The following is a list of foreign ministers of Spain , since 1808 until now serving in Spain's Ministry of Foreign Affairs .
17-2386: Political Persuasion: Junta Reign of Ferdinand VII No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Acting (20 December 2015-4 November 2016) Political Persuasion: No affiliation Liberal conservative Liberal progressive Centrist Social democrat Military Junta (Peninsular War) In
34-825: Is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution , the first being the National Assembly , the second being the Legislative Assembly , and the third being the Directory . The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte 's coup d'état , overthrowing the Directory (9 November 1799), establishing the French Consulate , and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at
51-678: The Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815). The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Roman Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the Convention . In 1804 Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code , a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society. The Civil Code affirmed
68-651: The Napoleonic era , junta ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxunta] ) was the name chosen by several local administrations formed in Spain during the Peninsular War as a patriotic alternative to the official administration toppled by the French invaders. The juntas were usually formed by adding prominent members of society, such as prelates , to the already-existing ayuntamientos (municipal councils). The juntas of
85-632: The French not only inflicted large losses on the Spanish, but also took control of southern Spain and forced the government to retreat to Cádiz , the last redoubt available to it on Spanish soil (see the Siege of Cádiz ). In light of this, the Central Junta dissolved itself on 29 January 1810 and set up a five-person Regency Council of Spain and the Indies, charged with convening a parliamentary Cortes. The system of juntas
102-466: The authority of either the supreme central one or the regency. Therefore, they did not send representatives to Cádiz, but rather the juntas continued to govern on their own or called for congresses to set up permanent governments. This development resulted in the Spanish American wars of independence . Napoleonic era The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe . It
119-509: The capitals of the traditional peninsular kingdoms of Spain styled themselves "Supreme Juntas", to differentiate themselves from, and claim authority over, provincial juntas. Juntas were also formed in Spanish America during this period in reaction to the developments in Spain. The juntas were not necessarily revolutionary, least of all anti-monarchy or democratically elected. By way of example,
136-545: The family, for example, by making women and children subservient to male heads of households. Whilst working to stabilise France, Napoleon also sought to extend his authority throughout Europe. Napoleon's armies conquered the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, occupied lands, and he forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with him and respect French hegemony in Europe. The United Kingdom refused to recognize French hegemony and continued
153-558: The formation of a central one. After a series of negotiations between the juntas and the discredited Council of Castile , which initially had supported Joseph I , a " Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies " met in Aranjuez on 25 September 1808, with the Conde de Floridablanca as its president. Serving as a surrogate for the absent king and royal government, it succeeded in calling for representatives from local provinces and
170-479: The junta in Murcia comprised the bishop, an archdeacon, two priors, seven members of the old city council, two magistrates, five prominent local aristocrats, including the Conde de Floridablanca ( Charles III 's prime minister) and five high-ranking officers (either retired or still serving). Likewise, the junta of Ciudad Rodrigo , a strategic town near the border with Portugal, comprised "nine serving officers, including
187-625: The next year was resisted by all the allies and his army was defeated by a Prussian and Anglo-Allied force at Waterloo. The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era, from 1799 to 1815,
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#1733084481251204-538: The overseas possessions to meet in an " Extraordinary and General Cortes of the Spanish Nation ", so called because it would be both the single legislative body for the whole empire and the body which would write a constitution for it. By the beginning of 1810, the forces under the Supreme Central Junta's command had suffered serious military reverses—the Battle of Ocaña , the Battle of Alba de Tormes —in which
221-400: The political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The code restored patriarchal authority in
238-402: The pre-war governor and the commanders of all the units that had made up the garrison; five retired officers, of whom two were brigadiers" and, among others, the bishop, and seventeen members of the clergy. Realizing that unity was needed to coordinate efforts against the French and to deal with British aid, several supreme juntas— Murcia , Valencia , Seville and Castile and León —called for
255-516: The war throughout. The First French Empire began to unravel in 1812, when he decided to invade Russia . Napoleon underestimated the difficulties his army would have to face whilst occupying Russia. Convinced that the Tsar was conspiring with his British enemies, Napoleon led an army of 600,000 soldiers to Moscow. He defeated the Russian army at Borodino before capturing Moscow, but the Tsar withdrew and Moscow
272-668: Was replaced by a regency and the Cortes of Cádiz , which established a permanent government under the Constitution of 1812 . The term was also used in Spanish America to describe the first autonomist governments established in 1809, 1810, and 1811 in reaction to the developments in Spain. By the time the delegates were to be chosen for the Cádiz Cortes, some of the American provinces had successfully established their juntas, which did not recognize
289-424: Was set ablaze, leaving Napoleon's vast army without adequate shelter or supplies. Napoleon ordered a retreat, but the bitter Russian winter and repeated Russian attacks whittled down his army, and only a battered remnant of 30,000 soldiers managed to limp back to French territory. The allies then continued a united effort against Napoleon until they had seized Paris forcing his abdication in 1814. His return to power
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