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35-455: Speech Application Language Tags enables multimodal and telephony-enabled access to information, applications, and Web services from PCs, telephones, tablet PCs, and wireless personal digital assistants ( PDAs ). The Speech Application Language Tags extend existing mark-up languages such as HTML , XHTML , and XML . Multimodal access will enable users to interact with an application in a variety of ways: they will be able to input data using speech,

70-419: A CompactFlash slot or a combination of the two. Although designed for memory, Secure Digital Input/Output (SDIO) and CompactFlash cards were made available that provided peripheral accessories like Wi-Fi or digital cameras to devices with software support. Some PDAs also have a USB port, mainly for USB flash drives . Some PDAs use microSD cards, which are electronically compatible with SD cards, but have

105-529: A calculator , and some sort of memo (or "note") program. PDAs with wireless data connections also typically include an email client and a Web browser, and may or may not include telephony functionality. Many of the original PDAs, such as the Apple Newton and Palm Pilot , featured a touchscreen for user interaction, having only a few buttons—usually reserved for shortcuts to often-used programs. Some touchscreen PDAs, including Windows Mobile devices, had

140-589: A portable media player , and also enabling many of them to be used as telephones. By the early 2000s, nearly all PDA models had the ability to access the Internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless WANs , and since then generally included a web browser . Sometimes, instead of buttons, later PDAs employ touchscreen technology. The first PDA, the Organiser , was released in 1984 by Psion , followed by Psion's Series 3 , in 1991. The latter began to resemble

175-504: A PDA with digital cellphone functionality, the 9000 Communicator . Another early entrant in this market was Palm , with a line of PDA products which began in March 1996. Palm would eventually be the dominant vendor of PDAs until the rising popularity of Pocket PC devices in the early 2000s. By the mid-2000s most PDAs had morphed into smartphones as classic PDAs without cellular radios were increasingly becoming uncommon. A typical PDA has

210-514: A PDA, reducing the number of textbooks students were required to carry. Brighton and SUSSEX Medical School in the UK was the first medical school to provide wide scale use of PDAs to its undergraduate students. The learning opportunities provided by having PDAs complete with a suite of key medical texts were studied with results showing that learning occurred in context with timely access to key facts and through consolidation of knowledge via repetition. The PDA

245-490: A detachable stylus to facilitate making selections. The user interacts with the device by tapping the screen to select buttons or issue commands, or by dragging a finger (or the stylus) on the screen to make selections or scroll. Typical methods of entering text on touchscreen PDAs include: Despite research and development projects, end-users experienced mixed results with handwriting recognition systems. Some found it frustrating and inaccurate, while others were satisfied with

280-459: A keyboard, keypad, mouse and/or stylus, and produce data as synthesized speech, audio, plain text, motion video, and/or graphics. SALT was developed as a competitor to VoiceXML and was supported by the SALT Forum. The SALT Forum was founded on October 15, 2001, by Microsoft , along with Cisco Systems , Comverse , Intel , Philips Consumer Electronics , and ScanSoft . The SALT 1.0 specification

315-418: A much smaller physical size. While early PDAs connected to a user's personal computer via serial ports and other proprietary connections , later models connect via a USB cable. Older PDAs were unable to connect to each other via USB , as their implementations of USB did not support acting as the "host". Some early PDAs were able to connect to the Internet indirectly by means of an external modem connected via

350-490: A speech technology research firm. The Microsoft Speech Server 2004 product supports SALT, while Microsoft Speech Server 2007 supports SALT in addition to VoiceXML 2.0 and 2.1. There is also a speech add-in for Internet Explorer that interprets SALT tags on web pages, available as part of the Microsoft Speech Application SDK . Personal digital assistant A personal digital assistant ( PDA )

385-402: A touchscreen for navigation, a memory card slot for data storage, and IrDA , Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi . However, some PDAs may not have a touchscreen , using soft keys , a directional pad, and a numeric keypad or a thumb keyboard for input. To have the functions expected of a PDA, a device's software typically includes an appointment calendar , a to-do list , an address book for contacts,

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420-473: A touchscreen or small-scale keyboard was slower than a full-size keyboard. Transferring data to a PDA via the computer was, therefore, a lot quicker than having to manually input all data on the handheld device. Most PDAs come with the ability to synchronize to a computer. This is done through synchronization software provided with the handheld, or sometimes with the computer's operating system. Examples of synchronization software include: These programs allow

455-424: Is a multi-purpose mobile device which functions as a personal information manager. Following a boom in the 1990s and 2000s, PDA's were mostly displaced by the widespread adoption of more highly capable smartphones , in particular those based on iOS and Android in the late 2000's, and thus saw a rapid decline. A PDA has an electronic visual display . Most models also have audio capabilities, allowing usage as

490-562: The Communicator series . Its biggest change from the 9000 was that it weighed much less. The product line was discontinued in 2000 with the introduction of Nokia 9210 Communicator which introduced a wide TFT colour internal screen, 32-bit ARM9-based RISC CPU at 52 MHz, 16 MB of internal memory, enhanced web abilities and most importantly saw the operating system change to the Symbian operating system. The 9210i launched in 2002 increased

525-496: The Nokia 2110 cellular mobile phone, announced in late 1995 and shipped in March 1996. The Communicator was highly advanced, featuring sending and receiving e-mail and fax via its CSD (Circuit Switched Data) modem , to transmit data over the GSM network at a bitrate of 9.6 kbit/s, printing documents using its IrDA port, and it also had a web browser and business programs. It

560-414: The 1990's to 2006, typically had an IrDA ( infrared ) port allowing short-range, line-of-sight wireless communication. Few later models used this technology, as it had been supplanted by Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. IrDA allows communication between two PDAs, or between a PDA and any device with an IrDA port or adapter. Some contemporary printers have IrDA receivers, allowing IrDA-equipped PDAs to print to them, if

595-731: The PDA and Google's servers. RIM sells BlackBerry Enterprise Server to corporations so that corporate BlackBerry users can wirelessly synchronize their PDAs with the company's Microsoft Exchange Server , IBM Lotus Domino , or Novell GroupWise servers. Email, calendar entries, contacts, tasks, and memos kept on the company's server are automatically synchronized with the BlackBerry. The most common operating systems pre-installed on PDAs are: Other, rarely used operating systems: Some PDAs include Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. Other PDAs are compatible with external GPS-receiver add-ons that use

630-705: The PDA directly, using a cable, or may use wireless technology such as infrared or Bluetooth to connect to the PDA. Newer PDAs, such as the HTC HD2 , Palm Pre , Pre Plus , Pixi , and Pixi Plus , as well as devices running the Android operating system, include more advanced forms of touchscreen that can register multiple touches simultaneously. These " multi-touch " displays allow for more sophisticated interfaces using various gestures entered with one or more fingers. Although many early PDAs did not have memory card slots, later models had either some form of Secure Digital (SD) slot,

665-458: The PDA manufacturers (for example, GoldMine and IBM Lotus Notes ). Some PDAs can synchronize some or all of their data using their wireless networking capabilities, rather than having to be directly connected to a personal computer via a cable. Devices running Palm's webOS or Google's Android operating system primarily sync with the cloud . For example, if Gmail is used, information in contacts, email, and calendars can be synchronized between

700-521: The PDA to be synchronized with a personal information manager, which may be part of the computer's operating system, provided with the PDA, or sold separately by a third party. For example, the RIM BlackBerry came with RIM's Desktop Manager program, which can synchronize to both Microsoft Outlook and ACT!. Other PDAs come only with their own proprietary software. For example, some early Palm OS PDAs came only with Palm Desktop, while later Palm PDAs—such as

735-432: The PDA's operating system supports it. Universal PDA keyboards designed for these older PDAs use infrared technology, due to cost and a lack of wireless interference. Most PDAs can synchronize their data with applications on a user's computer, allowing the user to update contact, schedule, or other information on their computer, using software such as Microsoft Outlook or ACT! , and have that same data transferred to

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770-427: The PDA's GPS functions can be used for navigation. Underwater divers can use PDAs to plan breathing gas mixtures and decompression schedules using software such as "V-Planner". Nokia 9000 Communicator The Nokia 9000 Communicator was the first product in Nokia 's Communicator series , announced at CeBIT 1996 and introduced into the market on 15 August 1996. The phone weighed 397 grams (14.0 oz),

805-927: The PDA's processor and screen to display location information. PDAs with GPS functionality can be used for automotive navigation. Integrated PDA's were fitted as standard on new cars throughout the 2000's. PDA-based GPS can also display traffic conditions, perform dynamic routing, and show known locations of roadside mobile radar guns. TomTom , Garmin , and iGO offered GPS navigation software for PDAs. Some businesses and government organizations rely upon rugged PDAs, sometimes known as enterprise digital assistants (EDAs) or mobile computers , for mobile data applications. These PDAs have features that make them more robust and able to handle inclement weather, jolts, and moisture. EDAs often have extra features for data capture, such as barcode readers , radio-frequency identification (RFID) readers, magnetic stripe card readers, or smart card readers. These features are designed to facilitate

840-615: The PDA's serial port or "sync" connector, or directly by using an expansion card that provided an Ethernet port. Most PDAs use Bluetooth, a popular wireless protocol for mobile devices. Bluetooth can be used to connect keyboards, headsets, GPS receivers , and other nearby accessories. It is also possible to transfer files between PDAs that have Bluetooth. Many PDAs have Wi-Fi wireless network connectivity and can connect to Wi-Fi hotspots. All smartphones, and some other PDAs, can connect to Wireless Wide Area Networks, such as those provided by cellular telecommunications companies. Older PDAs, from

875-513: The PDA—or transfer updated information from the PDA back to the computer, eliminating the need for the user to update their data in two places. Synchronization also prevents the loss of information stored on the device if it is lost, stolen, or destroyed. When the PDA is repaired or replaced, it can be "re-synced" with the computer, restoring the user's data. Some users found that data input was quicker on their computer than on their PDA since text input via

910-495: The Treo 650—have the ability to sync to Palm Desktop or Microsoft Outlook. Microsoft's ActiveSync and Windows Mobile Device Center only synchronized with Microsoft Outlook or a Microsoft Exchange server. Third-party synchronization software was also available for some PDAs from companies like CommonTime and CompanionLink . Third-party software can be used to synchronize PDAs to other personal information managers that are not supported by

945-444: The internal memory to 40 MB, video streaming and flash 5 support for the web browser. The 9xxx Communicators introduced features which later evolved into smartphones . The Nokia 9000 Communicator received several awards including: The Nokia 9000 is used by Val Kilmer when he played Simon Templar in the 1997 remake of The Saint , and by Anthony Hopkins and Chris Rock in the action comedy Bad Company . The phone

980-481: The largest VoiceXML service providers. By that point nearly every other SALT Forum company had committed to VoiceXML. The last press release posted to the SALT Forum website was in 2003, while the VoiceXML Forum is quite active. "SALT [Speech Application Language Tags] is a direct competitor but has not reached the level of maturity of VoiceXML in the standards process," said Bill Meisel, principal at TMA Associates,

1015-589: The more familiar PDA style, including a full keyboard. The term PDA was first used on 7 January 1992 by Apple Inc. CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas , Nevada , referring to the Apple Newton . In 1994, IBM introduced the first PDA with analog cellular phone functionality, the IBM Simon , which can also be considered the first smartphone. Then in 1996, Nokia introduced

1050-535: The quality of the recognition. Touchscreen PDAs intended for business use, such as the BlackBerry and Palm Treo , usually also offer full keyboards and scroll wheels or thumbwheels to facilitate data entry and navigation. Many touchscreen PDAs support some form of external keyboard as well. Specialized folding keyboards, which offer a full-sized keyboard but collapse into a compact size for transport, were made available for many models. External keyboards may attach to

1085-432: The use of these devices to scan product or item codes. Typical applications include: PDAs and handheld devices were allowed in many classrooms for digital note-taking. Students could spell-check, modify, and amend their class notes on a PDA. Some educators distributed course material through the Internet or infrared file-sharing functions of the PDA. Textbook publishers released e-books , which can be uploaded directly to

Speech Application Language Tags - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-559: Was an important addition to the learning ecology rather than a replacement. Software companies also developed PDA programs to meet the instructional needs of educational institutions, such as dictionaries, thesauri , word processing software, encyclopedias, webinars and digital lesson planners. PDAs were used by music enthusiasts to play a variety of music file formats. Many PDAs include the functionality of an MP3 player. Road rally enthusiasts can use PDAs to calculate distance, speed, and time. This information may be used for navigation, or

1155-476: Was formed of a clamshell design that opened up to reveal a monochrome LCD with a 640 × 200 resolution and a full QWERTY keyboard similar to a Psion PDA . It was priced £1,000 in the UK upon launch (equivalent to £2,400 in 2023). Then-CEO of Nokia, Jorma Ollila , said in 2012 regarding the device: "We were five years ahead." The Nokia 9110 Communicator was the updated model of the Nokia 9000 Communicator in

1190-465: Was powered by an Intel 24 MHz i386 CPU , and had 8 MB of memory. The memory was divided between applications (4 MB), program memory (2 MB) and user data (2 MB). The operating system was PEN/GEOS 3.0 . The Communicator was one of the earliest smartphones on the market, after the IBM Simon in 1994 and the HP OmniGo 700LX , a DOS -based palmtop PC with integrated cradle for

1225-705: Was submitted to the W3C ( World Wide Web Consortium ) for review in August 2002. However, the W3C continued developing its VoiceXML 2.0 standard, which reached the final "Recommendation" stage in March 2004. By 2006, Microsoft realized Speech Server had to support the W3C VoiceXML standard to remain competitive. Microsoft joined the VoiceXML Forum as a Promoter in April of that year. Speech Server 2007 supports VoiceXML 2.0 and 2.1 in addition to SALT. In 2007, Microsoft purchased Tellme , one of

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