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74-475: The SpaceLiner is a very long-term project, and does not currently have funding lined up to initiate system development as of 2017. Projections in 2015 were that if adequate funding was eventually secured, the SpaceLiner concept might become an operational spaceplane in the 2040s. The SpaceLiner concept consists of a two-stage, vertical takeoff, horizontal landing configuration with a large uncrewed booster and

148-444: A Changing World, was published as an e-book on December 3, 2018. On September 8, 2022, Drotar and Morrissey published their second book, "Learn & Adapt: ExPD An Adaptive Product Development Process for Rapid Innovation and Risk Reduction, which also highlights their process. The book has three sections: Overview of ExPD, How to Do It, and Adaptive Practices that Support ExPD. According to Kirkus, "the (approach the) authors advocate

222-559: A Go/No-Go to Development decision. These decisions represent the Gates in the Stage-Gate model. The following are types of new product development management structures: Customer-centric new product development focuses on finding new ways to solve customer problems and create more customer-satisfying experiences. Companies often rely on technology, but real success comes from understanding customer needs and values. The most successful companies are

296-423: A closed-cycle process by catalytically decomposing the peroxide to drive turbines before combustion with the kerosene in the combustion chamber proper. This gives the efficiency advantages of staged combustion, while avoiding major engineering problems. The RS-25 Space Shuttle main engine is another example of a staged combustion engine, and the first to use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. Its counterpart in

370-445: A crewed stage designed for 50 passengers and 2 crew members. The fully reusable system is accelerated by a total of eleven liquid rocket engines (9 for the booster stage, 2 for the passenger stage), which are to be operated using cryogenic liquid oxygen ( LOX ) and hydrogen ( LH2 ). After engine cut-off, the passenger stage will enter a high-speed gliding flight phase and shall be capable of travelling long intercontinental distances within

444-432: A few weeks to three years with an average of one year. Design and Commercialization phases usually start a very early collaboration. When the concept design is finished it will be sent to manufacturing plant for prototyping, developing a Concurrent Engineering approach by implementing practices such as QFD , DFM / DFA and more. The output of the design (engineering) is a set of product and process specifications – mostly in

518-495: A full flow of oxidizer are called oxidizer-rich . The RD-180 has an oxidizer-rich preburner, while the RS-25 has two fuel-rich preburners. The SpaceX Raptor has both oxidizer-rich and fuel-rich preburners, a design called full-flow staged combustion . Staged combustion designs can be either single-shaft or twin-shaft . In the single-shaft design, one set of preburner and turbine drives both propellant turbopumps. Examples include

592-479: A glossary by the Product Development and Management Association , it is mentioned that the fuzzy front end generally consists of three tasks: strategic planning, idea generation, and pre-technical evaluation. These activities are often chaotic, unpredictable, and unstructured. In comparison, the subsequent new product development process is typically structured, predictable, and formal. The term fuzzy front end

666-496: A longer engine life and higher reliability. As an example, up to 25 flights were anticipated for an engine design studied by the DLR (German Aerospace Center) in the frame of the SpaceLiner project, up to 1000 flights are expected for Raptor from SpaceX. Further, the full-flow cycle eliminates the need for an interpropellant turbine seal normally required to separate oxidizer-rich gas from

740-497: A series of stages/phases, including ideation among other aspects of design , as well as manufacturing and market introduction. In highly complex engineered products (e.g. aircraft, automotive, machinery), the NPD process can be likewise complex regarding management of personnel, milestones, and deliverables. Such projects typically use an integrated product team approach. The process for managing large-scale complex engineering products

814-466: A smaller combustion chamber. This in turn makes it feasible to increase the chamber pressure, which increases efficiency. Potential disadvantages of the full-flow staged combustion cycle include more stringent materials requirements, and the increased engineering complexity and parts count of the two preburners, relative to a single-shaft staged combustion cycle. As of 2024, four full-flow staged combustion rocket engines have been tested on test stands;

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888-455: A stable market environment, ExPD is more suitable for product development in markets that are unstable and less predictable. Unstable and unpredictable markets cause uncertainty and risk in product development. Many factors contribute to the outcome of a project, and ExPD works on the assumption that the ones that the product team doesn't know enough about or are unaware of are the factors that create uncertainty and risk. The primary goal of ExPD

962-409: A structured NPPD (New Product & Process Development) strategy. The second element is the opportunity analysis. It is done to translate the identified opportunities into implications for the business and technology specific context of the company. Here extensive efforts may be made to align ideas to target customer groups and do market studies and/or technical trials and research. The third element

1036-422: A very short time. Altitudes of 80 kilometers and speed beyond Mach 20 are projected, depending on the mission and the associated trajectory flown. SpaceLiner flight times from Australia to Europe, the chosen reference mission, should take 90 minutes. Shorter distances, such as Europe to California for example, would then be achievable in no more than 60 minutes. Acceleration loads for the passengers, and only during

1110-668: Is a five-step procedure. These steps are listed in chronological order: Lean Start-up approach. Lean startup is a methodology for developing businesses and products that aims to shorten product development cycles and rapidly discover if a proposed business model is viable; this is achieved by adopting a combination of business-hypothesis-driven experimentation, iterative product releases, and validated learning. Lean startup emphasizes customer feedback over intuition and flexibility over planning. This methodology enables recovery from failures more often than traditional ways of product development. Stage-gate model. A pioneer of NPD research in

1184-550: Is a senior person appointed to be responsible for implementing and managing the innovation management system. They are also responsible for ensuring that all aspects of new product development are taken into account and that the company is able to track and assess the progress of new products. A cross-functional innovation management committee is a team of individuals from different company departments, including marketing , engineering, design, manufacturing, and research and development , who are responsible for overseeing and managing

1258-462: Is because companies need to find ways to meet the changing needs and tastes of their customers. Innovation can help a company become more competitive and better positioned for the future. In difficult economic times, it is even more important for companies to focus on innovation and new product development. In addition, companies can use virtual product development to help reduce costs. Virtual product development uses collaboration technology to remove

1332-442: Is developed iteratively to solve a given problem. The design stage is very important because at this stage most of the product life cycle costs are engaged. Previous research shows that 70–80% of the final product quality and 70% of the product entire life-cycle cost are determined in the product design phase, therefore the design-manufacturing interface represent the greatest opportunity for cost reduction. Design projects last from

1406-434: Is even more important for companies to focus on innovation and new product development. Oftentimes, such situations result in a short-sighted focus on cost-cutting and a reduction in spending on new products. However, companies that are able to innovate and create new products will be better positioned for the future. Although counter-intuitive, tough times may even call for a greater emphasis on new product development. This

1480-583: Is fuel efficiency due to all of the propellant flowing to the main combustion chamber, which also allows for higher thrust. The staged combustion cycle is sometimes referred to as closed cycle , as opposed to the gas generator, or open cycle where a portion of propellant never reaches the main combustion chamber. The disadvantage is engineering complexity, partly a result of the preburner exhaust of hot and highly pressurized gas which, particularly when oxidizer-rich, produces extremely harsh conditions for turbines and plumbing. Staged combustion ( Замкнутая схема )

1554-431: Is important to a company's success. It is also important for companies to have a process in place for monitoring the competition and their products so that they can stay ahead of the curve. In order to successfully manage the new product development process, companies must have an innovation management system in place. This system helps to ensure that all aspects of new product development are taken into account and that

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1628-469: Is its full reusability and vehicle mass-production, which would closely resemble production rates of the aviation industry. Serial production is expected to deliver a significant increase in cost effectiveness compared to conventional space transportation systems of the early 2000s. A major challenge lies in improving the safety standards and especially the robustness and reliability of space components such as rocket engines, so that they will become suitable for

1702-408: Is much slower (often 10-plus years) than that deployed for many types of consumer goods. The development process is articulated and broken down in many different ways, many of which often include the following phases/stages: PHASE 1. Fuzzy front-end (FFE) is the set of activities employed before the more formal and well defined requirements specification is completed. Requirements speak to what

1776-412: Is outwardly focused and premised on being adaptable enough to develop new competencies and create new models as complex situations evolve." Kirkus summarizes the text as "complex and visually stimulating; a serious blueprint for serious strategists." IDEO approach. The concept adopted by IDEO, a design and consulting firm, is one of the most researched processes in regard to new product development and

1850-717: Is the development of both the high-level and detailed-level design of the product: which turns the what of the requirements into a specific how this particular product will meet those requirements. This typically has the most overlap with the engineering design process, but can also include industrial design and even purely aesthetic aspects of design. On the marketing and planning side, this phase ends at pre-commercialization analysis stage. PHASE 3: Product implementation often refers to later stages of detailed engineering design (e.g. refining mechanical or electrical hardware, or software, or goods or other product forms), as well as test process that may be used to validate that

1924-498: Is the idea and technology development. During this part of the front-end, the business case is developed based on estimates of the total available market, customer needs, investment requirements, competition analysis and project uncertainty. Some organizations consider this to be the first stage of the NPPD process (i.e., Stage 0). A universally acceptable definition for Fuzzy Front End or a dominant framework has not been developed so far. In

1998-492: Is the idea genesis, which is described as evolutionary and iterative process progressing from birth to maturation of the opportunity into a tangible idea. The process of the idea genesis can be made internally or come from outside inputs, e.g. a supplier offering a new material/technology or from a customer with an unusual request. The fourth element is the idea selection. Its purpose is to choose whether to pursue an idea by analyzing its potential business value. The fifth element

2072-705: Is to reduce uncertainty and risk by reducing the unknown. When organizations adapt quickly to the changing environment (market, technology, regulations, globalization, etc.), they reduce uncertainty and risk, which leads to product success. ExPD is described as a two-pronged, integrated systems approach. Drotar and Morrissey state that product development is complex and needs to be managed as a system, integrating essential elements: strategy, portfolio management, organization/teams/culture, metrics, market/customer understanding, and process. Drotar and Morrissey have published two books on ExPD. The first, Exploratory Product Development: Executive Version: Adaptable Product Development in

2146-705: The Energomash RD-180 and the Blue Origin BE-4 . In the twin-shaft design, the two propellant turbopumps are driven by separate turbines, which are in turn driven by the outflow of either one or separate preburners. Examples of twin-shaft designs include the Rocketdyne RS-25 , the JAXA LE-7 , and Raptor . Relative to a single-shaft design, the twin-shaft design requires an additional turbine (and possibly another preburner), but allows for individual control of

2220-611: The Soviet storable propellant RD-270 project at Energomash in the 1960s, the US government-funded hydrolox Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator project at Aerojet Rocketdyne in the mid-2000s, SpaceX's flight capable methalox Raptor engine first test-fired in February 2019, and the methalox engine developed for the first stage of the Stoke Space Nova vehicle in 2024. The first flight test of

2294-471: The Soviet shuttle was the RD-0120 , which had similar specific impulse , thrust, and chamber pressure, but with some differences that reduced complexity and cost at the expense of increased engine weight. Several variants of the staged combustion cycle exist. Preburners that burn a small portion of oxidizer with a full flow of fuel are called fuel-rich , while preburners that burn a small portion of fuel with

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2368-548: The FAST20XX framework led to the refinement and definition of the SpaceLiner 7 version. Based on the results of previous studies, development has been progressing continuously with increasingly detailed and in-depth considerations, modelling and simulations of the various subsystems, and their design and integration being performed. Selected variants to the baseline configuration given different requirements and specifications were studied with associated results influencing and redirecting

2442-764: The RD-180 in circa 2000 for the Atlas III and later, the V , rockets. The purchase contract was subsequently taken over by United Launch Alliance (ULA--the Boeing/Lockheed-Martin joint venture) after 2006, and ULA continues to fly the Atlas V with RD-180 engines as of 2022. The first laboratory staged-combustion test engine in the West was built in Germany in 1963, by Ludwig Boelkow . Hydrogen peroxide / kerosene powered engines may use

2516-526: The SpaceLiner were experimentally and numerically examined, research that was funded by the EU research project FAST20XX. SpaceLiner 5 SpaceLiner 6 As of 2015, the latest configuration under study at the DLR is the SpaceLiner 7 . Based on results obtained from application of numerical optimisation methods which achieved an improvement of the aerodynamic, thermal and structural-mechanical properties in hypersonic flight,

2590-467: The acronym ExPD, is an emerging approach to new product development. Consultants Mary Drotar and Kathy Morrissey first introduced ExPD at the 2015 Product Development and Management Association annual meeting and later outlined their approach in the Product Development and Management Association's magazine Visions . In 2015, Drotar and Morrissey's firm Strategy2Market received the trademark on

2664-429: The basis of trajectory analyses for SpaceLiner, have been identified. These are classified and grouped in terms of their distances, with Class 1 representing the longest route, and Class 3 describing the shortest yet still economically interesting and relevant distance. In line with this, a modified version of the SpaceLiner 7 capable of flying medium long-haul distances while carrying 100 passengers has been examined. Given

2738-587: The companies that adopt this system are reported to receive benefits such as improved teamwork, improved success rates, earlier detection of failure, a better launch, and even shorter cycle times – reduced by about 30%. These findings highlight the importance of the stage-gate model in the area of new product development. The Stage-Gate model of NPD predevelopment activities are summarised in Phase zero and one, in respect to earlier definition of predevelopment activities: These activities yield essential information to make

2812-490: The company is able to track and assess the progress of new products. The innovation management system should also help to foster a culture of innovation within the company, which can help to increase the chances of success for new products. Marketing writers Hyman and Wilkins argue that a company's rate of product innovation should fit between the extremes of being so rapid that "its core range decays" and so slow that its product range "become[s] obselete. An innovation manager

2886-400: The complete process of launching a new product to the market . Product development also includes the renewal of an existing product and introducing a product into a new market. A central aspect of NPD is product design . New product development is the realization of a market opportunity by making a product available for purchase. The products developed by an commercial organisation provide

2960-597: The concept. Although the fuzzy front end may not be an expensive part of product development, it can consume 50% of development time (see Chapter 3 of the Smith and Reinertsen reference below), and it is where major commitments are typically made involving time, money, and the product's nature, thus setting the course for the entire project and final end product. Consequently, this phase should be considered as an essential part of development rather than something that happens "before development", and its cycle time should be included in

3034-454: The consumers goods sector is Robert G. Cooper. Over the last two decades he conducted significant work in the area of NPD. The Stage-Gate model developed in the 1980s was proposed as a new tool for managing new products development processes. This was mainly applied to the consumers goods industry. The 2010 APQC benchmarking study reveals that 88% of U.S. businesses employ a stage-gate system to manage new products, from idea to launch. In return,

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3108-402: The cost of new product development and improve their chances of success. There are many different roles in a product development team, however below is a list of some of the more common ones: Full-flow staged combustion The staged combustion cycle (sometimes known as topping cycle , preburner cycle , or closed cycle ) is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine . In

3182-496: The daily operation of a passenger transporter like the SpaceLiner, while also meeting the required reusability criteria. As of 2013, the concept study was funded by DLR's internal resources, as well as in the context of EU- FP7 funded projects such as FAST20XX and CHATT. In addition to DLR, various partners from the European aerospace sector are involved. At the end of 2012 investigations and ongoing studies conducted within context of

3256-435: The development and production phases. The nozzle expansion ratio is adapted to the different missions of the booster and passenger stages. Furthermore, liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen will be used as the propellants, a combination which is both very powerful while still remaining eco-friendly. New product development New product development ( NPD ) or product development in business and engineering covers

3330-541: The entire configuration process. SpaceLiner 1 was the first version, conceived in 2005. SpaceLiner 2 refers to the first version, which featured the integration of an innovative active cooling system for the areas of particularly high thermal stresses during atmospheric re-entry, which are the nose and wing leading edge sections. SpaceLiner 3 SpaceLiner 4 concept is a 2015 evolution of version 2 with improved aerodynamic and flight dynamic characteristics. Based on this configuration, various technologies necessary for

3404-435: The form of drawings, and the output of manufacturing is the product ready for sale. Basically, the design team will develop drawings with technical specifications representing the future product, and will send it to the manufacturing plant to be executed. Solving product/process fit problems is of high priority in information communication design because 90% of the development effort must be scrapped if any changes are made after

3478-525: The foundation of all the other models that have been developed afterwards. Significant work has been conducted in order to propose better models, but in fact these models can be easily linked to BAH model. The seven steps of the BAH model are: new product strategy , idea generation, screening and evaluation, business analysis, development, testing, and commercialization. Exploratory product development model (ExPD). Exploratory product development, which often goes by

3552-423: The fuel turbopump or fuel-rich gas from the oxidizer turbopump, thus improving reliability. Since the use of both fuel and oxidizer preburners results in full gasification of each propellant before entering the combustion chamber, FFSC engines belong to a broader class of rocket engines called gas-gas engines . Full gasification of components leads to faster chemical reactions in the combustion chamber, allowing

3626-459: The further development of an idea. It is the phase between first consideration of an opportunity and when it is judged ready to enter the structured development process (Kim and Wilemon, 2007; Koen et al., 2001). It includes all activities from the search for new opportunities through the formation of a germ of an idea to the development of a precise concept. The Fuzzy Front End phase ends when an organization approves and begins formal development of

3700-413: The high specific impulse and other specifications, Kuznetsov shipped an engine to the US for testing. Oxidizer-rich staged combustion had been considered by American engineers, but was not considered a feasible direction because of resources they assumed the design would require to make work. The Russian RD-180 engine also employs a staged-combustion rocket engine cycle. Lockheed Martin began purchasing

3774-531: The initial double delta wing of previous versions has been modified and replaced by a single delta wing. So far, subsystems such as the passenger cabin, the cryogenic tanks, the propellant feed system and the vehicle thermal protection have been preliminarily defined and integrated. Studies have also been carried out on the economic and logistical aspects of the concept, with preliminary calculations of expected program development and production costs given necessary assumptions. Possible routes, which have then formed

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3848-420: The means to generate income . Many technology-intensive organisations exploit technological innovation in a rapidly changing consumer market. A product can be a tangible asset or intangible. A service or user experience is intangible. In law, sometimes services and other processes are distinguished from "products". NPD requires an understanding of customer needs and wants, the competitive environment, and

3922-460: The middle of the five front-end stages and the possible outside barriers that can influence the process outcome. The engine represents the management driving the activities described. The front end of the innovation is the greatest area of weakness in the NPD process. This is mainly because the FFE is often chaotic, unpredictable and unstructured. Engineering design is the process whereby a technical solution

3996-540: The name SL7-100, this concept variant is suitable for Class 2 and Class 3 distance flights. To accommodate for the different SpaceLiner configurations, a long and short version of the booster stage have therefore been considered to accordingly fulfill the mission requirements depending on the required range, either in combination with the 50 or 100-passenger stage version. In addition, research into possible spaceport variants has been performed, determining mainland, offshore platform and artificial island possibilities, as well as

4070-402: The nature of the market. Cost, time, and quality are the main variables that drive customer needs. Aiming at these three variables, innovative companies develop continuous practices and strategies to better satisfy customer requirements and to increase their own market share by a regular development of new products. There are many uncertainties and challenges which companies must face throughout

4144-464: The need for co-located teams, which can result in significant cost savings such as a reduction in G&;A (general & administrative) overhead costs of consulting firms. Another way to reduce the cost of new product development is through the use of 24-hour development cycles. This approach allows companies to develop products more quickly and at a lower cost. By using a 24-hour cycle, companies can shorten

4218-438: The new product development process. This committee helps to ensure that all aspects of new product development are taken into account and that the company is able to track and assess the progress of new products. Companies may get a better overall picture of new product development by putting together a cross-functional team, which can help generate fresh ideas and give assistance in evaluating them. In difficult economic times, it

4292-446: The ones that differentiated from others, solved major customer problems, offer a compelling customer value proposition, and engage customers directly, and systematically. Systematic new product development focuses on creating a process that allows for the collection, review, and evaluation of new product ideas. Having a way in which employees, suppliers, distributors, and dealers become involved in finding and developing new products

4366-508: The preburner. Full-flow staged combustion (FFSC) is a twin-shaft staged combustion fuel cycle design that uses both oxidizer-rich and fuel-rich preburners where the entire supply of both propellants passes through the turbines. The fuel turbopump is driven by the fuel-rich preburner, and the oxidizer turbopump is driven by the oxidizer-rich preburner. Benefits of the full-flow staged combustion cycle include turbines that run cooler and at lower pressure, due to increased mass flow, leading to

4440-444: The process. The product development process typically consists of several activities that firms employ in the complex process of delivering new products to the market. A process management approach is used to provide a structure. Product development often overlaps much with the engineering design process, particularly if the new product being developed involves application of math and/or science. Every new product will pass through

4514-469: The product should do or have, at varying degrees of specificity, in order to meet the perceived market or business need The fuzzy front end (FFE) is the messy "getting started" period of new product engineering development processes. It is also referred to as the "Front End of Innovation", or "Idea Management". It is in the front end where the organization formulates a concept of the product to be developed and decides whether or not to invest resources in

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4588-456: The propelled section of the flight, are designed to remain below 2.5 g, and well below those experienced by the Space Shuttle astronauts. The concept design also foresees the passenger cabin to function as an autonomous rescue capsule which can be separated from the vehicle in case of an emergency, thus allowing the passengers to return safely to Earth. A key aspect of the SpaceLiner concept

4662-537: The prototype actually meets all design specifications that were established. PHASE 4: Fuzzy back-end or commercialization phase represent the action steps where the production and market launch occur. The front-end marketing phases have been very well researched, with valuable models proposed. Peter Koen et al. provides a five-step front-end activity called front-end innovation: opportunity identification, opportunity analysis, idea genesis, idea selection, and idea and technology development. He also includes an engine in

4736-480: The release to manufacturing. Conceptual models have been designed in order to facilitate a smooth product development process. Booz, Allen and Hamilton Model : One of the first developed models that companies still use in the NPD process is the Booz, Allen and Hamilton (BAH) Model, published in 1982. This is the best known model because it underlies the NPD systems that have been put forward later. This model represents

4810-427: The required infrastructure for a potential SpaceLiner spaceport. The specifications of the SpaceLiner 7 passenger version are: The SpaceLiner concept intends to use a single type of reusable liquid rocket engine, which operates in the full-flow staged combustion cycle mode. Having a common engine design for both SpaceLiner stages is in line with system commonality and is projected to support cost optimisation in both

4884-417: The second called main combustion chamber . In the preburner, a small portion of propellant, usually fuel-rich, is partly combusted under non- stoichiometric conditions , increasing the volume of flow driving the turbopumps that feed the engine with propellant. The gas is then injected into the main combustion chamber and combusted completely with the other propellant to produce thrust . The main advantage

4958-412: The staged combustion cycle, propellant flows through multiple combustion chambers , and is thus combusted in stages. The main advantage relative to other rocket engine power cycles is high fuel efficiency , measured through specific impulse , while its main disadvantage is engineering complexity . Typically, propellant flows through two kinds of combustion chambers; the first called preburner and

5032-408: The term "Exploratory PD." Rather than going through a set of discrete phases, like the phase-gate process , this exploratory product development process allows organizations to adapt to a landscape of shifting market circumstances and uncertainty by using a more flexible and adaptable product development process for both hardware and software. Where the traditional phase-gate approach works best in

5106-456: The time it takes to get a product to market, which can give them a competitive advantage and capability that can be extremely useful in cases where there is a sudden change in market conditions or customer needs. In difficult economic times, it is even more important for companies to focus on innovation and new product development. By using a variety of methods, such as virtual product development and 24-hour development cycles, companies can reduce

5180-434: The total development cycle time. Koen et al. (2001) distinguish five different front-end elements (not necessarily in a particular order): The first element is the opportunity identification. In this element, large or incremental business and technological chances are identified in a more or less structured way. Using the guidelines established here, resources will eventually be allocated to new projects, which then leads to

5254-474: The two turbopumps. Hydrolox engines are typically twin-shaft designs due to greatly differing propellant densities. In addition to the propellant turbopumps, staged combustion engines often require smaller boost pumps to prevent both preburner backflow and turbopump cavitation . For example, the RD-180 and RS-25 use boost pumps driven by tap-off and expander cycles , as well as pressurized tanks , to incrementally increase propellant pressure prior to entering

5328-635: The unsuccessful Lunar N1 rocket . The non-cryogenic N 2 O 4 / UDMH engine RD-253 using staged combustion was developed by Valentin Glushko circa 1963 for the Proton rocket . After the abandonment of the N1, Kuznetsov was ordered to destroy the NK-33 technology, but instead he warehoused dozens of the engines. In the 1990s, Aerojet was contacted and eventually visited Kuznetsov's plant. Upon meeting initial skepticism about

5402-400: Was first popularized by Smith and Reinertsen (1991). R.G. Cooper (1988) it describes the early stages of NPPD as a four-step process in which ideas are generated (I), subjected to a preliminary technical and market assessment (II) and merged to coherent product concepts (III) which are finally judged for their fit with existing product strategies and portfolios (IV). PHASE 2: Product design

5476-552: Was first proposed by Alexey Isaev in 1949. The first staged combustion engine was the S1.5400 (11D33) used in the Soviet Molniya rocket , designed by Melnikov, a former assistant to Isaev. About the same time (1959), Nikolai Kuznetsov began work on the closed cycle engine NK-9 for Korolev's orbital ICBM, GR-1 . Kuznetsov later evolved that design into the NK-15 and NK-33 engines for

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