two million people. Hyvinkää , Järvenpää , Nurmijärvi , Tuusula , Mäntsälä and Pornainen , which have been designated as municipalities in Central Uusimaa in recent decades, have shown clear population growth due to their urban but also loose rural environment. These are also known as "Kuuma-kunnat" (literally means "hot municipalities"). In 2020 Helsinki's gross metropolitan product

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902-451: The basic meaning of a change of state. It is also used for expressing "in (a language)", "considering it is a (status)" and "by (a time)". Its ending is -ksi : Examples in Estonian , where the ending is -ks : In Estonian, translative can also express a temporary or random state. E.g. while a nominative construction would indicate working in a job or profession, as olen koolis õpetaja "I'm

943-422: The capital, are nowadays often included in regional planning, which raises the total population to about 1.74 million. Helsinki metropolitan area differs from the Helsinki sub-region ( Finnish : Helsingin seutukunta ), which also includes the municipalities of Karkkila , Lohja and Siuntio . The Helsinki sub-region is used for statistical purposes. It is based on cooperation between municipalities and

984-402: The different reflexes are used as a distinguishing feature between different dialects. For more details, see Finnish phonology . One important sound change, which has gone to completion in Estonian but occurs idiosyncratically in Finnish, is mutation of word-final /n/ into a glottal stop /ʔ/ , orthographically represented by an apostrophe . In some dialects, such as Savo, word-final /n/

1025-437: The diphthongization of older */eː oː øː/ to /ie̯ uo̯ yø̯/ (unchanged in standard Estonian ), many eastern dialects of Finnish diphthongize also the long vowels /ɑː æː/ to /oɑ̯ eæ̯/ . In Savonian dialects , these have shifted further on to /uɑ̯ iæ̯/ . /ie̯ uo̯ yø̯/ can become /iː uː yː/ when in contact with another vowel. In many cases this results from colloquial deletion of /d/ . For example: A related phenomenon

1066-403: The explanation that English boys is not spelled with a z is that they are in different morphemes. There are also a number of grammatical forms which are used in written Finnish, but only very rarely in spoken. For example, there are a number of constructions using participles which are usually rendered analytically in speech. Some cases and moods are rarely constructive in spoken Finnish, e.g.

1107-420: The infinitive, and an oblique form, which is used in personal forms. Consonant gradation and assimilation of the 't' in -ta may be applied. In the standard language, the correspondence between the two is always regular. In spoken language, some verbs have assimilated oblique forms, while retaining the regular infinitive: For example, these forms, as such, are represented by the imperatives: To demonstrate

1148-416: The kernel of Helsinki and the aforementioned eight municipalities. Statistics Finland define the commuter belt of Helsinki ( Helsingin työssäkäyntialue , Helsingfors pendlingsområde ) to include a total of 27 municipalities and a population of 1.79 million. In addition to that, there are people from as far as Lahti and even Tampere commuting to Helsinki daily. Statistics Finland also defines

1189-501: The metropolitan area, as are most of the headquarters of major companies and government institutions. Finland's main airline hub and airport, Helsinki Airport , is located in the city of Vantaa . These regions are located in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland , which is part of the Baltic Sea . They are part of the region of Uusimaa . In the strictest sense,

1230-473: The pronoun is often optional (indicated in brackets in this article). Furthermore, the pronouns themselves in spoken Finnish are different from those used in formal Finnish. Personal pronouns mä and sä are used extensively in colloquial Finnish in place of minä and sinä ('I' and singular 'you'). The pronouns se and ne , which in the formal language are used only as non-human personal pronouns meaning ('it' and plural 'they'), are used in

1271-419: The pronoun is usually enunciated but may be optional when answering questions (which puts the person in the proper context). In the latter example, dropping me would change the meaning from a statement to a suggestion: Compare the conjugation of OLLA in the formal language (Table 1) and in the spoken or colloquial language (Table 2). Table 2 shows in highlights the areas where there are differences in

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1312-428: The resulting chroneme marks the partitive in many words. An /eɑ/ or /eæ/ cluster also appears in many adjectives: In other areas of Finland, these clusters may have a different fate. Another common dialectal variant is the raising of /e/ to /i/ in the adjectives: pimiä . (Partitives are unaffected by this.) Some rarer versions of this suffix include -jä / -ja , -ie , and even -ii . Similar to

1353-486: The smaller capital region . The terms Helsinki metropolitan area, Greater Helsinki, Capital region and the other terms used are not fixed and may vary in different contexts. The metropolitan region is the largest urbanised area in the country with a population of approximately 1.6 million (2024) and is by far the most important economic, cultural, and scientific region of Finland. Five of Finland's 14 universities , and six universities of applied sciences are located in

1394-403: The spoken language as personal pronouns (which in the formal language would be hän ('he', 'she' and singular 'they') and he (plural 'they'). See the tables below for examples. One striking difference between colloquial Finnish and formal Finnish is use of the passive form in the first person plural. Thus for example: Another is that the third person plural suffix -vat or -vät

1435-419: The spoken version(s) of Finnish often vary from the written form. Some of the latter's constructs are either too arbitrary (e.g. "soft d", cf. Finnish phonology ), or too dialectal, e.g. hän (see below), for use in the spoken language. Furthermore, some very common and "accentless" sound changes are not reflected in the standard language, particularly fusion , liaison and some diphthong reductions. There

1476-409: The standard language do not refer to people. For example, the sentence "Did he mistake me for you?" has these forms: Similarly, non-personal demonstrative pronouns are often used in place of hän or he , meaning people may be referred to as 'that' and 'those'. This also does not carry any pejorative meaning. The words are also changed from their written form. For example, when pointing out

1517-479: The structures between formal and informal. Optional pronouns are in brackets. English equivalent is in Table 3. Helsinki metropolitan area Helsinki metropolitan area ( Finnish : Helsingin seutu , Swedish : Helsingforsregionen ) or Greater Helsinki ( Finnish : Suur-Helsinki , Swedish : Storhelsingfors ) is the metropolitan area around Helsinki , the capital city of Finland . It also includes

1558-464: The total population to about 1.6 million. All of the municipalities belong to the region of Uusimaa . Of these, Järvenpää , Kerava , Tuusula , Nurmijärvi , Sipoo , Kirkkonummi , Mäntsälä and Vihti have parts of the urban area within them. Additionally, the cities of Porvoo , Lohja , Karkkila and to some extent Riihimäki , which have very close ties, motorway and, in the case of Riihimäki, commuter train accesses, and are fairly close to

1599-469: The use of the personal form, the reply is: The infinitives are unchanged, as in: As are participles, despite their using the oblique stem: The 't' at the end of participles ending -nut, -rut, -lut, -sut (or -nyt etc.) is often dropped when no consonant follows, or replaced by gemination of the following consonant: but: is actually pronounced as if it were: In the formal language some pronouns are considered optional, but in spoken language

1640-511: The word-final /i/ in the spoken language. This includes the base form of certain word stems as well as inflectional endings. In nouns this affects the translative case ending -ksi and the 2nd person singular possessive suffix -si . In verbs, loss of i affects the conditional mood ending -isi and, in certain verb inflection classes where it is preceded by an s , the preterite ending -i . These endings occur word-finally in 3rd person forms. In many dialects loss of final i

1681-469: Was €94.2 billion (US$ 100 billion). This puts Helsinki in 23rd place among cities in European Union . Translative case In grammar , the translative case ( abbreviated TRANSL ) is a grammatical case that indicates a change in state of a noun, with the general sense of "becoming X   " or "change to X   ". In Finnish , it is the counterpart of the essive case , with

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