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51-539: Spencerian script is a handwriting script style based on Copperplate script that was used in the United States from approximately 1850 to 1925, and was considered the American de facto standard writing style for business correspondence prior to the widespread adoption of the typewriter . Spencerian script, a form of cursive handwriting, was also widely integrated into the school system as an instructional method until

102-406: A calligrapher are the pen and the brush . The pens used in calligraphy can have nibs that may be flat, round, or pointed. For decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens (steel brushes) can be used. However, works have also been created with felt-tip and ballpoint pens , although these works do not employ angled lines. There are certain styles of calligraphy, such as Gothic script , that require

153-523: A calligrapher may practice both. Western calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding invitations and event invitations, font design and typography , original hand-lettered logo design, religious art , announcements, graphic design and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions , and memorial documents. It is also used for props , moving images for film and television, testimonials , birth and death certificates , maps, and other written works. The principal tools for

204-576: A few inscriptions into the 8th century, though not in any South Arabian language since Dʿmt . Early inscriptions in Ge'ez and Ge'ez script are dated to as early as the 5th century BCE, with a sort of proto-Ge'ez written in ESA since the 9th century BCE. Ge'ez literature begins with the Christianization of Ethiopia (and the civilization of Axum) in the 4th century, during the reign of Ezana of Axum . The Ge'ez script

255-507: A form of Copperplate script , English roundhand, which was the most prominent script being taught in America. He quickly turned out graduates who left his school to start replicas of it abroad, and Spencerian script thus began to reach the common schools. Spencerian script even became the official hand of government clerks. Spencer never saw the great success that his penmanship style enjoyed because he died in 1864, but his sons took upon themselves

306-552: A stub nib pen. Common calligraphy pens and brushes include: The ink used for writing is usually water-based and is much less viscous than the oil-based ink used in printing. Certain specialty paper with high ink absorption and constant texture enables cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a light-box is not needed to allow lines to be visible through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from

357-526: A total of some 1,000 distinct characters. Ethiopian (Abyssinian) calligraphy began with the Ge'ez script , which replaced Epigraphic South Arabian in the Kingdom of Aksum , which was developed specifically for Ethiopian Semitic languages . In those languages that use it, such as Amharic and Tigrinya , the script is called Fidäl , which means script or alphabet. The Epigraphic South Arabian letters were used for

408-458: A variety of historical styles in manuscript documents, Some of them belonging to calligraphy , whereas some were set up for better readabiliy, utility or teaching ( teaching script ). see History of the Latin script . Historic styles of handwriting may be studied by palaeography . Personal variations and idiosyncrasies in writing style departing from the standard hand, which may for example allow

459-506: Is shodō ( 書道 , literally "the way or principle of writing"); and Korean calligraphy is called seoye ( Korean :  서예 ; Hanja :  書藝 ; literally "the art of writing"); The calligraphy of East Asian characters continues to form an important and appreciated constituent of contemporary traditional East Asian culture. In ancient China , the oldest known Chinese characters are oracle bone script ( 甲骨文 ), carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons , as

510-659: Is central to Tibetan culture. The script is derived from Indic scripts . The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace , were often capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, with said religion placing a high significance on the written word. This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by

561-408: Is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (926–933), who ordered the printing of the classics using new wooden blocks in kaishu . Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China; However, small changes to the characters have been made. For example

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612-564: Is one of the most famous and typical bronzeware scripts in Chinese calligraphic history. It has 500 characters inscribed onto the bronze which is the largest number of bronze inscription we have discovered so far. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters. In Imperial China , the graphs on old steles — some dating from 200 BCE, and in the small seal script ( 小篆 xiǎo zhuàn ) style — have been preserved and can be viewed in museums even today. About 220 BCE,

663-643: Is primarily created using the Ranjana script . The script itself, along with its derivatives (like Lantsa , Phagpa , Kutila ) are used in Nepal , Tibet , Bhutan , Leh , Mongolia , coastal Japan, and Korea to write " Om mani padme hum " and other sacred Buddhist texts , mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali . Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt . Hieroglyphs combined logographic , syllabic and alphabetic elements, with

714-802: Is read from left to right and has been adapted to write other languages, usually ones that are also Semitic. The most widespread use is for Amharic in Ethiopia and Tigrinya in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Maya calligraphy was expressed via Maya glyphs ; modern Maya calligraphy is mainly used on seals and monuments in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Maya glyphs are rarely used in government offices; however, in Campeche , Yucatán and Quintana Roo , calligraphy in Maya languages

765-611: Is recognizable in the use of the Latin script in Western Europe , and in the use of the Greek , Armenian , and Georgian , and Cyrillic scripts in Eastern Europe . The Latin alphabet appeared about 600 BCE in ancient Rome , and by the first century CE it had developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In

816-477: Is the design and execution of lettering with a pen , ink brush , or other writing instrument. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner". In East Asia and the Islamic world , where more flexibility is allowed in written forms, calligraphy is regarded as a significant art form, and the form it takes may be affected by

867-550: Is written in Latin script rather than Maya glyphs. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Maya glyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Maya brotherhoods use Maya glyphs as symbols of their groups. Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as Chichen Itza , Labna, Uxmal , Edzna , Calakmul , etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as stele are common sources of ancient Maya calligraphy. Calligraphy in Europe

918-545: The Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authorities. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels , although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well. The Philippines has numerous ancient and indigenous scripts collectively called as Suyat scripts . Various ethno-linguistic groups in

969-872: The Kulitan script of the Kapampangan people , the badlit script of various Visayan ethnic groups , the Iniskaya script of the Eskaya people , the Baybayin script of the Tagalog people , and the Kur-itan script of the Ilocano people , among many others. Due to the diversity of suyat scripts, all calligraphy written in suyat scripts are collectively called as Filipino suyat calligraphy, although each are distinct from each other. Calligraphy using

1020-726: The Song dynasty 's printing press , and sans-serif . These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written. Japanese and Korean calligraphy were each greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including ink and wash painting , a style of Chinese , Japanese , and Korean painting based entirely on calligraphy and which uses similar tools and techniques. The Japanese and Koreans have also developed their own specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy while incorporating Chinese influences. Japanese calligraphy goes out of

1071-750: The Tagbanwa people , and Palaw'an/Pala'wan of the Palaw'an people . All four scripts were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme , under the name Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Build, Tagbanua and Pala’wan) , in 1999. Due to dissent from colonialism, many artists and cultural experts have revived the usage of suyat scripts that went extinct due their replacement by the Spanish-introduced Latin alphabet. These scripts being revived include

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1122-713: The simplified Chinese character set. Traditional East Asian writing uses the Four Treasures of the Study — ink brushes known as máobǐ ( 毛筆 / 毛笔 ), Chinese ink , paper, and inkstones — to write Chinese characters . These instruments of writing are also known as the Four Friends of the Study ( Korean : 문방사우/文房四友 , romanized :  Munbang sau ) in Korea. Besides the traditional four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used. Many different parameters influence

1173-529: The "simpler" Palmer Method replaced it. President James A. Garfield called the Spencerian script, "the pride of our country and the model of our schools." Platt Rogers Spencer , whose name the style bears, used various existing scripts and nature as inspiration to develop a unique oval-based penmanship style that could be written very quickly and legibly to aid in matters of business correspondence as well as elegant personal letter-writing. Spencer, inspired by

1224-594: The Caroline evolved into the blackletter ("Gothic") script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe and, in 1454, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, the Gothic style was adopted for its use, making it the first typeface . In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged

1275-671: The Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the Rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes called the Bastarda . While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel c.  1650 . With

1326-594: The Philippines prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century up to the independence era in the 21st century have used the scripts with various mediums. By the end of colonialism, only four of the suyat scripts had survived and continued to be used by certain communities in everyday life. These four scripts are Hanunó'o/Hanunoo of the Hanuno'o Mangyan people, Buhid/Build of the Buhid Mangyan people, Tagbanwa script of

1377-540: The Spencerian Method for script fell largely due to society's need for a faster, "simpler" script to allow telegraphers to translate Morse code directly into writing. This 'modern need' led to the Palmer Method 's rise as he simplified the Spencerian style to create an even 'speedier' method. The development of people's artistic ability/penmanship along with higher quality, more refined tools and materials would lead to

1428-523: The Western alphabet and the Arabic alphabet are also prevalent in the Philippines due to its colonial past, but the Western alphabet and the Arabic alphabet are not considered as suyat, and therefore Western-alphabet and Arabic calligraphy are not considered as suyat calligraphy. Vietnamese calligraphy is called thư pháp ( 書法 , literally "the way of letters or words") and is based on Chữ Nôm and Chữ Hán ,

1479-562: The brush absorb and by the pressure, inclination, and direction of the brush. Changing these variables produces thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations and decelerations of a skilled calligrapher's movements aim to give "spirit" to the characters, greatly influencing their final shapes. Cursive styles such as xíngshū ( 行書 / 行书 )(semi-cursive or running script) and cǎoshū ( 草書 / 草书 )(cursive, rough script, or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where movements made by

1530-656: The creation of Ornamental Script, a Spencerian script variant. It was gradually replaced in primary schools with the Palmer Method , a simplified version. In the Spencerian Method, complicated capital letters were written in a series of strokes without moving the pen away from the paper as it was meant to be rhythmic and comfortable. Its lowercase letters are key in separating Spencerian script from its predecessor, Copperplate script , otherwise known as English roundhand, as Spencerian lowercase letters tend to look more delicate and less shaded than those of Copperplate (shading entirely absent from 'i', vertical ascender of 't' and 'd' and

1581-519: The creation of the humanist minuscule or littera antiqua . The 17th century saw the Batarde script from France, and the 18th century saw the English script spread across Europe and world through their books. In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of

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1632-599: The descender stem of 'p'). Spencerian is written with a slant of 52 degrees, measured counterclockwise from the baseline. The text in Ford Motor Company 's logo is written in Spencerian script, as is the Coca-Cola logo. It is speculated and highly likely that F. M. Robinson, a bookkeeper said to have named Coca-Cola, was trained in business and penmanship at Spencerian school, and suggested that it be engraved "Spencerian style." Even though Robinson said he also wrote/made

1683-778: The destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527) , the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand . In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before

1734-491: The emperor Qin Shi Huang , the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si 's character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized small seal characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles. The clerical script ( 隸書 / 隸书 ) ( lì shū ) which

1785-484: The empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script , Laon script , Luxeuil script , Visigothic script , Beneventan script ), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable . Christian churches promoted the development of writing through

1836-414: The final result of a calligrapher's work. Physical parameters include the shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush; the color, color density and water density of the ink; as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result, as the look of finished characters are influenced by the quantity of ink and water the calligrapher lets

1887-455: The forms that he saw of smooth pebbles in a stream, aimed to create a graceful script to resemble those shapes. While likely originally writing and developing the script with a quill pen, Spencerian script's evolution is tied to the availability and development of higher-quality steel pens. Spencerian script was developed in 1840 and began soon after to be taught in the school Spencer established specifically for that purpose, in doing so replacing

1938-743: The historical Vietnamese writing system rooted in the impact of Chinese characters and replaced with the Latin alphabet as a result of French colonial influence . However, the calligraphic traditions maintaining the historical employment of Han characters continue to be preserved in modern Vietnamese calligraphy. Religious texts preservation is the most common purpose for Indian calligraphy. Monastic Buddhist communities had members trained in calligraphy and shared responsibility for duplicating sacred scriptures. Jaina traders incorporated illustrated manuscripts celebrating Jaina saints. These manuscripts were produced using inexpensive material, like palm leave and birch, with fine calligraphy. Nepalese calligraphy

1989-556: The meaning of the text or the individual words. In the Western world , the aim of calligraphy is normally regarded as only to achieve attractive writing that is usually consistent within each piece of writing, with little or no interpretation of the text attempted. Modern Western calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable. Classical calligraphy differs from type design and non-classical hand-lettering, though

2040-519: The mission of bringing their late father's dream to fruition. This they did by distributing Spencer's previously unpublished book, Spencerian Key to Practical Penmanship , in 1866. Spencerian script became the standard across the United States and remained so until the 1920s when the spreading popularity of the typewriter rendered its use as a prime method of business communication obsolete. Despite its prominence in America and its school curriculum,

2091-430: The original script form for the logo alongside Frank Ridge in a court case in 1914, one of Louis Madarasz 's pupils claims that the man himself said to him that he made it during the height of his mail-order business for Robinson or Ridge and forgot about it as Coca-Cola had a relatively small and slow start. [REDACTED] Media related to Spencerian script at Wikimedia Commons Handwriting script There are

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2142-647: The prolific copying of the Bible, the Breviary , and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin uncia , or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman bookhands . The 7th–9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells . Charlemagne 's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in

2193-517: The recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin , the Abbot of York . Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule . The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends. In the eleventh century,

2244-521: The rulers in the Shang dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreation and weather. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made , the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved. With the development of the bronzeware script ( jīn wén ) and large seal script ( dà zhuàn ) "cursive" signs continued . Mao Gong Ding

2295-612: The second and third centuries the uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the early Middle Ages . At the height of the Roman Empire , its power reached as far as Great Britain; when

2346-483: The set of CJK strokes to also include local alphabets such as hiragana and katakana , with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials ( Japanese paper , washi 和紙 , and Japanese ink). The modern Korean alphabet and its use of the circle required the creation of a new technique not used in traditional Chinese calligraphy. Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style. Tibetan calligraphy

2397-654: The shape of 广 has changed from the version in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 to the version found in modern books. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order remains the same, according to the old style. Styles which did not survive include bāfēnshū , a mix of 80% small seal script and 20% clerical script . Some variant Chinese characters were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose

2448-411: The work of a particular scribe copying or writing a manuscript to be identified, are described by the term handwriting (or hand). This writing system –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Calligraphy Calligraphy (from Ancient Greek καλλιγραφία ( kalligraphía )  'beautiful writing') is a visual art related to writing . It

2499-455: The work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half an inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used. This is the case with litterea unciales (hence the name) , and college- ruled paper often acts as a guideline well. Chinese calligraphy is locally called shūfǎ or fǎshū ( 書法 or 法書 in traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing"); Japanese calligraphy

2550-477: The writing implement are more visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from the clerical script, in the same time as the regular script ( Han dynasty ), but xíngshū and cǎoshū were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The cǎoshū style was highly appreciated during Emperor Wu of Han 's reign (140–187 CE). Examples of modern printed styles are Song from

2601-587: Was more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, was also authorised under Qin Shi Huang. Between clerical script and traditional regular script, there is another transitional type of calligraphic work called Wei Bei . It started during the North and South dynasties (420 to 589 CE) and ended before the Tang dynasty (618–907). The traditional regular script ( kǎi shū ), still in use today, and largely finalized by Zhong You ( 鐘繇 , 151–230) and his followers,

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