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64-606: Since the late Meiji Era, the IJN had naval landing forces or rikusentai formed from individual ships's crews, who received infantry training as part of their basic training, for special and/or temporary missions. In addition, troops from Naval Bases known as Kaiheidan could form a naval landing force. Starting in the Meiji Era the navy began to raise units unofficially known as Special Naval Landing Forces. These forces were raised from kaiheidan at — and took their names from —

128-433: A belt or suspenders (braces). Unless elastic, and especially for men, trousers usually provide a zippered or buttoned fly . Jeans usually feature side and rear pockets with pocket openings placed slightly below the waist band. It is also possible for trousers to provide cargo pockets further down the legs. Maintenance of fit is more challenging for trousers than for some other garments. Leg-length can be adjusted with

192-456: A fly or fall front opening. As a modernization measure, Tsar Peter the Great of Russia issued a decree in 1701 commanding every Russian man, other than clergy and peasant farmers, to wear trousers. Western dress shall be worn by all the boyars, members of our councils and of our court...gentry of Moscow, secretaries...provincial gentry, gosti,[3] government officials, streltsy,[4] members of

256-446: A hem , which helps to retain fit during the adolescent and early adulthood growth years. Tailoring adjustment of girth to accommodate weight gain or weight loss is relatively limited, and otherwise serviceable trousers may need to be replaced after a significant change in body composition . Higher-quality trousers often have extra fabric included in the centre-back seam allowance, so the waist can be let out further. In Scotland ,

320-450: A hobnailed hard leather sole with metal heel J-cleat or a rubber sole with rubber cleats. When off duty, sailors could wear tabis , although they sometimes wore them in combat as well. SNLF officers were not usually issued uniforms so they had to procure their own, thus there was a wide variety in the details, color and texture of their uniforms, with uniform colors ranging from pale to dark green. Collars were stiffer and materials were of

384-687: A sari amounts to cruelty inflicted by the husband and can be a ground to seek divorce. The wife was thus granted a divorce on the ground of cruelty as defined under section 27(1)(d) of the Special Marriage Act, 1954. Until 2016 some female crew members on British Airways were required to wear British Airways' standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers. In 2017, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints announced that its female employees could wear "professional pantsuits and dress slacks" while at work; dresses and skirts had previously been required. In 2018 it

448-531: A bicycle handlebar or the reins of a horse") was declared officially revoked by France's Women's Rights Minister, Najat Vallaud-Belkacem . The bylaw was originally intended to prevent women from wearing the pantalons fashionable with Parisian rebels in the French Revolution . In 2014, an Indian family court in Mumbai ruled that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a kurta and jeans and forcing her to wear

512-499: A diversion or feint in connection with other air landings or ground operations, or creating confusion and disorder among the hostile military and civilian personnel. Air landing can also provide an attack against an isolated enemy position that is impossible or impracticable to attack by ground forces . Trousers#Europe before the 20th century Trousers ( British English ), slacks , or pants ( American , Canadian and Australian English ) are an item of clothing worn from

576-461: A higher quality. The SNLF used a mix of models. The SNLF carried a variety of items, some of it IJN produced material and others being borrowed from the IJA. Naval landing forces A landing operation is a military operation during which a landing force, usually utilizing landing craft , is transferred to land with the purpose of power projection ashore. With the proliferation of aircraft,

640-465: A hostile counterattack; interrupting the movements of hostile reserves; cooperating in the pursuit or breakthrough by ground forces by operating against enemy reserves and lines of communication, and blocking hostile avenues of retreat; and preventing the enemy from destroying essential installations, supplies, and material. It may also include executing an envelopment from the air in conjunction with an attack by ground forces, executing surprise attacks as

704-581: A landing may refer to amphibious forces , airborne forces , or a combination of both. In a military invasion conducted by sea, the landing and establishment of a beachhead are critical phases. In the Iliad , the landing operation of the Achaean navy is described in book three. Since the Trojans had been warned of the invasion, the beach was defended. In Greek polytheism , the ἱερά ἐπιβατήρια were sacrifices offered to

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768-557: A role in the worldwide dissemination of trousers as a fashion. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, sailors wore baggy trousers known as galligaskins . Sailors also pioneered the wearing of jeans – trousers made of denim . These became more popular in the late nineteenth century in the American West because of their ruggedness and durability. Starting around the mid-nineteenth century, Wigan pit-brow women scandalized Victorian society by wearing trousers for their work at

832-433: A synonym for breeches , that is, trousers. In these dialects, the term underdrawers is used for undergarments. Many North Americans refer to their underpants by their type, such as boxers or briefs . In Australia , men's underwear also has various informal terms including under-dacks , undies , dacks or jocks . In New Zealand , men's underwear is known informally as undies or dacks . In India, underwear

896-583: A type of tartan trousers traditionally worn by Highlanders as an alternative to the Great Plaid and its predecessors is called trews or in the original Gaelic triubhas . This is the source of the English word trousers . Trews are still sometimes worn instead of the kilt at ceilidhs, weddings etc. Trousers are also known as breeks in Scots , the cognate of breeches . The item of clothing worn under trousers

960-447: A waistband, belt -loops, and a fly -front. In these dialects, elastic-waist knitted garments would be called pants , but not trousers (or slacks ). North Americans call undergarments underwear , underpants , undies , or panties (the last are women's garments specifically) to distinguish them from other pants that are worn on the outside. The term drawers normally refers to undergarments, but in some dialects, may be found as

1024-639: A well-known last stand in 1943, approximately 1,700 men of the 7th Sasebo SNLF and 2,000 base personnel (mostly the 3rd Special Base Force) at the Battle of Tarawa accounted for over 3,000 U.S. Marine Corps casualties. The uniforms of SNLF troops were exactly the same as those worn by members of the Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces . The single exception was the SNLF Paratroopers who had their own specialized uniforms. When on board ships,

1088-408: A working-class costume including ankle-length trousers, or pantaloons (named from a Commedia dell'Arte character named Pantalone ) in place of the aristocratic knee-breeches ( culottes ). (Compare sans-culottes .) The new garment of the revolutionaries differed from that of the ancien regime upper classes in three ways: Pantaloons became fashionable in early nineteenth-century England and

1152-459: Is also referred to as innerwear . The words trouser (or pant ) instead of trousers (or pants ) is sometimes used in the tailoring and fashion industries as a generic term, for instance when discussing styles, such as "a flared trouser", rather than as a specific item. The words trousers and pants are pluralia tantum , nouns that generally only appear in plural form—much like the words scissors and tongs , and as such pair of trousers

1216-536: Is apparently no universal, overarching classification. There is some evidence, from figurative art , of trousers being worn in the Upper Paleolithic , as seen on the figurines found at the Siberian sites of Mal'ta and Buret' . Fabrics and technology for their construction are fragile and disintegrate easily, so often are not among artefacts discovered in archaeological sites. The oldest known trousers were found at

1280-696: Is called pants . The standard English form trousers is also used, but it is sometimes pronounced in a manner approximately represented by [ˈtruːzɨrz] , as Scots did not completely undergo the Great Vowel Shift , and thus retains the vowel sound of the Gaelic triubhas , from which the word originates. In North America, Australia and South Africa, pants is the general category term, whereas trousers (sometimes slacks in Australia and North America) often refers more specifically to tailored garments with

1344-528: Is the usual correct form. However, the singular form is used in some compound words, such as trouser-leg , trouser-press and trouser-bottoms . Jeans are trousers typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. In North America skin-tight leggings are commonly referred to as tights . There are several different main types of pants and trousers, such as dress pants , jeans , khakis , chinos , leggings , overalls , and sweatpants . They can also be classified by fit, fabric, and other features. There

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1408-644: The braccae , loose-fitting trousers that were closed at the ankles. Both garments were adopted originally from the Celts of Europe, although later familiarity with the Persian Near East and the Germanic peoples increased acceptance. Feminalia and braccae both began use as military garments, spreading to civilian dress later, and were eventually made in a variety of materials, including leather, wool, cotton and silk. Trousers of various designs were worn throughout

1472-481: The Battle of Milne Bay . This was due to their offensive spirit and unwillingness to surrender, and when completely out of ammunition, they sometimes resorted to hand-to-hand fighting with their swords and bayonets. After the failure to capture Milne Bay the Special Naval Landing Forces became a defensive force and very few units were raised. Naval Guard Units became much more common IJN infantry units in

1536-673: The International Skating Union has allowed women to wear trousers instead of skirts in ice-skating competitions. In 2009, journalist Lubna Hussein was fined the equivalent of $ 200 when a court found her guilty of violating Sudan's decency laws by wearing trousers. In 2012 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms. In 2012 and 2013, some Mormon women participated in "Wear Pants to Church Day", in which they wore trousers to church instead of

1600-587: The Pacific War . Later landing operations during the Cold War included the 1950 Battle of Inchon during the Korean War , the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion , and the 1983 United States invasion of Grenada . Missions of air landing troops, as defined by the U.S. FM 100–5 Operations manual, include seizing, holding, or otherwise exploiting important tactical localities or installations in conjunction with or pending

1664-720: The Regency era . The style was introduced by Beau Brummell (1778–1840) and by mid-century had supplanted breeches as fashionable street-wear. At this point, even knee-length pants adopted the open bottoms of trousers (see shorts ) and were worn by young boys, for sports, and in tropical climates. Breeches proper have survived into the twenty-first century as court dress , and also in baggy mid- calf (or three-quarter length) versions known as plus-fours or knickers worn for active sports and by young schoolboys. Types of breeches are also still worn today by baseball and American football players, and by equestrians. Sailors may have played

1728-592: The draped clothing of Greek and Minoan ( Cretan ) culture as an emblem of civilization and disdained trousers as the mark of barbarians. As the Roman Empire expanded beyond the Mediterranean basin, however, the greater warmth provided by trousers led to their adoption. Two types of trousers eventually saw widespread use in Rome: the feminalia , which fit snugly and usually fell to knee length or mid-calf length, and

1792-451: The 1960s, André Courrèges introduced long trousers for women as a fashion item, leading to the era of the pantsuit and designer jeans and the gradual erosion of social prohibitions against girls and women wearing trousers in schools, the workplace and in fine restaurants. In 1969, Rep. Charlotte Reid (R-Ill.) became the first woman to wear trousers in the US Congress . Pat Nixon

1856-593: The Class III (三種), which was intended to be the standard combat dress for all members of the Imperial Japanese Navy. In the final stages of the war, what was left of the SNLF could be seen wearing the previously mentioned uniforms, a green five button work uniform, or even a button-up undershirt and trousers. Officers wore their uniform with a shirt and tie, sometimes omitting the tie during combat or in hot weather. The tie

1920-942: The Middle Ages in Europe, especially by men. Loose-fitting trousers were worn in Byzantium under long tunics , and were worn by many tribes, such as the Germanic tribes that migrated to the Western Roman Empire in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages , as evidenced by both artistic sources and such relics as the fourth-century costumes recovered from the Thorsberg peat bog (see illustration). Trousers in this period, generally called braies , varied in length and were often closed at

1984-748: The Pacific. The SNLF gained the distinction of being the first foreign forces to establish a foothold on American soil since the War of 1812 , when troops of the Maizuru 3rd SNLF landed on Kiska Island , Alaska without opposition on June 6, 1942 and occupied the island as part of the Aleutian Islands Campaign during World War II. After a year of occupation, with reinforcements from thousands of Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) soldiers, they completely evacuated on July 28, 1943 two weeks before Allied forces landed . In

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2048-586: The Yanghai cemetery, extracted from mummies in Turpan , Xinjiang , western China, belonging to the people of the Tarim Basin ; dated to the period between the thirteenth and the tenth century BC and made of wool, the trousers had straight legs and wide crotches, and were likely made for horseback riding. Trousers enter recorded history in the sixth century BC, on the rock carvings and artworks of Persepolis , and with

2112-524: The appearance of horse-riding Eurasian nomads in Greek ethnography. At this time, Iranian peoples such as Scythians , Sarmatians , Sogdians and Bactrians among others, along with Armenians and Eastern and Central Asian peoples such as the Xiongnu / Hunnu , are known to have worn trousers. Trousers are believed to have been worn by people of any gender among these early users. The ancient Greeks used

2176-420: The arrival of other military or naval forces. Such missions include seizure and clearance of landing fields, beachheads, strong points, and ports; seizure of essential observation or other critical terrain; severing hostile lines of communication and supply; destroying bridges, locks, public utility enterprises, and other designated demolitions; seizing river crossings, defiles , and other bottlenecks ; blocking

2240-429: The cuff or even had attached foot coverings, although open-legged pants were also seen. By the eighth century there is evidence of the wearing in Europe of two layers of trousers, especially among upper-class males. The under layer is today referred to by costume historians as drawers , although that usage did not emerge until the late sixteenth century. Over the drawers were worn trousers of wool or linen, which in

2304-547: The customary dresses to encourage gender equality within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . More than one thousand women participated in 2012. In 2013, Turkey's parliament ended a ban on women lawmakers wearing trousers in its assembly. Also in 2013, an old bylaw requiring women in Paris, France to ask permission from city authorities before "dressing as men", including wearing trousers (with exceptions for those "holding

2368-437: The example of Byzantium led to the increasing use of long tunics by men, hiding most of the trousers from view and eventually rendering them an undergarment for many. As undergarments, these trousers became briefer or longer as the length of the various medieval outer garments changed, and were met by, and usually attached to, another garment variously called hose or stockings . In the fourteenth century it became common among

2432-479: The first official SNLF unit. Official SNLF units from naval bases were authorized in 1936. SNLF units would once again see action at the Battle of Shanghai and countless other battles and cleanup operations throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War . The strengths of each SNLF ranged from the 200 to over 3000 personnel. Almost all units were a single battalion with a varying number of companies. The SNLF

2496-401: The floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after; the rule was amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear trousers on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket. In Malawi women were not legally allowed to wear trousers under President Kamuzu Banda 's rule until 1994. This law was introduced in 1965. Since 2004

2560-824: The four main naval districts/bases in Japan : Kure , Maizuru (deactivated following the Washington naval treaty, reactivated in 1939), Sasebo , and Yokosuka . In 1927 some of these SNLF units were unified under command of the Shanghai Naval Landing Force and saw action in China from 1932 in the January 28 Incident . Afterwards the Shanghai Special Naval Landing Force was officially formed in October 1932, signifying

2624-404: The front, which is often referred to as Rikusenfuku (陸戦服). These uniforms were also worn by regular Naval troops deployed on land . The SNLF usually wore this uniform with the collar open over the IJN's white trimmed teeshirt, or a heat resistant khaki button-up shirt later in the war. Towards the end of the war, the three-button uniform was replaced by a similar four-button green uniform known as

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2688-492: The general population. Men's clothes in Hungary in the fifteenth century consisted of a shirt and trousers as underwear, and a dolman worn over them, as well as a short fur-lined or sheepskin coat. Hungarians generally wore simple trousers, only their colour being unusual; the dolman covered the greater part of the trousers. Around the turn of the sixteenth century it became conventional to separate hose into two pieces, one from

2752-617: The gods after a successful landing. A λόγος ἐπιβατήριον was a dignified speech delivered upon disembarkation, contrasting with an ἀποβατήριον ( apobaterion ), the speech delivered upon departure. During World War II , landing operations were used to great effect during the Normandy landings and the Allied invasion of Sicily on the Western Front , and across the Pacific through leapfrogging during

2816-450: The guilds purveying for our household, citizens of Moscow of all ranks, and residents of provincial cities...excepting the clergy and peasant tillers of the soil. The upper dress shall be of French or Saxon cut, and the lower dress...--waistcoat, trousers, boots, shoes, and hats--shall be of the German type During the French Revolution of 1789 and following, many male citizens of France adopted

2880-528: The job demanded it. In the post-war era, trousers became acceptable casual wear for gardening, the beach, and other leisure pursuits. In Britain during World War II the rationing of clothing prompted women to wear their husbands' civilian clothes, including trousers, to work while the men were serving in the armed forces. This was partly because they were seen as practical for work, but also so that women could keep their clothing allowance for other uses. As this practice of wearing trousers became more widespread and as

2944-456: The local coal mines . They wore skirts over their trousers and rolled them up to their waists to keep them out of the way. Although pit-brow lasses worked above ground at the pit-head, their task of sorting and shovelling coal involved hard manual labour, so wearing the usual long skirts of the time would have greatly hindered their movements. The Korean word for trousers, baji (originally pajibaji ) first appears in recorded history around

3008-532: The men of the noble and knightly classes to connect the hose directly to their pourpoints (the padded under jacket worn with armoured breastplates that would later evolve into the doublet ) rather than to their drawers. In the fifteenth century, rising hemlines led to ever briefer drawers until they were dispensed with altogether by the most fashionable elites who joined their skin-tight hose back into trousers. These trousers, which we would today call tights but which were still called hose or sometimes joined hose at

3072-462: The men's clothing wore out, replacements were needed. By the summer of 1944, it was reported that sales of women's trousers were five times more than the previous year. In 1919, Luisa Capetillo challenged mainstream society by becoming the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear trousers in public. Capetillo was sent to jail for what was considered to be a crime, but the charges were later dropped. In

3136-400: The mid-twentieth century, trousers have increasingly been worn by women as well. Jeans , made of denim , are a form of trousers for casual wear widely worn all over the world by people of all genders. Shorts are often preferred in hot weather or for some sports and also often by children and adolescents. Trousers are worn on the hips or waist and are often held up by buttons, elastic,

3200-487: The sailors of the SNLF wore their standard IJN blue or white uniforms, but on land the SNLF wore a uniform similar to that of the Imperial Japanese Army . Originally they wore their shipboard dress during ground combat as well, but in the mid 1930s it was replaced with a specialized land uniform. The land uniform consisted of a green single breasted tunic with a stand and fall collar with three buttons which ran down

3264-525: The style of the garment. To distinguish them from shorts, trousers may be called "long trousers" in certain contexts such as school uniform , where tailored shorts may be called "short trousers" in the UK. The oldest known trousers, dating to the period between the thirteenth and the tenth centuries BC, were found at the Yanghai cemetery in Turpan , Xinjiang ( Tocharia ), in present-day western China . Made of wool,

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3328-616: The tenth century began to be referred to as breeches in many places. Tightness of fit and length of leg varied by period, class, and geography. (Open legged trousers can be seen on the Norman soldiers of the Bayeux Tapestry .) Although Charlemagne (742–814) is recorded to have habitually worn trousers, donning the Byzantine tunic only for ceremonial occasions, the influence of the Roman past and

3392-462: The term ἀναξυρίδες ( anaxyrides ) for the trousers worn by Eastern nations and σαράβαρα ( sarabara ) for the loose trousers worn by the Scythians. However, they did not wear trousers since they thought them ridiculous, using the word θύλακοι ( thulakoi ), pl. of θύλακος ( thulakos ) 'sack', as a slang term for the loose trousers of Persians and other Middle Easterners . Republican Rome viewed

3456-430: The time, emerged late in the fifteenth century and were conspicuous by their open crotch which was covered by an independently fastening front panel, the codpiece . The exposure of the hose to the waist was consistent with fifteenth-century trends, which also brought the pourpoint/doublet and the shirt , previously undergarments, into view, but the most revealing of these fashions were only ever adopted at court and not by

3520-546: The time. Originally, green rank insignia was used for SNLF officers. These were worn on either shoulder boards or collar tabs. Enlisted men wore red on green, or red on blue round ratings on the upper sleeves. Later the standard black Japanese Naval collar rank was adopted and worn by officers. The enlisted men went to a black on yellow shield rating. During the war, most enlisted men wore a cloth name tag affixed above their left or right breast pocket bearing information such as their name, rank and unit. The ankle boots had either

3584-727: The trousers had straight legs and wide crotches and were likely made for horseback riding. A pair of trouser-like leggings dating back to 3350 and 3105 BC were found in the Austria–Italy border worn by Ötzi . In most of Europe , trousers have been worn since ancient times and throughout the Medieval period , becoming the most common form of lower-body clothing for adult males in the modern world. Breeches were worn instead of trousers in early modern Europe by some men in higher classes of society. Distinctive formal trousers are traditionally worn with formal and semi-formal day attire . Since

3648-483: The turn of the fifteenth century, but pants may have been in use by Korean society for some time. From at least this time pants were worn by both sexes in Korea. Men wore trousers either as outer garments or beneath skirts, while it was unusual for adult women to wear their pants (termed sokgot ) without a covering skirt. As in Europe, a wide variety of styles came to define regions, time periods and age and gender groups, from

3712-495: The unlined gouei to the padded sombaji . See also: the Laws section below. In Western society, it was Eastern culture that inspired French designer Paul Poiret (1879–1944) to be one of the first to design pants for women. In 1913, Poiret created loose-fitting, wide-leg trousers for women called harem pants, which were based on the costumes of the popular ballet Sheherazade . Written by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1888, Sheherazade

3776-487: The waist to anywhere between the knees and the ankles, covering both legs separately (rather than with cloth extending across both legs as in robes , skirts , dresses and kilts ). In some parts of the United Kingdom, the word pants is ambiguous: it can mean underpants rather than trousers. Shorts are similar to trousers, but with legs that come down only to around the area of the knee, higher or lower depending on

3840-444: The waist to the crotch which fastened around the top of the legs, called trunk hose, and the other running beneath it to the foot. The trunk hose soon reached down the thigh to fasten below the knee and were now usually called " breeches " to distinguish them from the lower-leg coverings still called hose or, sometimes stockings . By the end of the sixteenth century, the codpiece had also been incorporated into breeches which featured

3904-496: Was based on a collection of legends from the Middle East called 1001 Arabian Nights. In the early twentieth century, women air pilots and other working women often wore trousers. Frequent photographs from the 1930s of actresses Marlene Dietrich and Katharine Hepburn in trousers helped make trousers acceptable for women. During World War II , women employed in factories or doing other "men's work" on war service wore trousers when

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3968-700: Was not a marine force , but was instead sailors who had basic infantry training and were employed in landings as early as the Russo-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion . In 1941, the 1st and 3rd Yokosuka SNLF were converted to parachute units . The SNLF paratroopers were successfully used during the attack on Celebes and the Battle of Manado . Aside from the paratroopers, there were also planned elite units to conduct reconnaissance and raid operations. Like all landing forces they often experienced heavy casualties when faced with determined resistance, such as at

4032-542: Was originally dark blue, but was later changed to green. Green long trousers or pantaloons were worn as standard along with the wool puttees or canvas gaiters for enlisted and leather gaiters for officers. All, except mounted troops (who wore breeches and high leather boots), wore this uniform with horsehide, pigskin or leather ankle-boots. SNLF Paratroopers wore two types of green uniform made from rip stop parachute silk with built in bandoleers and cargo pockets, being better designed than other paratrooper models of

4096-496: Was the first American First Lady to wear trousers in public. In 1989, California state senator Rebecca Morgan became the first woman to wear trousers in a US state senate. Hillary Clinton was the first woman to wear trousers in an official American First Lady portrait. Women were not allowed to wear trousers on the US Senate floor until 1993. In 1993, Senators Barbara Mikulski and Carol Moseley Braun wore trousers onto

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