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82-491: South Burnie is a locality and suburb of Burnie in the local government area of City of Burnie , in the North West region of Tasmania . It is located about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south-east of the town of Burnie. The Bass Highway passes from south-east to north-west along the shore of Bass Strait , which forms part of the northern boundary. The Emu River forms part of the eastern boundary. The 2016 census determined

164-511: A "mill", without further specifying its exact power source, has increased the difficulty of identifying the particularly efficient and historically important water-powered type. The use of human and animal powered mills was known to Muslim and Chinese papermakers . However, evidence for water-powered paper mills is elusive among both prior to the 11th century. The general absence of the use of water-powered paper mills in Muslim papermaking prior to

246-657: A central economic hub. Freight rail is operated by Tasrail , and remains central to Burnie’s industrial and port activities. Now known as the Melba Line , Burnie was previously the terminus of the former Emu Bay Railway company operations. Historically, Burnie had passenger rail services, which were operated by the Tasmanian Government Railways (TGR) until the late 1970s. Known as the Tasman Limited , these services connected Burnie with other towns, primarily along

328-410: A city in 1988. At its peak in the mid 1980s, Burnie had a population exceeding 20,500, thriving as a bustling industrial centre. However, the town's success came with environmental consequences. During the 1970s, the production of titanium dioxide by Tioxide led to heavy pollution, turning the sea rust-red from effluent. Burnie also developed a reputation as one of Tasmania’s most polluted towns,

410-609: A failed attempt to secure a buyer, marked the end of an era for one of the city's most iconic industries. Despite the mill’s closure, forestry remains an important part of Burnie's economy, with woodchip exports continuing through the Burnie Chip Export Terminal, colloquially known as the "Pyramids of Burnie". While heavy manufacturing and forestry continue to be significant, Burnie has sought to diversify its economy in recent years, exploring opportunities in renewable energy, tourism, and education. The Marinus Link project

492-462: A grant of 500,000 acres (200,000 ha), while Bathurst approved a smaller allotment of 250,000 acres (100,000 ha), the company received a Royal Charter in 1825, giving it broad authority to cultivate land, and build housing and wharves to support colonial development within a 250,000-acre (100,000 ha) area in North-West Tasmania. Oakleigh Park, close to Burnie’s business centre,

574-562: A median household income of $ 1,148 per week, lower than the national median of $ 1,746. The city's unemployment rate was around 8.1%, higher than the national rate of 5.1%. These figures suggest some economic challenges in the area, although Burnie's role as a regional port and industrial centre still gives it economic significance within Tasmania. Burnie also has a notable Indigenous population, with around 8.5% of residents identifying as First Nations people or Torres Strait Islander , higher than

656-462: A native woman at Emu Bay by shooting her and cutting her neck with an axe. Goldie then kidnapped the woman's five-year-old daughter and another woman. After an investigation, Goldie resigned from his position. Meanwhile, the VDL Company faced difficulties. By 1833, sheep farming at Surrey Hills had failed due to cold conditions, resulting in the near abandonment of the area. Throughout the 1840s,

738-465: A non-English language. In terms of religion, 53.4% of Burnie's population reported no religious affiliation, while 38.8% identified with a Christian denomination, including 11.4% as Catholic and 11.2% as Anglican . Other religious groups include Hinduism (0.9%), Buddhism (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), and Sikhism (0.2%). Burnie has a oceanic climate ( Köppen: Cfb), with very mild, relatively dry summers and cool, rainy winters. Seasonal variation

820-404: A period of economic uncertainty for the town. Despite these setbacks leading to unstable population and inconsistent investment, Burnie began to reinvent itself in the 1990s. The Lion cheese-making factory remained a major employer, and efforts were made to diversify the city’s economy. By the 2000s, Burnie shifted toward tourism and the arts. It became known for its clean beaches, inclusion on

902-466: A population of 331 for the state suburb of South Burnie. The municipal area of City of Burnie, of which South Burnie is part, was proclaimed a city on 26 April 1988. It was previously named Emu Bay Municipality. The municipality and the bay to its north were named for the Emu River, which was named in 1827 for emu tracks seen in the vicinity. Burnie, and thus South Burnie, was named for William Burnie, who

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984-470: A reference in al-Biruni in the 11th century to stones "fixed to axles across running water, as in Samarkand with the pounding of flax for paper," a possible exception to the rule. Hill finds the notice "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that this was a water-powered triphammer. Thomas Glick warily concludes that "it is assumed but not proved" that Islamic Xàtiva had hydraulic papermills, noting that

1066-412: A sheet of paper that can be used in diverse ways. Modern paper machines can be 150 metres (500 ft) in length, produce a sheet 10 metres (400 in) wide, and operate at speeds of more than 97 kilometres per hour (60 mph). The two main suppliers of paper machines are Metso and Voith . It has also become universal to talk of paper "mills" (even of 400 such mills at Fez !), relating these to

1148-524: A significant industrial milestone for Burnie, positioning it as a key player in Australia’s paper production. The city also became a centre for woodchip exports, with the construction of the woodchip terminal further bolstering its role in the forestry supply chain. However, the decline of the paper industry signaled a major economic shift for Burnie. The closure of the Burnie Paper Mill in 2010, after

1230-555: A situation highlighted by the Australian band Midnight Oil in their song “ Burnie ,” which criticised the town’s environmental issues. The rationalisation of Australian industry during the 1980s and 1990s dealt a severe blow to Burnie. APPM downgraded its operations and eventually closed the pulp mill in 2010, leading to significant job losses. Other closures followed, including the Caterpillar mining machinery factory, triggering

1312-440: A surge in employment and population growth, setting Burnie on the path to becoming an industrial powerhouse. The post-war era saw Burnie become synonymous with industry. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, APPM expanded its workforce to around 3,500 employees, while other secondary industries, including pigment producer Tioxide and North West Acid , were established. This industrial boom led to Burnie’s official recognition as

1394-737: A vital role in the well-being of the wider community. Burnie is also home to key educational institutions, including the Cradle Coast campus of the University of Tasmania , where the Cuthbertson Research Laboratories are part of the Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research . The town also hosts campuses for the Tasmanian Polytechnic and Tasmanian Academy , ensuring a range of learning opportunities for students in

1476-469: A water-powered paper mill. This is seen by Leor Halevi as evidence of Samarkand first harnessing waterpower in the production of paper, but notes that it is not known if waterpower was applied to papermaking elsewhere across the Islamic world at the time. Robert I. Burns remains sceptical, given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in Islamic papermaking elsewhere prior to

1558-482: Is a port city located on the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia . It is the fourth largest city on the island, located approximately 325 kilometres (202 mi) north-west of the state capital of Hobart , 147 kilometres (91 mi) north-west of Launceston , and 47 kilometres (29 mi) west of Devonport . As of the 2021 census , Burnie has a population of 19,918, with a municipality area spanning 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi), administered by

1640-610: Is also completely without substance. Clear evidence of a water-powered paper mill dates to 1282 in the Iberian Crown of Aragon . A decree by the Christian king Peter III addresses the establishment of a royal " molendinum ", a proper hydraulic mill, in the paper manufacturing center of Xàtiva . This early hydraulic paper mill was operated by Muslims in the Moorish quarter of Xàtiva, though it appears to have been resented by sections of

1722-471: Is also represented in Burnie, with Burnie Bowmen Archery Club . They were founded in 1958 and have influenced the development of archery along the northwest coast of Tasmania. Its first target championship was held in 1959. In 1972 Burnie Bowmen Archery Club was given the honour of holding the first national championships to be held outside of a capital city. In 2017 Burnie Bowmen Archery club hosted Archery for

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1804-555: Is expected to further boost Burnie's economy. This $ 3.5b (2021) project will connect Heybridge to Waratah Bay, Victoria via 255 kilometres (158 mi) of high voltage direct current submarine power cable , supplying renewable energy to the Australian mainland . Supporting infrastructure, including the North West Transmission Developments, will reinforce Burnie’s position as a renewable energy hub. The project

1886-829: Is expected to generate 1,400 local jobs and contribute $ 3b in direct economic investment while supplying enough electricity to power 1.5 million homes and significantly reducing carbon emissions. Construction is expected to begin in 2026 and be completed by 2030. Burnie was chosen as the site for Australia’s first commercial-scale e-fuels facility due to Tasmania's 100% renewables grid, its deep water port facilities and its proximity to Forico’s Surrey Hills plantation. This nationally significant, $ 1b facility will produce up to 100,000,000 litres (22,000,000 imp gal; 26,000,000 US gal) of carbon-neutral e-fuels annually, helping to decarbonise industries that still rely on liquid fuels, such as aviation , shipping , and heavy transport. By using renewable energy to power its processes,

1968-585: Is low due to moderation from the Bass Strait . Average maxima vary from 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) in February to 12.8 °C (55.0 °F) in July while average minima fluctuate between 13.3 °C (55.9 °F) in February and 6.0 °C (42.8 °F) in July. Mean average annual precipitation is moderate, 947.4 mm (37.30 in) spread between 158.0 precipitation days, and is concentrated in winter . The town

2050-500: Is not very sunny, with 141.1 cloudy days and only 51.7 clear days per annum. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) on 14 July 1967 to 33.8 °C (92.8 °F) on 31 January 2009. Sunshine data was sourced from Elliott , a rural locality 14.3 kilometres (8.9 mi) west-northwest of Burnie. There are nine councillors that govern the Burnie City Council , each serving four-year terms. Teeny Brumby

2132-742: Is popular in Burnie. The city's team is the Burnie Dockers Football Club in the Tasmanian State League . Their ground is West Park Oval . Rugby union is also played in Burnie. The local club is the Burnie Rugby Union Club . They are the current Tasmanian Rugby Union Statewide Division Two Premiers and were promoted to the Statewide First Division for the 2008 season. Soccer is also represented in Burnie, with Burnie United FC having four teams compete in

2214-596: Is the birthplace of Burnie and the cradle of the northwest coast. In 1827, chief surveyor of the VDL Company, Henry Hellyer , camped beside Whalebone Creek there. With approval from the Company’s chief agent, Edward Curr, Hellyer selected Emu Bay as the port to service the Company’s inland holdings at Hampshire and Surrey Hills, located around 50 kilometres (31 mi) inland. A year later, government surveyor John Helder Wedge recommended Emu Bay be reserved as an official township due to its strategic value for shipping . Still,

2296-587: The City of Burnie . Founded in 1827 as Emu Bay, the township was renamed in the early 1840s after William Burnie, a director of the Van Diemen's Land Company , and proclaimed a city by Queen Elizabeth II on 26 April 1988. Burnie's economy has historically been driven by heavy manufacturing , mining , forestry , and farming . Situated on the coastline of Emu Bay , the city’s fortunes are closely tied to its deep water port . An intermodal freight transport facility,

2378-596: The Labor and Liberal parties in federal elections. In the Australian Senate , Tasmania is represented by six senators, including Jacquie Lambie , the leader and founder of the Jacqui Lambie Network (JLN). Lambie, a well-known political figure, resides in Burnie, where she maintains significant support. Burnie's economy has long been shaped by its key industries of heavy manufacturing, forestry, and farming, with

2460-528: The "Pyramids of Burnie", surpassed 1,500,000 tonnes (1,500,000 long tons; 1,700,000 short tons) of annual wood chip exports in 2017. During the 1970s and 80s, Burnie faced pollution challenges linked to titanium dioxide production. From the 1990s, the city experienced significant industrial decline, with the closure of several manufacturing plants and the eventual shutdown of its pulp and paper mill . This downturn led to population decline and high unemployment, presenting economic hardships and uncertainty for

2542-546: The 11th century is suggested by the habit of Muslim authors at the time to call a production center not a "mill", but a "paper manufactory". Scholars have identified paper mills in Abbasid -era Baghdad in 794–795. The evidence that waterpower was applied to papermaking at this time is a matter of scholarly debate. In the Moroccan city of Fez , Ibn Battuta speaks of "400 mill stones for paper". Since Ibn Battuta does not mention

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2624-408: The 13th century. Hill notes that paper mills appear in early Christian Catalan documentation from the 1150s, which may imply Islamic origins, but that hard evidence is lacking. Burns, however, has dismissed the case for early Catalan water-powered paper mills, after re-examination of the evidence. The identification of early hydraulic stamping mills in medieval documents from Fabriano , Italy,

2706-420: The 21st century. While 2023 State Government growth estimates are positive, Burnie is yet to recover to population levels experienced in the mid 1980s. At the 2021 census, Burnie's population is slightly older compared to national averages, with a significant portion (around 19%) aged 65 and over. This reflects a trend of ageing populations common in regional areas. Economically, Burnie is a working-class hub with

2788-496: The Australian mainland. As with other ports in Tasmania, it is operated by the government-owned TasPorts . The port currently operates as a container port with a separate terminal for the exportation of woodchips. The port was planned to be expanded in 2013 so that it could accommodate extra freight from the proposed north-west mines in the Tarkine . Burnie's strong regional freight rail connections further solidify Burnie's role as

2870-551: The Chinese and Arabs used only human and animal force. Gimpel goes on to say: "This is convincing evidence of how technologically minded the Europeans of that era were. Paper had traveled nearly halfway around the world, but no culture or civilization on its route had tried to mechanize its manufacture."' Indeed, Muslim authors in general call any "paper manufactory" a wiraqah - not a "mill" ( tahun ) Al-Hassan and Hill also use as evidence

2952-748: The Museos Municipales de Historia in the Instituto Municipal de Historia at Barcelona, has popularized a version of that thesis, in which Christian paper mills multiplied marvelously along the Catalan rivers "from Tarragona to the Pyrenees" from 1113 to 1244. His many articles and two books, valuable for such topics as fiber analysis in medieval paper, continue to spread this untenable and indeed bizarre thesis. As Josep Madurell i Marimon shows in detail, these were all in fact cloth fulling mills; textiles were then

3034-529: The North West Coast, such as Wynyard and Devonport . The rise of road transport and declining demand led to the discontinuation of passenger services. Burnie is connected with Devonport via the four-lane Bass Highway and a rail link used for freight purposes. Burnie is also connected to the west coast of Tasmania by the Murchison Highway . Bus service Metro Tasmania provides transport around

3116-658: The Port of Burnie handles over 5,000,000 tonnes (4,900,000 long tons; 5,500,000 short tons) of freight annually, including nearly half of Tasmania's containerised freight . As Tasmania's most north-westerly city, it provides the shortest sea lines of communication between mainland Tasmania and mainland Australia . The city is a key exporter of Tasmanian minerals, including copper , silver , gold , tin , lead , zinc , iron , tungsten , and ultra-high purity silica , alongside forestry products such as logs , pulpwood , and wood chips . The Burnie Chip Export Terminal, often referred to as

3198-467: The Port of Burnie playing a central role. Historically, the port became the main hub for exporting minerals from Tasmania's west coast after the Emu Bay Railway opened in 1897, cementing Burnie’s status as an industrial centre. The railway and the port served as the backbone of Burnie's early industry, driving the city’s growth and development. Over time, the agriculture industry, once prominent in

3280-651: The VDL Company began leasing bush blocks to tenant farmers, although Burnie’s growth remained slow. In 1843, the town was surveyed by Nathaniel Kentish and renamed after William Burnie, then serving as on of eighteen directors of the VDL Company. By 1853, Burnie had a population of approximately 200, with basic services such as a doctor and clergyman located in Port Sorell , and a lawyer and banker in Launceston . Transport and communication systems were rudimentary at this time, with no metal roads or established wharves. Nevertheless,

3362-613: The VDL Company was already occupying the area. At that time, the Emu Bay settlement consisted of a store, a small jetty, a sawpit, and a few huts. Hellyer also cut the Old Surrey Road through dense rainforest , establishing the first road on the North West Coast, starting from the South Burnie beach. However, Burnie’s settlement wasn’t peaceful. Between 1828 and 1832, Tarenorerer , a Tommeginne woman who had escaped from sealers , became

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3444-768: The XVI Australian Masters Games. In 2020 and 2021 they were to host the National Youth Archery Championships and National Archery Championships, but due to COVID-19 these events were cancelled. Presently, Target and Clout shoots are conducted at Parklands High School Oval in Romaine, Burnie. Indoor is conducted at the Upper Burnie Memorial Hall. Field is conducted at the Blythe Scout Camp at Heybridge. The Advocate newspaper

3526-511: The annual cruise ship itinerary, and its growing community of artists and makers. In 2016, Elphinstone Group , previously a designer and manufacturer for Caterpillar equipment in Australia, relaunched its original brand and developed the Haulmax 3900 series off-highway haul truck . The company continues to be a major local employer, with a workforce of 2,500 people. Today, Burnie positions itself as

3608-399: The basic mechanized industry of the Christian west. Fabriano's claim rests on two charters - a gift of August 1276, and a sale of November 1278, to the new Benedictine congregation of Silvestrine monks at Montefano. In each, a woman recluse-hermit gives to the monastery her enclosure or "prison" - Latin carcer ; misread by Fabriano partisans as a form of Italian cartiera or paper mill! There

3690-706: The city and its suburbs. Redline coaches used to service the North-West through to Hobart but ceased this service in January 2021. The development of a coastal pathway will connect Burnie and Wynyard to Latrobe as part of a State Government and Local Government Council initiative to upgrade infrastructure on the north-west coast of Tasmania. The city of Burnie consists of a number of small suburbs including Parklands, Park Grove, Shorewell Park, Acton, Montello, Hillcrest, Terrylands, Upper Burnie, Romaine, Havenview, Emu Heights, South Burnie and Wivenhoe. Australian rules football

3772-660: The community. In recent years, Burnie has been positioning itself as a future leader in Tasmania’s renewable energy sector. By 2024, the city is set to be a key player in the proposed North West Renewable Energy Zone (REZ), a project designed to foster investment in large-scale wind and solar energy developments. The Marinus Link , a high-voltage direct current submarine power cable, is also planned to connect Tasmania’s renewable energy supply to mainland Australia, potentially generating 1,400 local jobs and bringing an estimated $ 3 billion in economic investment. Current proposals for

3854-455: The distributors of paper products. It was said to be the only business of its kind in the world, and was started in 1931 by Tompkins. It prospered in spite of the business depression. " Log drives " were conducted on local rivers to send the logs to the mills. By the late 20th and early 21st-century, paper mills began to close, and the log drives became a dying craft. Due to the addition of new machinery, many millworkers were laid off and many of

3936-518: The first official birth registrations in Burnie began that year. Burnie’s first school was opened in 1862 by Mrs. Mary Morris in West Burnie, followed by the construction of the first government school on a rocky hill off Wilmot Street. In 1875, the VDL Company established its headquarters in Oakleigh (now Oakleigh Park), which remained in Burnie until the early 1950s. Burnie became the base for developing

4018-511: The focus shifted toward enhancing and consolidating the region’s existing cultural facilities. In addition to these cultural landmarks, Burnie provides essential health services through the North West Regional Hospital , located on Brickport Road. As the third-largest hospital in Tasmania, it offers a range of in-patient and out-patient services, including general medicine, surgery, orthopaedics, psychiatry, and paediatrics, playing

4100-534: The gateway to Tasmania’s northwest, including the Tarkine forest, and as a hub for new industries and outdoor recreation. Burnie had a population of 19,918 according to the 2021 census , making it one of the key urban centres in North West Tasmania . Historically, Burnie has experienced periods of rapid growth, particularly in the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, followed by fluctuations in more recent decades, with some signs of stabilisation and recovery in

4182-399: The historic paper mills closed. Paper mills can be fully integrated mills or nonintegrated mills. Integrated mills consist of a pulp mill and a paper mill on the same site. Such mills receive logs or wood chips and produce paper. The modern paper mill uses large amounts of energy , water , and wood pulp in an efficient and complex series of processes, and control technology to produce

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4264-548: The hydraulic wonders of Islamic society in the east and west. All our evidence points to non-hydraulic hand production, however, at springs away from rivers which it could pollute. European papermaking differed from its precursors in the mechanization of the process and in the application of water power. Jean Gimpel , in The Medieval Machine (the English translation of La Revolution Industrielle du Moyen Age ), points out that

4346-581: The idea of creating a land company in Van Diemen's Land, following the model of the Australian Agricultural Company in the Colony of New South Wales . With backing from William Sorell , a former lieutenant governor, and Edward Curr , who had recently returned from the colony, they established the VDL Company, with William Burnie its inaugural Governor of Company. They applied to Lord Bathurst for

4428-656: The leader of the Emu Bay people (Plairhekehillerplue). She led a resistance against settlers during the Black War, attacking VDL Company employees until she was eventually captured. Alexander Goldie, the first superintendent of the Company's land assets around Emu Bay, led armed attacks against the Plairhekehillerplue clan. In 1828, Goldie and his men massacred several people inland from the settlement and in August 1829 they murdered

4510-513: The local Muslim papermakering community; the document guarantees them the right to continue the way of traditional papermaking by beating the pulp manually and grants them the right to be exempted from work in the new mill. The first permanent paper mill north of the Alps was established in Nuremberg by Ulman Stromer in 1390; it is later depicted in the lavishly illustrated Nuremberg Chronicle . From

4592-472: The mid-14th century onwards, European paper milling underwent a rapid improvement of many work processes. The size of a paper mill prior to the use of industrial machines was described by counting the number of vats it had. Thus, a "one vat" paper mill had only one vatman, one coucher, and other laborers. The first reference to a paper mill in England was in a book printed by Wynken de Worde c.  1495 ;

4674-490: The mill, near Hertford, belonged to John Tate. An early attempt at a machine to mechanise the process was patented in 1799 by the Frenchman Nicholas Louis Robert; it was not deemed a success. In 1801, however, the drawings were brought to England by John Gamble and passed on to brothers Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, who financed the engineer Bryan Donkin to construct the machine. Their first successful machine

4756-591: The most thorough account of Muslim papermaking at the time, the one by the Zirid Sultan Al-Muizz ibn Badis , describes the art purely in terms of a handcraft. Donald Hill has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in Samarkand , in the 11th-century work of the Persian scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni , but concludes that the passage is "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that it refers to

4838-461: The mould rotates, the water is sucked through the wire, leaving a thin layer of fibres deposited on the cylinder. These cylinder-mould machines, as they are named, were strong competition for Fourdrinier machine makers. They were the type of machine first used by the North American paper industry. It is estimated that by 1850 UK paper production had reached 100,000 tons. Later developments increased

4920-505: The national figure of 3.2%. This reflects Tasmania's broader demographics where Indigenous representation is above the national average. The majority of residents (84.4%) were born in Australia, with smaller populations from England (2.4%), New Zealand (0.9%), India (0.8%), Nepal and the Philippines (0.4%), and mainland China (0.3%). English is the dominant language, spoken by 90.2% of residents at home, while 5.9% of households speak

5002-594: The northern premier league; the women's team, under 18 team, reserve team and division one team. They also have youth sides in the under 14 and under 16 competitions. Their ground is located in Montello, Tasmania . Burnie hosts an ATP Challenger Tour tennis event, the Burnie International , during the week following the Australian Open. Athletics events include the annual Burnie Gift and Burnie Ten . Archery

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5084-428: The paper markets. By the end of the century there were less than 300 UK paper mills, employing 35,000 people and producing 650,000 tons of paper per year. By the early 20th century, paper mills sprang up around New England and the rest of the world, due to the high demand for paper. The United States, with its infrastructure and mill towns , was the largest producer in the world. Chief among these in paper production

5166-478: The pertinent Arabic description was "a press." Since the "oldest" Catalan paper is physically the same as Islamic Xàtiva's, he notes, their techniques "can be presumed to have been identical" - reasonable enough for Catalan paper before 1280. My recent conversations with Glick indicate that he now inclines to non-hydraulic Andalusi papermaking. Currently Oriol Valls i Subin't, director of the History of Paper department of

5248-634: The plant aims to reduce global carbon emissions by approximately 260,000 tonnes (260,000 long tons; 290,000 short tons) per year, equivalent to decarbonising 52,000 cars. Designed by France’s Technip Energies NV , the facility is set to be active by 2028 and create 200 permanent jobs. Several wind farm projects proposed in the surrounding region, notably the Guildford and Hellyer Wind Farms, located south of Burnie, are part of Tasmania's broader push to increase its renewable energy capacity. These wind farms are expected to generate significant power, contributing to

5330-657: The production of paper; one such was the Brown Company in Berlin, New Hampshire run by William Wentworth Brown. During the year 1907, the Brown Company cut between 30 and 40 million acres of woodlands on their property, which extended from La Tuque , Quebec , Canada to West Palm , Florida . In the 1920s, Nancy Baker Tompkins represented large paper manufacturing companies, like Hammermill Paper Company, Honolulu Paper Company and Appleton Coated Paper Company to promote sales to

5412-536: The region include the Guildford and Hellyer Wind Farms, as well as Australia’s first synthetic electrofuel facility. Other growing sectors in Burnie include education, healthcare, and logistics, contributing to its economic diversification. Burnie's history is closely tied to the establishment of the Van Diemen's Land Company (VDL Company) in the early 19th century. In 1824, a group of wool merchants, bankers, investors, and woollen mill owners gathered in London to explore

5494-408: The region, shifted focus following the handover of the Surrey Hills and Hampshire Hills lots. This transition marked the rise of the forestry sector, which began to dominate Burnie’s economy in the 20th century. Forestry played a pivotal role in the city’s development, particularly with the establishment of Associated Pulp and Paper Mills (APPM) in 1938. The founding of the pulp and paper mill marked

5576-401: The region. Alongside these, Burnie boasts numerous sporting and social organisations that contribute to the vibrant community life. Burnie Airport is located in the adjacent town of Wynyard , a 20-minute drive from the City of Burnie. Burnie Port is Tasmania's largest general cargo port and was once Australia's fifth-largest container port. It is the nearest Tasmanian port to Melbourne and

5658-415: The region. The centre is also home to one of Australia's largest regional art galleries, which opened in 1978, and the Burnie Regional Museum , designed by architects Leith and Bartlett, which houses the historic Federation Street—the first indoor streetscape of its kind in the country. In 2021, plans for a new $ 18m North West Museum and Art Gallery, designed by Terrior Architects , were abandoned. Instead,

5740-402: The region’s road and rail infrastructure. In the late 1870s, modern communication systems arrived, with the telegraph and telephone reaching Burnie. A horse-drawn tramway on wooden rails was established to connect Burnie to Waratah . The VDL Company later upgraded this tramway to iron and steam, facilitating the transport of tin from the Mount Bischoff mine, which commenced Burnie’s role as

5822-401: The size and capacity of machines as well as seeking high volume alternative pulp sources from which paper could be reliably produced. Many of the earlier mills were small and had been located in rural areas. The movement was to larger mills in, or near, urban areas closer to their suppliers of the raw materials. They were often situated near a port where the raw material was brought in by ship and

5904-587: The state level, Burnie falls within the Tasmanian House of Assembly ’s electoral division of Braddon , a multi-member electorate that includes both Labor and Liberal members. Nationally, Burnie is located in the federal electorate of Braddon , currently represented by Gavin Pearce of the Liberal Party of Australia . Braddon has traditionally been a marginal seat, with representation often alternating between

5986-588: The state's goal of 200% renewable energy by 2040. Burnie has long been a hub for cultural, educational, and health services in the northwest region of Tasmania. At the heart of its cultural precinct is the Burnie Arts and Function Centre , which replaced the old Burnie Theatre in 1965. Originally known as the Civic Centre, this multi-functional venue is an important space for the community, hosting performances, events, and exhibitions that attract visitors from across

6068-740: The statement by Robert Forbes in his multivolume Studies in Ancient Technology that "in the tenth century [AD] floating mills were found on the Tigris near Baghdad." Though such captive mills were known to the Romans and were used in 12th-century France, Forbes offers no citation or evidence for this unlikely application to very early papermaking. The most erudite authority on the topography of medieval Baghdad, George Makdisi, writes me that he has no recollection of such floating papermills or any papermills, which "I think I would have remembered." Donald Hill has found

6150-588: The use of water-power and such a number of water-mills would be grotesquely high, the passage is generally taken to refer to human or animal force . An exhaustive survey of milling in Al-Andalus did not uncover water-powered paper mills, nor do the Spanish books of property distribution ( Repartimientos ) after the Christian reconquest refer to any. Arabic texts never use the term mill in connection with papermaking, and

6232-462: The west coast’s export gateway for minerals. By the 1880s, Burnie's fortunes had dramatically improved as west coast mineral deposits were discovered. The Emu Bay Railway Company extended the railway to Zeehan by 1900, propelling the town's population to over 1,500. During this time, Burnie’s business district rapidly grew, thanks to improved port facilities and the expansion of the town's infrastructure. By 1900, T. Wiseman's motor coach service

6314-554: Was Holyoke, Massachusetts , which was the largest producer of paper in the world by 1885, and home to engineers D. H. & A. B. Tower who oversaw the largest firm of paper millwrights in the US during that decade, designing mills on five continents. However, as 20th century progressed this diaspora moved further north and west in the United States, with access to greater pulp supplies and labor. At this time, there were many world leaders of

6396-487: Was elected mayor of the City of Burnie in 2022. The council oversees Burnie's infrastructure, community services, and local regulations. The council also plays a key role in fostering the arts and supporting projects like the Burnie Arts and Function Centre. Burnie’s political landscape is shaped by a mix of conservative and independent influences, reflecting broader trends in Tasmania’s evolving political dynamics. At

6478-616: Was established in 1890 servicing the North West region. The mailroom is located in Burnie whilst the local press operations ceased in mid-2008 and were relocated to Launceston. Pulp and paper mill Historical investigations into the origin of the paper mill are complicated by differing definitions and loose terminology from modern authors: Many modern scholars use the term to refer indiscriminately to all kinds of mills , whether powered by humans, by animals or by water . Their propensity to refer to any ancient paper manufacturing center as

6560-399: Was installed at Frogmore Mill , Hertfordshire , in 1803. In 1809 at Apsley Mill , John Dickinson patented and installed another kind of paper machine. Rather than pouring a dilute pulp suspension onto an endlessly revolving flat wire, this machine used a cylinder covered in wire as the mould. A cylindrical mould is partially submerged in the vat, containing a pulp suspension, and then, as

6642-507: Was operating between Burnie and Stanley, reflecting Burnie's growing importance as a regional transport hub. A major turning point occurred in 1936 with the construction of the Associated Pulp and Paper Mill (APPM) in South Burnie. By 1939, the mill produced 15,000 tonnes (15,000 long tons; 17,000 short tons) of fine paper annually, the first time in the world that paper was made entirely from eucalypt pulp. This industrial expansion caused

6724-573: Was the Director of the Van Diemen's Land Company . The C112 route (Massy-Greene Drive) terminates at the Bass Highway in South Burnie. It runs south through the locality to Emu Heights , and from there provides access to the B18 route (Ridgley Highway) which leads to the Murchison Highway . Burnie, Tasmania Burnie ( / ˈ b ɜː r n i / BER -nee ; pirinilaplu / palawa kani : pataway )

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