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66-515: In the biosphere reserve all the classic landscape and coastal features of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern littoral are found within one small area. The land is deeply indented here by the sea. One the one hand, peninsulas and coastal headlands are linked by narrow strips of land, on the other side they are separated by lagoons known as boddens and open bays called Wieken locally. There are fine-sanded beaches and rugged cliffed coastlines , at

132-576: A comparatively short period between spits and offshore sandbars. These shallow glacial scoops were then subjected to extensive sedimentation during the Holocene , resulting in lakes with depths of no more than 4–6 metres. Thermal and saline stratification is extremely unstable under these conditions, and bodden have the typical dynamics of small bodies of water with a sea connection, which is a rapid filling and draining due to tidal and wind action, and inflow of fresh water. The frequent movement of water can lead to

198-701: A nature reserve was given to the Dornbusch, the Schwedenhagener Ufer and the Altbessin in 1937. From 1916 to 1921, the photographer Elfriede Reichelt visited the island several times. Between 1922 and 1925, Max Taut built a house on Hiddensee every year. The most famous is the Karusel in Vitte, built in 1922, which the silent film actress Asta Nielsen bought as a residence in 1928 and for which Bruno Taut had designed

264-477: A rectory and schoolhouse, and two workers' houses. Only then did the village gradually grow to its present size. A number of artists, writers or even scientists settled in the village or on its outskirts; Kloster has become known as the place of residence of Gerhart Hauptmann , who was buried in the island cemetery there. Vitte was first mentioned in a document in 1513. The name comes from Low German and means settlement of herring fishermen. Vitte soon developed into

330-403: A replacement for the abandoned village of Glambeck. Here the character of the old fishing village has been preserved the most on the island. Its development structure with houses on a common meadow area without constructed paths is considered unique, the village as a whole is under monument protection. Plogshagen is a foundation from times of colonization by German settlers after the foundation of

396-550: A result, Hiddensee is one of the sunniest places in Germany. One special feature is so-called transperiod wind circulation, when there are weak, offshore wind conditions, and which is caused by the different temperatures over the sea and land. This produces a sea breeze in late morning that abates in the afternoon or evening. The longstanding annual average temperature on the island is 8 °C (46 °F). The average wind speed in Kloster

462-538: A scouring effect, but can also with heavy pollution show a tendency toward eutrophication . Due to erosion of cliffs and sedimentary deposition, the shape of the bodden coasts remains unstable. Sudden changes have been caused by stormfloods, which repeatedly closed connections to the sea or opened new ones in the past. Bodden-type bays can be found in Mecklenburg , and in Denmark , where they are called Nor ( da ). However,

528-519: A short-time curator of the University of Greifswald. The family of Paul Wüstenberg was the tenant of the 239 ha town estate. At the end of the 1930s, bunkers and anti-aircraft weapons were built at Enddorn for air defense during World War II, as well as a jetty at Schwedenhagen for material transport. The bunkers were blown up by the Soviet Army in 1945 (the debris was not removed until the 2000s) and

594-537: A word that was used to refer to places where fish was sold. In Vitte is the parish hall and council administration. In addition there is the ferry landing stage for the goods ferry that brings delivery and waste disposal vehicles from Schaprode on the island of Rügen. Goods are transferred to trailers that are pulled by electric tractors and distributed to the food markets and restaurants on the island. Sometimes smaller goods are still delivered by horse and cart . The heath landscape on Hiddensee, between Vitte and Neuendorf,

660-611: Is 7 metres per second (16 mph). In comparison to the nearby island of Rügen, the average annual precipitation on Hiddensee is markedly less at 540 millimetres (21 in). In 2008, Hiddensee-Dornbusch was the sunniest place in Germany, as reported by the weather service, Meteomedia , with 2,168 hours of sunshine . The data was gathered by Meteomedia's own weather station ( 54°36′N 13°07′E  /  54.60°N 13.12°E  / 54.60; 13.12  ( Wetterstation Hiddensee-Bornbusch ) ; 69 m above NN ). The Hiddensee weather station has recorded

726-547: Is also part of Vitte. In Vitte is the oldest surviving house on the island, the Witch's House ( German : Hexenhaus ), the old summer house for Adolf Reichwein . In addition there is the last tented cinema and the puppet theatre Seebühne Hiddensee . Neuendorf is the southernmost settlement on Hiddensee. The inhabitants of Neuendorf are known by the rest of the island as the Southerners ( German : Die Süder ). Although Neuendorf

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792-568: Is bounded by the Schaproder Bodden and Vitter Bodden to the east, the Gellenstrom (the shipping channel to Stralsund) to the south and the open Baltic Sea to the west and north. The following settlements are located on the island: Kloster, Vitte, Neuendorf, Grieben. Grieben is the northernmost place on the island. Its name is derived from the Slavic word for mushroom. Grieben was one of

858-697: Is further connected to the Oder Lagoon by the Peenestrom , another bodden-type strait with Spandowerhagener Wiek , Krösliner See , Hohendorfer See , Krumminer Wiek and Achterwasser . The bodden are important sanctuaries for many species of birds and are especially important resting places for migratory birds like cranes and geese. This was the reason for the establishment of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park ( Nationalpark Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft ), comprising most of

924-439: Is only six kilometres (3.7 mi) from Vitte, its inhabitants speak a different dialect. Large parts of Neuendorf resemble a large pasture on which the houses are arranged like a piece of string. There are no paths in places, so that some addresses may only be reached by walking over the grass. Neuendorf has its own harbour. Neuendorf consists of two originally independent villages: the older one, Plogshagen , existed as early as

990-739: Is the Dornbusch. In Kloster are the Hiddensee Biological Station and the Hiddensee Bird Observatory, both branches of the University of Greifswald , which were both formed out of the Hiddensee Biological Research Institute, founded in 1930. Vitte (pronounced: Fitte ), first mentioned in 1513, is the main settlement and the largest and most central village on the island. The name is a derivation of vit ;

1056-409: Is thus relatively recent. Hiddensee is about 16.8 kilometres (10.4 mi) long, about 250 metres (270 yd) wide at its narrowest point and about 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) wide at its broadest point. It is the largest island within the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and belongs to the district of Vorpommern-Rügen in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . It lies west of

1122-514: The Gesta Danorum written by Saxo Grammaticus and means "Island of Hedin". The legendary Norwegian king, Hedin, was supposed to have fought here for a woman or even just for gold. Under Danish rule the name Hedins-Oe ("Hedin's Island") was common. Even in 1880 the island was shown in German maps as Hiddensjö and, in 1929, in German holiday guides as Hiddensöe . Its full Germanization to Hiddensee

1188-544: The Biological Station of Hiddensee since 1930 and is used as a doctoral student house. In 1927, a police regulation was issued prohibiting the use of motor vehicles on the island. Only the island doctor and the local police were allowed to use a motorcycle. In the same year the island was connected to the electricity grid and three years later the Biological Research Station was founded by Erich Leick from

1254-566: The German coast. The island has about 1,000 inhabitants. It was a holiday destination for East German tourists during German Democratic Republic (GDR) times, and continues to attract tourists today. It is the location of the University of Greifswald 's ornithological station. Gerhart Hauptmann and Walter Felsenstein are buried there. The name Hedinsey surfaces as early as the Prose Edda and

1320-507: The Hiddensee Bird Observatory  [ de ] was established on the island. The population of Hiddensee has shrunk in recent years. While an estimated 1,261 people lived on Hiddensee in 1990, an estimate in 2001 put the number at only 1,173, and in 2011 the census revealed only 995 inhabitants. Since then, the exodus seems to have stopped; the 2021 estimate resulted in 994 inhabitants. More women (52.1%) than men live on

1386-580: The Island Church , intended for the farmers and fishermen of the island, took place in today's Kloster district outside the monastery walls. With the transfer of the baptismal font from the Gellenkirche to the new church, pastoral duties have been carried out from there ever since. The barrel vault, built in around 1781, received a painting with rose decoration by the Berlin painter Nikolaus Niemeier in 1922. In

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1452-829: The Modern Era . It was made a biosphere reserve in 1990 as part of the GDR 's national park programme. The biosphere reserve has several core zones or total reserves. These include the Schwarzer See in the Granitz as well as the islands of Vilm and parts of the Mönchgut and Zicker peninsulas. The seven nature reserves cover an area of 4,084 hectares: 54°24′9″N 13°33′52″E  /  54.40250°N 13.56444°E  / 54.40250; 13.56444 Bodden Bodden are briny bodies of water often forming lagoons , along

1518-527: The University of Greifswald , which together with an ornithological station became the Biological Research Institute of Hiddensee in 1936. In 1937, work began on the large stone embankment with stone groynes in front of the Hucke. It was planned to protect the entire approximately four-kilometer-long break-off bank of the Dornbusch with a rampart. In addition to protecting the island, the intention

1584-441: The monastery was called Kloster Hiddensee for the entire time of its existence. In the fall of 2008, archaeologists excavating under the direction of medieval archaeologist Felix Biermann discovered ten burials on the grounds of the former Cistercian monastery. Nine graves were found north of the monastery church and one in the cloister east of the west wing of the enclosure . Bettina Jungklaus anthropologically examined

1650-497: The national park und is out-of-bounds. On the island are two nature reserves, the Dünenheide auf der Insel Hiddensee Nature Reserve  [ de ] between Neuendorf and Vitte and the Dornbusch und Schwedenhagener Ufer Nature Reserve  [ de ] in the north. The Naturschutzgesellschaft Hiddensee und Boddenlandschaft maintains a national park house in Vitte, with a permanent exhibition of fauna and flora. In 1936

1716-507: The 13th century and the actual Neuendorf, which was formed in 1700 by relocation of people from Glambek . Ruins of these settlements are still recognisable today northeast of Neuendorf parish. South of Neuendorf lies the so-called Gellen , an important bird reserve that belongs to conservation zone I of the West Pomeranian Lagoon Area National Park and is thus out-of-bounds to the public. The first settlements on

1782-504: The Dornbusch and two older island cores became islands. 4,500 years ago the salt water currents from the North Sea were sharply reduced. The Baltic has slowly become less salty since. As a result of coastal erosion (land denudation, drift and deposition) the islands changed to their present shapes over the course of time. For example, the former three island cores were joined to one another by accretion. This process still carried sand away from

1848-614: The Hiddensee is a region undergoing constant change. The landmasses carried away from its northern tip are washed up again at the southern end and on the east side of the Schaproder Bodden . This has caused the formation of two geologically recent spits at the southern end of the Gellen : the Alter Bessin und Neuer Bessin . The Alter Bessin began to appear about 300 to 400 years ago and

1914-463: The adventurous mooring or disembarking at the level of the ferry island was no longer necessary. From 1892 onwards, steamships operated regularly between Stralsund and Kloster for the first time. From 1905, with the founding of the medical association, the first doctor on Hiddensee received his license. With the almost simultaneous construction of five large hotels in Kloster ( Haus Hitthim in 1909, Zum Klausner in 1911, Wieseneck and Haus am Meer -

1980-570: The bodden between Darß and Rügen . Traditionally bodden have been good fishing areas, rich in mesolithic community sites, in particular the Pomeranian bodden of Rügen , Greifswald and Peenestrom . From these waters anglers regularly land 10–15 kg pike . Hiddensee Hiddensee ( German pronunciation: [ˈhɪdn̩zeː] ) is a car-free island in the Baltic Sea , located west of Germany's largest island, Rügen , on

2046-451: The coastal section from Hucke to the museum of local history as well as from there along the coast to Gellen ( Karkensee ). The section of coast in front of Vitte was excluded from this, because the Vitter rejected the government's offered reforestation for the reason that access to the beach for tourists would then be impeded. In 1864 and 1872, the island was hit by severe storm floods . During

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2112-462: The color concept of the house. Just near Karusel is another house by Max Taut, Haus Weidermann , built in 1923 for the Berlin merchant Karl Weidermann. In Kloster stand the Haus Pingel , built for the interior designer Walter Pingel in 1924 (significantly altered structurally in the 1960s), and right next to it the house built in 1925 for the Berlin publisher Max Gehlen, which has been on the grounds of

2178-568: The course of the Reformation , the monastery was dissolved in 1536. During the Thirty Years' War from 1618 to 1648, soldiers burned down the mixed oak forest on the Dornbusch on Wallenstein's orders in 1628, thus depriving the Danes of the opportunity to extract timber. Even in the 21st century, the ash layer from that time can still be seen on the roadsides near the lighthouse a few centimeters below

2244-492: The district of Rügen (until 1939, the district of Rügen). In 1836, Stralsund's Holy Spirit Monastery acquired the island, and the first schools on the island were built in Plogshagen and Kloster in 1837 and 1840, respectively. In the years between 1854 and 1864, a reorganization of the land relations also took place on Hiddensee in the context of the redemption of the real burdens (liberation of farmers). Until 1861, Hiddensee

2310-511: The first flood, Hiddensee broke in two due to a complete flooding at the narrowest point of the island, south of Neuendorf, which could only be reversed by extensive reconstruction measures six years later. After the second storm flood, the Hiddensee treasure , a Viking work from the 10th century, is said to have been found. A replica of it can be seen in the Hiddensee Museum of Local History ,

2376-484: The following extreme values: Again and again Hiddensee was hit by storm flood . For example, the island is said to have been separated from the island of Rügen by the All Saints' Flood in 1304, but this has not been proven with certainty. In 1864 and 1865 Hiddensee was breached three times by storm floods between Hohen Dünschen Garn and Peterbergschen Garn, a very shallow and thin area. The 1872 Baltic Sea flood flooded

2442-504: The foot of which are impressive rocky beaches. Broad belts of reed girdle the shores. Beech woods or poor grasslands are found on the sites of terminal moraines and meadows and pastures in the depressions formed after the Ice Ages . Cultural features include megalithic tombs of the New Stone Age , Bronze Age tumuli , medieval churches and village layouts, and the resort architecture of

2508-479: The former Cistercian abbey , which stood from 1296 to 1536 in the vicinity of the present harbour in Kloster. It was dissolved with the Reformation . Today Kloster with its Gerhart Hauptmann Haus, the island church and island cemetery with the graves of Gerhart Hauptmann , Walter Felsenstein and Gret Palucca is the cultural centre of Hiddensee. It lies on the edge of the uplands ( Hochland ), whose highest point

2574-495: The fortress Jaromarsburg at Cape Arkona on Rügen , Christianized and brought under Danish feudal dependence. Hiddensee was thus under Danish sovereignty . On 13 April 1296 the prince of Rügen, Wizlaw II , donated the island of Hiddensee, "as it was surrounded by the salt sea", to the Neuenkamp Abbey . There, a Cistercian abbey named Nikolaikamp was founded, named after St. Nicholas as the patron saint of sailors. In fact,

2640-538: The highlands in the north to the lowlands in the south, there are the following mountains, gorges and shapes (altitude above sea level in parentheses, rounded): Hiddensee is dominated macro-climatically by the Baltic Sea coastal climate with frequent alternation between maritime and continental influences ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ). Characteristically it has frequent, brisk and changeable winds and long periods of sunshine. This averages 1,850 hours per year. As

2706-472: The hollows filled with water; the predecessor of what became the Baltic Sea, Ancylus Lake emerged. As a result, only protruding ridges like the Dornbusch remained visible, as islands. The overall shape of the coast in the southern area of the Baltic Sea was formed during the Littorina Transgression about 7,000 to 2,500 years ago. Around 5,000 years ago, the sea level attained its present level and

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2772-423: The island again near Plogshagen. There is still a threat of the island being divided into a southern and a northern part, which could only be prevented by extensive coastal protection measures so far. Hiddensee is the largest island in the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and blends an old cultural landscape with the wood pastures of the original dune heathland. The large accumulations of new land in

2838-507: The island of Rügen and is divided into an undulating, over 70-metre-high (230 ft) northern part ( Dornbusch , whose highest point is the Bakenberg at 72 m above  sea level (NN) ), a dune and heath landscape in the central area ( Dünenheide ) and a flat, only few-metres-high southern part, the Gellen . In the northeast are the two three-kilometre-long (1.9 mi) spits of Alter Bessin and Neuer Bessin . The island

2904-645: The island took place in the middle and younger Stone Age. After a large part of the Germanic population had left the southern Baltic region in the 6th century AD, the Rani (Slavs) took possession of the island. The Hiddensee treasure , as well as the name of the islet, testify that the area was then in the sphere of influence of the Vikings in the 9th/10th century. In 1168 the Rans were defeated by King Waldemar I of Denmark by conquering

2970-496: The island. Of the 994 inhabitants, 124 are under the age of eighteen. The municipality of Insel Hiddensee ("Island of Hiddensee") has four subdivisions (from north to south): Grieben is the oldest, northernmost and smallest village on Hiddensee and lies on the eastern edge of the uplands of the island. Its name comes from the Slavic grib (for "mushroom"). Grieben has no harbour of its own. The parish of Kloster gets its name from

3036-414: The jetty was developed by VEB Erdöl-Erdgas Grimmen for experimental oil drilling in the 1960s. The pier was subsequently used, from 1974, by a pusher for island supply and demolished in 2010. On 4-5 May 1945 Soviet troops occupied the island. In the same year as in the following year, the Hiddensee estate was divided into 18 new farms as part of the land reform . On 28 July 1946 Gerhart Hauptmann

3102-410: The largest town on the island due to its central location on the narrow island. Along with Grieben, Glambeck was one of the two settlements existing on the island in Slavic times, the name means deep place. Already before 1700 the place became deserted . In the 21st century a field name one kilometer north of Neuendorf reminds of the former place. The village was established around 1700, probably as

3168-620: The later Vogelwarte - both in 1913, and in the same year the Dornbusch, which had been expanded from an inn to a hotel), the number of tourists increased by leaps and bounds and Kloster became the island's main tourist resort. With the founding of the Hiddensee Nature Conservation Association, the Fährinsel was declared a nature reserve in 1910 and Gellen and Gänsewerder in 1922 by the Prussian government. The status of

3234-450: The levies, drove the people of Hiddensee to 104 days of forced labor annually on his estates and prevented a school for the children. Under him, the free peasants in Grieben became serfs. Even when King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden abolished serfdom in 1806, nothing changed on Hiddensee. From 1815, Hiddensee and Vorpommern belonged to Prussia until the end of World War II and was assigned to

3300-404: The monastery. The name is said to be derived from the personal name Plog. Today Plogshagen has largely grown together with Neuendorf. The island of Hiddensee is, from a geological perspective, a very young landscape and was formed during the last ice age about 12,000 years ago. The ice age left behind here a Young Drift landscape . As a result of thawing inland ice, the underlying land rose and

3366-619: The most typical bodden are located off the Pomeranian mainland between the mouth of the Recknitz river and the island of Usedom . Several adjacent bodden between the Fischland-Darß-Zingst peninsula, Hiddensee , the northern and western peninsulae of Rügen and the Pomeranian mainland are grouped as Bodden chains ( Boddenketten ): Another bodden is the Bay of Greifswald ( Greifswalder Bodden ),

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3432-476: The north of the Dornbusch. In 2000, 60,000 cubic metres (2.1 million cubic feet) of till twice broke off from the northern tip of the Hiddensee in the area of the Toter Kerl and collapsed into the sea. On average the cliff edges of the Dornbusch recede about 30 centimetres (1 ft) per year. In mid-March 2004 another 10,000 cubic metres (0.35 million cubic feet) collapsed into the sea. Geologically seen

3498-525: The northeast (Alter and Neuer Bessin) and south (at the Gellen) of Hiddensee offer habitats for numerous invertebrates, such as worms and mussels. These in turn provide nourishment for many migrating birds. For example, the area around the island is one of the most important crane roosting areas in Germany. The southern tip of the island is, like the Neuer Bessin was therefore classified as conservation zone I of

3564-678: The northern parts of which constitute the Rügischer Bodden with Schoritzer Wiek , Wreechensee , Having Inlet with Neuensiener See and Selliner See , and Hagensche Wiek . To the south, the Bay of Greifswald comprises Gristower Inwiek , Kooser See and Dänische Wieck ( Danish Bay ). The Bay of Greifswald is connected to the West Rügen bodden chain by the Strelasund , a bodden-type strait with Glewitzer Wiek , Puddeminer Wiek and Deviner See ; it

3630-484: The open sea. Freshwater inflow from the mainland and saltwater inflow from the open sea, which depends on wind direction and force as well as the proximity of the bodden to the sea, result in fluctuating salt gradients and distinctive ecosystems. During the Littorina Sea transgression, an island archipelago was formed by the carving of narrow glacial basins and channels resulting from meltwater . Bodden were formed in

3696-623: The original is on display in the Stralsund Museum . In 1874, the district of Hiddensee was formed in the German Empire. In 1875, the painter Gustav Schönleber "discovered" Hiddensee, which was difficult to access. In 1888 the lighthouse on the Dornbusch, the harbor and the sea rescue station were completed in Kloster. In 1887 the bulwark in Kloster was built, and in 1905 and 1907 the steamer landing bridges in Vitte and Neuendorf. From this time on, larger ships could dock directly on Hiddensee and

3762-401: The skeletons of seven male and two female adults and one young girl. One 20- to 30-year-old male exhibited a healed slash wound to the right frontal bone. There was a joint burial of a 50-60-year-old man with a 14-15-year-old girl, where the man held the youth's left arm with his right hand. The disease burden was strikingly low. Tartar and periodontal disease were found most frequently. Caries

3828-409: The slash-and-burn in 1628 by Wallenstein would have destroyed the forest, as the legend would have it, is unlikely, because already on the map of Rügen by Eilhard Lubin from 1602 no tree symbol is drawn on Hiddensee anymore and the thorn bush is shown as bare hilly land. First in 1861 the Dornbusch between Bakenberg and Hucke was planted with pines, around 1900 also the Dornbusch north of Bakenberg,

3894-585: The southwestern shores of the Baltic Sea , primarily in Germany 's state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . These lagoons can be found especially around the island of Rügen , Usedom and the Fischland-Darss-Zingst peninsula. Some of them are protected reserves, forming the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park . They have a distinctive geological origin and are enclosed by peninsulae, spits and islands, leaving only narrow connections to adjacent bodden or

3960-550: The three communities on the island merged to form the municipality of Hiddensee. Until before 1939, according to the last officially published Güter-Adressbuch Pommern , the family of Paul Wüstenberg was the tenant of the 239 ha Stadtgutes Kloster Hiddensee . According to genealogical sources of the Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, his family withdrew from the estate already around 1937. He was succeeded by Rüdiger von Hagen , brother of Albrecht von Hagen , who later became

4026-484: The turf. In the years from 1648 to 1815, Hiddensee, like the whole of Western Pomerania, was under Swedish administration. From 1754 to 1780, Joachim Ulrich Giese was the owner of the island and began mining clay for the Stralsunder Fayencenmanufaktur he founded. From 1800 to 1836 the island belonged to captain and Knight Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Bagewitz (1777–1835) on Ralow . He increased

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4092-413: The two settlements on the island that existed in Slavic times before the arrival of the German monks in the 13th century. In the 14th century, eight cottages are documented for Grieben. The number of houses has hardly changed since then. The village was established around Kloster Hiddensee , founded at the end of the 13th century. At the end of the 19th century, there was only a church, a manor house,

4158-423: Was already over five kilometres (3 mi) long by the middle of the 19th century. Since then it has barely grown. On the other hand, the Neuer Bessin which appeared in 1900 is growing by 30 to 60 metres (100 to 200 ft) annually and is already 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long. Meanwhile, a third Bessin is emerging. Even the southern tip is growing as a so-called windwatt into the Schaproder Bodden . From

4224-468: Was found on only one set of teeth, which was unusually low for medieval populations. Simultaneously with the construction of the monastery, the Gellenkirche, a small beacon called Luchte, and the first harbor were built on the Gellen in the south of the island in the years 1302 to 1306. The foundations of these structures are located (today) west of the Gellen in the Baltic Sea. In 1332, the consecration of

4290-506: Was to limit sand drift in order to save the costs of constant dredging at the Gellen channel and in the Stralsund fairway. The outbreak of World War II put an end to the construction work, only four hundred meters were completed and remained so until today. After the construction of the Huckemauer, the beach at Kloster and Vitte deteriorated, suffering from a lack of sand. Between 1937 and 1939,

4356-406: Was virtually treeless for decades, except for the barren willow avenue between the monastery and Grieben and a few pines planted there around 1770, as well as a few trees at Schwedenhagen and Rübenberg. The dense oak tree population on Hiddensee, which still existed in the 13th century, had been almost completely decimated for firewood, house and ship building by the beginning of the 17th century. That

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