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42-483: Despite the common appellation of Speed Graphic , various Graphic models were produced between 1912 and 1973. The authentic Speed Graphic has a focal plane shutter that the Crown Graphic and Century Graphic models lack. The eponymous name "speed" came from the maximum speed of 1/1000 sec. that could be achieved with the focal plane shutter. The Speed Graphic was available in 2¼ × 3¼ inch, 3¼ × 4¼ inch, 5 × 7 inch and

84-660: A K-21 aerial camera to cover John Kerry 's presidential campaign . Burnett also used a 4×5 inch Speed Graphic to shoot images at the Winter and Summer Olympics . The company name changed several times over the years as it was acquired and later spun off by the Eastman Kodak Company , finally becoming a division of the Singer Corporation and then dissolved in 1973. The award-winning Graflex plant in Pittsford, New York

126-830: A center for assisted living in Novato, California , located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , in northern Marin County . Rosenthal was cremated. A Marine Corps ceremony that was open to the public was held for him at the Marines' Memorial Club on September 15 and a Catholic funeral mass was held for him on September 16, 2006, at St. Emydius Catholic Church, both located in San Francisco, California. Citation: For exceptionally distinguished public service in support of

168-614: A hobby during the Great Depression . He graduated from McKinley High School in 1929, and after working as an office boy, he moved to San Francisco where he became a reporter-photographer for The San Francisco News in 1932. Rosenthal was rejected by the U.S. Army as a photographer because of poor eyesight. In 1941, he attended the University of San Francisco and joined the staff of the Associated Press (AP). In 1943, he joined

210-506: A lawyer and winegrower from Châteauneuf-du-Pape , obtained legal recognition of the Côtes du Rhône appellation of origin in 1937. The AOC seal, or Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée , was created and mandated by French laws in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Before 1935, despite the fact that the INAO was yet to be created, champagne enjoyed an appellation control by virtue of legal protection as part of

252-626: A wine bottle label. The rules that govern appellations are dependent on the country in which the wine was produced. The tradition of wine appellation is very old. The oldest references are to be found in the Bible, where wine of Samaria , wine of Carmel , wine of Jezreel , or wine of Helbon are mentioned. This tradition of appellation continued throughout the Antiquity and the Middle Ages, though without any officially sanctioned rules. Historically,

294-646: Is for the United States. The only requirement to use an AVA name on the wine label is that 85% of the wine must have come from grapes grown within the geographical AVA boundaries. The first AVA was in Augusta, Missouri , in June 1980. The approval of the Augusta AVA was based largely on its long historical relationship with wine in the United States. The Augusta wine-growing area is a 15-square-mile (39 km ) plot of land along

336-747: Is still standing and is home to Veramark Technologies , Inc., formerly known as the MOSCOM Corporation. The Speed Graphic was manufactured in a number of sizes, 4×5" being the most common, but also in 2.25×3.25", 3.25×4.25" and 5×7". Appellation An appellation is a legally defined and protected geographical indication primarily used to identify where the grapes for a wine were grown, although other types of food often have appellations as well. Restrictions other than geographical boundaries, such as what grapes may be grown, maximum grape yields, alcohol level, and other quality factors may also apply before an appellation name may legally appear on

378-432: Is used to control exposure duration. The focal plane shutter is left completely open until manually released. The opening covers the entire area of the film for the size of the camera.) On Speed Graphic models, there are 6 tension settings, adjusted by a butterfly winding knob that increases the speed that the slit crosses the film plane. On Pacemaker Graphic models, there are only 2 settings (high and low). The combination of

420-698: The San Francisco Chronicle . He worked there as a photographer for 35 years, before retiring in 1981. His name was inscribed (across from the memorial sculptor Felix de Weldon 's name) on the bottom right side of the front (west side) of the Marine Corps War Memorial in 1982. On April 13, 1996, Rosenthal was named an honorary Marine by then Commandant of the Marine Corps General Charles C. Krulak . On August 20, 2006, at age 94, Rosenthal died of natural causes in his sleep at

462-513: The Marines landed at Iwo Jima , Rosenthal was making his daily visit to the island on a Marine landing craft when he heard that an American flag was being raised atop Mount Suribachi , a volcano at the southern tip of the island. Upon landing, Rosenthal hurried toward Suribachi, lugging along his bulky Speed Graphic camera, the standard for press photographers at the time. Together with Marine combat still photographer Pvt. Bob Campbell and Marine color movie photographer Sgt. Bill Genaust , he began

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504-809: The Pulitzer Prize for his iconic World War II photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima , taken during the 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima . His picture became one of the best-known photographs of the war, and was replicated as the United States Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington , Virginia. Joseph Rosenthal was born on October 9, 1911, in Washington, D.C. His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants; he converted to Catholicism during his youth. He had four brothers. His interest in photography started as

546-536: The Treaty of Madrid . The treaty stated that only sparkling wine produced in Champagne and adhering to the standards defined for that name as an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée could be called champagne. This right was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I . Germany is unusual among wine-producing countries in that its most prestigious classifications, the various grades of Prädikatswein , are based on

588-760: The United States Maritime Service as a photographer and served as a warrant officer documenting life aboard ship in the British Isles and North Africa . In 1944, he rejoined the Associated Press and followed the United States Army and U.S. Marine Corps in the Pacific Theater of Operations as a war correspondent at Hollandia , New Guinea , Guam , Peleliu , Angaur , and Iwo Jima . On Friday morning, February 23, 1945, four days after

630-631: The Vintners Quality Alliance system. The system covers the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario . British Columbia is divided into four "Designated Viticultural Areas" ("DVAs"): Okanagan Valley , Vancouver Island , Fraser Valley , and the Similkameen Valley . Ontario includes three DVAs: Niagara Peninsula , Lake Erie North Shore, and Prince Edward County . On June 11, 2012, Nova Scotia launched its first appellation, Tidal Bay. The American Viticultural Area ("AVA")

672-457: The lens shutter , cock the focal plane shutter, remove the dark slide from the inserted film holder, focus the camera, and release the focal plane shutter. Conversely, if the lens shutter were used, the focal plane shutter (on the Speed Graphic and Pacemaker Graphic models with both shutters) had to be opened prior to cocking using the "T" or TIME setting, and then releasing the shutter in

714-495: The ripeness of the grapes , though their geographical origins are also legally defined. Thus Germany's geographical classification, Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA), is akin to France's defunct Vin Délimité de Qualité Superieure , which has been subsumed into the current Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée system. Georgia has 24 registered wine appellations . Historically, the world's first vineyard classification system

756-616: The 1950s and 1960s, the iconic photo-journalists of the Washington Post and the former Washington Evening Star shot on Speed Graphics exclusively. Some of the most famous photographs of this era were taken on the device by the twin brothers, Frank P. Hoy (for the Post) and Tom Hoy (for the Star). The 1942-1953 Pulitzer Prizes for photography were taken with Speed Graphic cameras, including AP photographer Joe Rosenthal 's image of Marines raising

798-488: The American flag on Iwo Jima in 1945. A few winning photographs after 1954 were taken with Rolleiflex or Kodak cameras . 1961 was the last Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph with a Speed Graphic, which taken by Yasushi Nagao showing Otoya Yamaguchi assassinating Inejiro Asanuma on stage. In 2004, American photojournalist David Burnett used his 4×5 inch Speed Graphic with a 178 mm f/2.5 Aero Ektar lens removed from

840-490: The Missouri River, which moderates temperature and provides an appropriate climate for growing grapes. States or counties can also be used in lieu of an AVA to designate the origin of a wine, provided that 75% of the grapes used in the wine are grown in the state or county listed on the label. Joe Rosenthal Joseph John Rosenthal (October 9, 1911 – August 20, 2006) was an American photographer who received

882-550: The United States Navy and Marine Corps. On February 23, 1945, a bespectacled Mr. Rosenthal made a picture of five U.S. Marines and one U.S. Navy corpsman that immortalized the American Fighting spirit during World War II and became an everlasting symbol of service and sacrifice, transcending art and the ages. Mr. Rosenthal's poor eyesight prohibited him from serving in the armed services, so, he instead went to war summoning

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924-589: The action was about to take place to take the right picture. The cry, "Just one more!" if a shot was missed was common. President Harry Truman introduced the White House photographers as the "Just One More Club." The focal plane shutter consists of a rubberized flexible curtain with slits of varying widths that cross the film plane at speeds determined by the tension setting of the spring mechanism. There are 4 slits with widths of 1/8 in, 3/8 in, 3/4 in, 1 1/2 in and “T” (T = “time” setting, used when lens diaphragm shutter

966-425: The bottom of the pipe to be more secured with rocks; and afterwards a rope. When that was done, Rosenthal gathered a group of sixteen Marines and two Navy corpsmen around the base of the flagstaff for a posed shot (called the "Gung Ho" photo) which included First Lieutenant Harold Schrier , the only officer on the summit, who had volunteered to take the 40-man patrol up Mount Suribachi that morning to seize and occupy

1008-458: The climb up to the summit of Mount Suribachi. When they got about halfway up, they met Staff Sgt. Louis Lowery , a photographer with the Marine publication Leatherneck who was coming down the volcano after an enemy grenade explosion on top had knocked him off his feet and broke his camera. Lowery told them that the flag had already been raised at 10:40 am, and he had gotten photos of the flag on

1050-548: The craft he had practiced since the Great Depression. He bravely accompanied island-hopping forces in the Pacific as a civilian news photographer. On Iwo Jima, Japan, short of breath from climbing the 546-foot volcano, Mr. Rosenthal, in haste, stood on top of shaky rocks in search of the best graphic composition. As the six men hoisted an iron pole and the American flag unfurled in a smart breeze for all to see, Mr. Rosenthal captured

1092-454: The crest and raise the battalion's flag. The American people saw Rosenthal's photo as a potent symbol of victory. Wire services flashed what would become a Pulitzer Prize –winning photograph around the world in time to appear in the Sunday newspapers on February 25, 1945 (Lowery's photos weren't released until late 1947). Many magazines ran the photo on their covers. After the battle for Iwo Jima

1134-455: The first flag coming down while the second flag was going up), so he focused his attention on the group of men preparing to raise the second flag. Rosenthal piled stones and a sandbag so he had something on which to stand, as he was only 5 feet and 5 inches (1.65 m) tall. He set his camera for a lens setting between f/8 and f/11 and the shutter speed at 1/400th second. Then, out of the corner of his eye, he saw six Marines start to raise

1176-480: The flag with Sgt. Genaust and Army Pfc. George Burn, a photographer for Yank, the Army Weekly . Another group of Marines was getting ready to lower the smaller flag at the same instant the larger flag was raised under an officer's orders. Rosenthal briefly contemplated attempting to photograph both of the flags at once, but was not in a position to get both flags in the photograph (Pvt. Campbell did capture an image of

1218-402: The late 1970s). With film packs one could shoot as fast as one could pull the tab and cock the shutter, and film packs could be loaded in daylight. A roll film adapter that used 120 or 220 film was available for 2.25 × 3.25, 3.25 × 4.25 and 4 × 5 inch cameras that permitted 8 to 20 exposures per roll, depending on the model of the adapter. Photographers had to be conservative and anticipate when

1260-511: The lens. If indoors, the photographer also had to change the flashbulb . Each film holder contained one or two pieces of sheet film, which the photographer had to load in complete darkness. Faster shooting could be achieved with the Grafmatic film holder —a six sheet film "changer" that holds each sheet in a septum . Even faster exposures could be taken if the photographer was shooting film packs of 12 exposures, or later 16 exposures (discontinued in

1302-417: The most common format 4 × 5 inch. Because of the focal plane shutter, the Speed Graphic can also use lenses that do not have shutters (known as barrel lenses). Using a Speed Graphic, especially with the rear shutter system, was a slow process. Setting the focal plane shutter speed required selecting both a slit width and a spring tension. Each exposure required the photographer to change the film holder , open

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1344-556: The photo on a U.S. postage stamp. A version of the Marine Corps memorial also stands on the parade ground at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island , South Carolina. In later years, when asked about the photo, he would say "I took the picture; the Marines took Iwo Jima." Rosenthal left the AP later in 1945 and became the chief photographer and manager of Times Wide World Photos. He later joined

1386-667: The precise moment, unaware, until much later, of its significance. Since that very day, his iconic photo has stood as a testament to the perseverance, esprit and dedication of American Marines. In recognition of his own service and dedication, Mr. Rosenthal is posthumously awarded the Department of the Navy Distinguished Public Service Award. /S/ U.S. Secretary of the Navy , Donald C. Winter The 2006 Hollywood film Flags of Our Fathers , directed by Clint Eastwood , tells

1428-399: The second flag. He swung his camera around toward the action and pushed the shutter. Three feet to his right, Sgt. Genaust captured the flag-raising from nearly the same angle using color motion picture film. To make sure he had a worthwhile photo to send to the AP, Rosenthal took another black and white photograph showing four of the second flag-raisers steadying the flagstaff and waiting for

1470-468: The slit width and the spring tension allows for exposure speeds varying from 1/10 to 1/1000 sec. A famous Speed Graphic user was New York City press photographer Arthur " Weegee " Fellig, who covered the city in the 1930s and 1940s. Barbara Morgan used a Speed Graphic to photograph Martha Graham's choreography. Recent auctions show Irving Klaw used one in his studio for his iconic pin up & bondage photos of models such as Bettie Page . In

1512-427: The stories of the American flag raisers who raised the famous flag on Mount Suribachi and depicts Rosenthal's involvement in the events that led up to his taking the iconic flag raising photograph. Rosenthal was portrayed by actor Ned Eisenberg in the film. Reporters extensively interviewed Rosenthal after September 11, 2001, when Thomas E. Franklin shot a similar iconic photograph, Ground Zero Spirit , depicting

1554-410: The summit. Lowery told them the view was good from the summit, and Rosenthal convinced Genaust and Campbell to continue to take him to the top with them since they were armed. On the high and windy summit of Mount Suribachi, Rosenthal discovered a group of Marines attaching a large flag to a length of steel pipe. Nearby, he saw the smaller flag flying and managed to get himself photoed by Campbell under

1596-730: The world's first exclusive (protected) vineyard zone was introduced in Chianti , Italy in 1716 and the first wine classification system in Tokaj-Hegyalja , Hungary , in 1730. In 1935, the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO), a branch of the French Ministry of Agriculture , was created to manage wine-processing in France. In the Rhone wine region Baron Pierre Le Roy Boiseaumarié ,

1638-581: Was introduced in Tokaj-Hegyalja , Hungary , in 1730. Vineyards were classified into three categories depending on the soil, sun exposure, and potential to develop Botrytis cinerea . The subdivisions were: first-class, second-class and third-class wines. A decree by the Habsburg crown in 1757 established a closed production district in Tokaj . The classification system was completed by the national censuses of 1765 and 1772. Italy 's first origin classification system

1680-561: Was introduced in Tuscany in 1716 for delimiting Chianti production. After the unification of Italy several attempts were made to introduce some kind of protection for wine appellations, to no avail. Only in 1963 the " Denominazione di origine controllata " law was approved, starting with 1967 vintage. The world's third-oldest appellation control, after Chianti and Tokaj , was introduced in Portugal in 1756, pertaining to port wine , which

1722-423: Was over and won, the photo was used for posters in war bond drives through over 30 cities from May 11 through July 4, 1945, which raised $ 26.3 billion. Rosenthal's photograph became an enduring icon. Artists used the photo as a model for the United States Marine Corps War Memorial (1954) — commonly referred to as "The Iwo Jima Memorial " — at Arlington, Virginia , and the U.S. Postal Service commemorated

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1764-594: Was produced in the region of the Douro valley. Some Spanish wines were already famous or even regulated ( Rioja : 1925; Sherry : 1933) when the market started being regulated. It was not until 1980 that legislation on denominación de origen was stablished, following the French scheme with more tiers of classification and prompted by the impending accession to the European Union. Canadian wine appellations are regulated by

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