42-507: Southern Kaduna ( Tyap : A̱tak Ka̱duna [ǝtag kǝduna] ; Jju : Ka̱tak Ka̱duna [kǝtag kǝduna] ; Hausa : Kudancin Kaduna [kudǝnt͡ʃin kəduna] ; formerly Southern Zaria) is an area of the Nok Culture region inhabited by various related ethnic groups who do not identify as Hausa , living south of Zaria , Kaduna State . It is located in
84-482: A 'guess and correction' algorithm. As well, a very good model of the local crustal velocity structure is required: seismic velocities vary with the local geology. For P waves, the relation between velocity and bulk density of the medium has been quantified in Gardner's relation . Before the instrumental period of earthquake observation, the epicenter was thought to be the location where the greatest damage occurred, but
126-774: A division of the Benue-Congo languages. Achi (2005) stated that the Atyap speak a language in the Kwa group of the Benue-Congo language family. However, according to Bitiyong, Y. I., in Achi et al. (2019:44), the Kataf Group (an old classification) to which Tyap language belongs, is a member of the eastern Plateau. He went further to suggest that by utilizing a glotochronological time scale established for Yoruba and Edo languages and their neighbours,
168-504: A list of minerals across the country, which amounted to a total of 74 minerals; 34 were declared fit for mining on a commercial scale, with Southern Kaduna having over 30 minerals with over fifty percent (50%) of them minable. In August 2016, the NTA reported the discovery of nickel in the village of Dangoma, a village over 11 km south of Kafanchan , by a private mining network led by an Australian mining veteran, Hugh Morgan . The Australian
210-482: A macroseismic epicenter can be given. The word is derived from the Neo-Latin noun epicentrum , the latinisation of the ancient Greek adjective ἐπίκεντρος ( epikentros ), "occupying a cardinal point, situated on a centre", from ἐπί ( epi ) "on, upon, at" and κέντρον ( kentron ) " centre ". The term was coined by Irish seismologist Robert Mallet . It is also used to mean "center of activity", as in "Travel
252-443: A period of up to 2,000 years was needed to create clearly identifiable dialect separation and that it is thus a slow process of steady population growth and expansion and cultural differentiation over thousands of years. He thereafter summarized that the implication for Tyap is that it has taken thousands of years to separate, in the same general geographical location from its about six most closely related dialects and stated that as
294-432: A sub-unit, they required probably more thousands of years earlier to separate from other members of the "Kataf group" like Gyong , Hyam , Duya and Ashe (Koro) who are little intelligible to them. The stability of language and other culture traits in this region of Nigeria has been recognized. Tyap has a number of dialects, including: The Tyap alphabet ( Zwunzwuo A̱lyem Tyap ji ) had 39 letters, as drafted by
336-445: A third seismograph would there be a precise location. Modern earthquake location still requires a minimum of three seismometers. Most likely, there are many, forming a seismic array. The emphasis is on precision since much can be learned about the fault mechanics and seismic hazard , if the locations can be determined to be within a kilometer or two, for small earthquakes. For this, computer programs use an iterative process, involving
378-509: Is gbang far A̱li nung ka shyia̱ gbang Epicentre The epicenter ( / ˈ ɛ p ɪ ˌ s ɛ n t ər / ), epicentre , or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth 's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus , the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates. The primary purpose of a seismometer is to locate the initiating points of earthquake epicenters. The secondary purpose, of determining
420-495: Is also known by its Hausa exonym as Katab or Kataf. It is also known by the names of its dialectical varieties including Sholyio, Fantswam , Gworok , Takad, "Mabatado" (Tyap 'proper'), Tyeca̱rak and Tyuku (Tuku). In spite of being listed separately from the Tyap cluster, Jju 's separation, according to Blench R.M. (2018), seems to be increasingly ethnic rather than a linguistic reality. Native Tyap speakers are primarily found in
462-508: Is restricted in the Chinese province thought to be the epicentre of the SARS outbreak." Garner's Modern American Usage gives several examples of use in which "epicenter" is used to mean "center". Garner also refers to a William Safire article in which Safire quotes a geophysicist as attributing the use of the term to "spurious erudition on the part of writers combined with scientific illiteracy on
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#1732869754308504-557: The FCT . Meek (1931:2) suggested that the Katab (Atyap), Morwa (Asholyio), Ataka (Atakad) and Kagoro (Agworok) speak a common tongue and may be regarded as one; and later on, McKinney (1983:290) commented that the Kaje ( Bajju ) should likewise be included with the above, due to the linguistic and cultural similarities shared by them. Murdock (1959) classified Kagoro (Gworok) and other dialects comprising
546-640: The Middle Belt region of Nigeria . According to the Southern Kaduna People's Union (SOKAPU), Southern Kaduna consists of 12 (or 13) Local Government Areas out of 23 in Kaduna State. In September 2020, the SOKAPU national publicity secretary, Luka Binniyat, in a statement he signed said the region makes up 51.2% of the entire state's population as shown in the 2006 census figures, occupying 26,000 sq. km. of
588-473: The Nigerian federal government and stated that 85% of Nigeria's ginger production was from Kaduna State, largely contributing to making the country the 2nd highest producer of the crop in the world. He added that Nigeria realized about 10 billion Naira from the export of the crop in the 2nd quarter of that year. In May 2024, Daily Trust reported that in addition to the loss of seeds to the outbreak, farmers faced
630-742: The local government areas of Jema'a , Kaura and Zangon Kataf , although pockets of speakers are also found in Kachia and Kauru in southern Kaduna state, and Riyom (especially Takad speakers ) in Plateau State of Nigeria . There are also large speaking communities in Kaduna South and Chikun Local Government Areas of the state. Skoggard (2014) presented the distribution of the Atyap (Katab) people in Nigeria to include: Niger , Nasarawa , Kaduna states and
672-417: The 'size' or magnitude must be calculated after the precise location is known. The earliest seismographs were designed to give a sense of the direction of the first motions from an earthquake. The Chinese frog seismograph would have dropped its ball in the general compass direction of the earthquake, assuming a strong positive pulse. We now know that first motions can be in almost any direction depending on
714-623: The Council. The listing of the SOKAPU under the SKLC, however, was not popular with some members of the SOKAPU executive as the group was soon plunged into an internal crisis which climaxed with the resignation of Maisamari. In 2021, while speaking to Guardian Nigeria , the SOKAPU President, Jonathan Asake stated that Southern Kaduna had demanded the creation of Gurara State for over 30 years. He added that
756-753: The Tyap Literacy Committee (TLC) during the early 1990s: However, a current development as of 2018, has the Tyap Basic Alphabetical Chart reduced to 24, as follows: The letter "ch" would henceforth be represented by the symbol "c", without the "h". All others remain the same. The seven vowels of Tyap may either be short or long monophthongs sounds. The language has five (or six) diphthongs : /ei(/əi) ea əu ai oi/ . The language has over 80 monographic and digraph labialized and palatalized consonant sounds, classified into fortis and lenis modifications. The following table contains
798-591: The area are Hausa, English and the Nigerian Pidgin. Southern Kaduna consists of a diverse minority of ethnolinguistic groups, who speak languages belonging to the Niger–Congo and West Chadic language groups. Below are the languages and dialects spoken by the people of Southern Kaduna: In the mid-2000s, former Nigerian Minister of Solid Minerals during the Olusegun Obasanjo regime, Leslie Obiora, compiled
840-598: The availability of ginger processing companies all over the region. Still, today, most of those companies have shut down without efforts to revive them on the government's side. A fungal disease outbreak was noticed across many areas in Southern Kaduna in the first week of July 2023. In September 2023, while speaking in Kachia , the President of the National Ginger Association of Nigeria, Nuhu B. Dauda, decried
882-547: The council announced included the Southern Kaduna Elders Consultative Forum, Southern Kaduna Autochthonous Community Development Associations Forum, Forum of Southern Kaduna Professors, Southern Kaduna Christian Leaders Association, Southern Kaduna Retired Military and Para-Military Officers Association, Southern Kaduna Lawyers Forum, Southern Kaduna Leaders Forum, and the Visionaries for the formation of
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#1732869754308924-511: The current Tyap language group as "Plateau Nigerian", in his "Semi-Bantu" branch of "Bantoid subfamily" of "Negritic Stock". Tyap and Jju were placed by Greenberg (1963) under the "Plateau II" branch of the Benue-Congo language family. Later on, Gerhardt (1974) made a reconstruction of the branch, assigning it as "proto-Plateau". Again in 1989, Gerhardt placed Tyap and Jju under the South-Central subgroup, Central group, Plateau branch of Platoid,
966-425: The exploration community. The newspaper added, "...the discovery is unusual because the nickel is found in small balls up to 3mm in diameter of a high purity in shallow soils in what could be the surface expression of a much bigger hard-rock nickel field." Southern Kaduna is the epicentre of ginger production in Nigeria. In the 1990s, ginger farmers enjoyed profit from the sales of their harvested crops due to
1008-533: The first seismograms, as seen in the figure, it was noticed that the trace was divided into two major portions. The first seismic wave to arrive was the P wave , followed closely by the S wave . Knowing the relative 'velocities of propagation', it was a simple matter to calculate the distance of the earthquake. One seismograph would give the distance, but that could be plotted as a circle, with an infinite number of possibilities. Two seismographs would give two intersecting circles, with two possible locations. Only with
1050-416: The focus and then expands along the fault surface. The rupture stops where the stresses become insufficient to continue breaking the fault (because the rocks are stronger) or where the rupture enters ductile material. The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the total area of its fault rupture. Most earthquakes are small, with rupture dimensions less than the depth of the focus so the rupture doesn't break
1092-501: The hypocenter. Seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter because the planet's liquid outer core refracts the longitudinal or compressional ( P waves ) while it absorbs the transverse or shear waves ( S waves ). Outside the seismic shadow zone, both types of wave can be detected, but because of their different velocities and paths through the Earth, they arrive at different times. By measuring
1134-485: The itinerant Hausa traders became important. The table below contains the 12 Local Government Areas of Southern Kaduna: Southern Kaduna is composed of closely related ethnic groups and several subgroups united by a common culture and history . James (2000) classified these people based on their ethno-linguistic affinities under the topic "The Middle Belt (Composition of the Nok Culture Area )", and grouping
1176-528: The loss of about 10 billion Naira by the state's economy due to the strange disease that affected the ginger production for the year. A month later, in October, while also speaking on the outbreak of ginger blight , a fungal disease, across seven Local Government Areas of Southern Kaduna, which affected about 2,500 farm hectares, the senator representing Kaduna South Senatorial District , Sunday Marshall Katung , in an interview with Arise News demanded support from
1218-540: The main basic consonant sounds of Tyap: Tyap has the SVO constituent order type as illustrated below in the first given example: Shyimfwuo Shyimfwuo wan cook. PST kyayak food hu DET Shyimfwuo wan kyayak hu Shyimfwuo cook.PST food DET ‘Shyimfwuo cooked the food.’ N I na will. MOD ngya eat bah NEG N na ngya bah I will.MOD eat NEG ‘I will not eat.’ A̱li House nung my ka DET shyia̱
1260-549: The proposed state was among the 18 proposed states in the report of the 2014 Nigerian National Confab conducted during the presidency of Goodluck Jonathan given amending the Nigerian constitution . Among the notable people from Southern Kaduna are: [REDACTED] Media related to Southern Kaduna at Wikimedia Commons Tyap language Tyap is a regionally important dialect cluster of Plateau languages in Nigeria 's Middle Belt , named after its prestige dialect . It
1302-425: The range of 2,000−10,000 km. Once distances from the epicenter have been calculated from at least three seismographic measuring stations, the point can be located, using trilateration . Epicentral distance is also used in calculating seismic magnitudes as developed by Richter and Gutenberg . The point at which fault slipping begins is referred to as the focus of the earthquake. The fault rupture begins at
Southern Kaduna - Misplaced Pages Continue
1344-482: The risk of being kidnapped by kidnappers in their farmlands around Kachia and Kagarko Local Government Areas. It was asserted by Kazah-Toure (1999:130) that Southern Kaduna took a lead in education in the defunct Northern Region , during the period around the Nigerian Civil War (between 1966 and 1970s). Bonat (1989:55) claims that a majority of the educated people from this region who are non-Hausa, were in
1386-452: The separation of the Kataf Group into distinguishable dialects and dialect clusters would require thousands of years. Also mentioned was that, Between Igala and Yoruba language, for example, at least 2,000 years were required to develop the distinction, while 6,000 years were needed for the differences observable in a comparison of Idoma and Yoruba language clusters noting further that this indicates that even within dialect clusters,
1428-461: The state's 46,000 sq. km. total land mass, with 57 registered ethnic nationalities of the state's 67 identified ones. Angerbrandt (2015) views it as being less of a geographical identity and more of an ethnic identity concept. The Nok culture thrived in the area now known as Southern Kaduna as early as 1500 BC and lasted up until circa 500 AD. Achi (2005:378) mentioned that the itinerary settlement of Zangon Kataf , established circa 1650 AD for
1470-699: The subgroups into the following groups: The above grouping on the Proto- Plateau ethnolinguistic clusters was however modified based on the spoken languages by Blench (2008) as follows: Outside of James (2000)'s classification lie the groups from the Proto- West Chadic ethnolinguistic cluster: The Southern kaduna population is estimated to be over 4.5 million people out of the estimated 8.5 million population in Kaduna state in 2016. Predicted 5.1 million people out of 12 million predicted population of Kaduna State in 2021. The common general languages spoken in
1512-726: The subsurface fault rupture may be long and spread surface damage across the entire rupture zone. As an example, in the magnitude 7.9 Denali earthquake of 2002 in Alaska , the epicenter was at the western end of the rupture, but the greatest damage was about 330 km (210 mi) away at the eastern end. Focal depths of earthquakes occurring in continental crust mostly range from 2 to 20 kilometers (1.2 to 12.4 mi). Continental earthquakes below 20 km (12 mi) are rare whereas in subduction zone earthquakes can originate at depths deeper than 600 km (370 mi). During an earthquake, seismic waves propagates in all directions from
1554-704: The surface, but in high magnitude, destructive earthquakes, surface breaks are common. Fault ruptures in large earthquakes can extend for more than 100 km (62 mi). When a fault ruptures unilaterally (with the epicenter at or near the end of the fault break) the waves are stronger in one direction along the fault. The macroseismic epicenter is the best estimate of the location of the epicenter derived without instrumental data. This may be estimated using intensity data, information about foreshocks and aftershocks, knowledge of local fault systems or extrapolations from data regarding similar earthquakes. For historical earthquakes that have not been instrumentally recorded, only
1596-582: The teaching profession and in the middle cadre of the civil service in contrast to the Hausa who were dominant at the highest bureaucratic levels. In March 2024, a group, Kaduna Indigenous Publishers Network spoke of the establishment of the Southern Kaduna Educational and Human Capacity Development Commission, to create access for the youths of the region to good education and training opportunities. The Southern Kaduna People's Union (SOKAPU) had been
1638-406: The time difference on any seismograph and the distance on a travel-time graph on which the P wave and S wave have the same separation, geologists can calculate the distance to the quake's epicenter. This distance is called the epicentral distance , commonly measured in ° (degrees) and denoted as Δ (delta) in seismology. The Láska's empirical rule provides an approximation of epicentral distance in
1680-468: The type of initiating rupture ( focal mechanism ). The first refinement that allowed a more precise determination of the location was the use of a time scale. Instead of merely noting, or recording, the absolute motions of a pendulum , the displacements were plotted on a moving graph, driven by a clock mechanism. This was the first seismogram , which allowed precise timing of the first ground motion , and an accurate plot of subsequent motions. From
1722-531: The umbrella socio-cultural body for the about 67 recognized ethnic groups of Southern Kaduna over the decades. The group is currently under the leadership of Samuel Tabara Kato. He succeeded Awemi Dio Maisamari in December 2023 as National President of SOKAPU. In September 2022, the Southern Kaduna Leadership Council (SKLC) chaired by Ishaya Dary Akau, listed SOKAPU as its member. Other members of
Southern Kaduna - Misplaced Pages Continue
1764-432: Was said to have reported that the discovered nickel balls which are rumored to have a nickel grade exceeding 90 percent and believed to be a global innovation due to their wide distribution, present an opportunity for generating immediate revenue through a straightforward and cost-effective screening process. This revenue can be utilized to finance a comprehensive evaluation of the discovery, which has sparked excitement within
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