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47-647: The valley of the South Branch Trout River is served by South Main Street (VT 118) passing on the eastern shore of the river. The surface of the South Branch Trout River is usually frozen from mid-December to mid-March, except the rapids areas; however, safe circulation on the ice is generally from late December to early March. The South Branch Trout River rises at an unidentified Lake (length: 0.35 km (0.22 mi); altitude: ) in Lamoille County . This lake

94-578: A British committee concerning a patient who died in April 1900. Murray indicated that fibrosis of the lungs caused by asbestos dust was a plausible cause of the patient's death. The death of English textile worker Nellie Kershaw in 1924 from pulmonary asbestosis was the first case to be described in medical literature, and the first published account of disease definitely attributed to occupational asbestos exposure. However, her former employers (Turner Brothers Asbestos) denied that asbestosis even existed because

141-408: A family was $ 62,364. Males had a median income of $ 41,761 versus $ 31,250 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 27,164. About 8.7% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.0% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over. After being formed in 1836, Lamoille County was unable to vote in that year's presidential election . In 1840

188-480: A female householder with no husband present, and 35.10% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.30% under the age of 18, 10.00% from 18 to 24, 29.90% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 11.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

235-440: A relatively large exposure over a long period of time, which typically only occur in those who directly work with asbestos. All types of asbestos fibers are associated with an increased risk. It is generally recommended that currently existing and undamaged asbestos be left undisturbed. Diagnosis is based upon a history of exposure together with medical imaging . Asbestosis is a type of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis . There

282-552: A significant amount of time has passed following asbestos exposure, often several decades under current conditions in the US. The primary symptom of asbestosis is generally the slow onset of shortness of breath , especially with physical activity. Clinically advanced cases of asbestosis may lead to respiratory failure . When a stethoscope is used to listen to the lungs of a person with asbestosis, they may hear inspiratory "crackles". The characteristic pulmonary function finding in asbestosis

329-416: Is a restrictive ventilatory defect. This manifests as a reduction in lung volumes, particularly the vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC). The TLC may be reduced through alveolar wall thickening; however, this is not always the case. Large airway function, as reflected by FEV 1 /FVC, is generally well preserved. In severe cases, the drastic reduction in lung function due to the stiffening of

376-428: Is administered due to increased sensitivity to the diseases. Those with asbestosis are at increased risk for certain cancers. If the person smokes, quitting the habit reduces further damage. Periodic pulmonary function tests , chest x-rays , and clinical evaluations, including cancer screening/evaluations, are given to detect additional hazards. On 21 December 1906 H. Montague Murray, M.D., F.R.C.P. , testified before

423-520: Is encased between the mountains. From its source, the South Branch Trout River flows over 6.0 kilometres (3.7 mi) mainly in forested and mountainous, and following more or less the route 118 , with a drop of , according to the following segments: The mouth of the Trout River is emptying on the southwest shore of Trout River on the south side of Montgomery Center. From there, the current goes generally northwest on 9.1 km (5.7 mi) following

470-522: Is located in Morrisville in Lamoille County. Asbestosis Asbestosis is long-term inflammation and scarring of the lungs due to asbestos fibers. Symptoms may include shortness of breath , cough, wheezing , and chest tightness . Complications may include lung cancer , mesothelioma , and pulmonary heart disease . Asbestosis is caused by breathing in asbestos fibers. It requires

517-539: Is no specific treatment. Recommendations may include influenza vaccination , pneumococcal vaccination , oxygen therapy , and stopping smoking . Asbestosis affected about 157,000 people and resulted in 3,600 deaths in 2015. Asbestos use has been banned in a number of countries in an effort to prevent disease. Statistics from the UK's Health and Safety Executive showed that in 2019, there were 490 asbestosis deaths. The signs and symptoms of asbestosis typically manifest after

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564-410: Is usually not necessary, the presence of asbestos bodies in association with pulmonary fibrosis establishes the diagnosis. Conversely, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in the absence of asbestos bodies is most likely not asbestosis. Asbestos bodies in the absence of fibrosis indicate exposure, not disease. There is no cure available for asbestosis. Oxygen therapy at home is often necessary to relieve

611-508: The Republican Party would have a 104-year winning streak in the county. In 1964 , the county was won by Democratic Party incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson . Following the Democrat's victory in 1964, the county went back to voting for Republican candidates for another 20 year winning streak starting with Richard Nixon in 1968 and ending with George H. W. Bush in 1988 , who became

658-556: The U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 464 square miles (1,200 km ), of which 459 square miles (1,190 km ) is land and 4.9 square miles (13 km ) (1.1%) is water. It is the second-smallest county in Vermont by area, as well as one of only two Vermont counties that does not share a border with another state or with Quebec. Lamoille County is the only county in Vermont that does not have at least one of Vermont's five U.S. Routes passing through it, although all ten of

705-422: The poverty line , including 10.70% of those under age 18 and 8.50% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 24,475 people, 10,014 households, and 6,274 families living in the county. The population density was 53.3 inhabitants per square mile (20.6/km ). There were 12,969 housing units at an average density of 28.3 units per square mile (10.9 units/km ). The racial makeup of

752-541: The 20th century. By the late 20th century, environmental hazards were better understood, but many of the miners contracted asbestosis and other diseases of the lungs from their work. In 1972, the Lamoille Community College was the fifth of the several community colleges that became part of the Vermont State Colleges system. At the time, they were renamed as Community College of Vermont . In 2008,

799-707: The House Speaker, Shap Smith , from Morrisville, Floyd Nease , house majority leader, Senator Susan Bartlett , from Hyde Park, chair of the House Appropriations Committee, and Richard Westman, chair of the House Transportation Committee and the sole Republican. According to a 2020 study by ProPublica , Lamoille County, Vermont may be the safest county in the U.S. from climate-induced disasters such as rising sea levels, wildfires, crop depletion, and extreme heat and humidity. According to

846-582: The Lamoille County towns are served by Vermont state routes. As of the census of 2000, there were 23,233 people, 9,221 households, and 5,984 families living in the county. The population density was 50 people per square mile (19 people/km ). There were 11,009 housing units at an average density of 24 units per square mile (9.3 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 97.31% White , 0.33% Black or African American , 0.45% Native American , 0.37% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.12% from other races , and 1.39% from two or more races. 0.77% of

893-451: The Trout River; then, westward on 66.3 km (41.2 mi) up to eastern shore of Lake Champlain . The toponym "South Branch Trout River" was registered on October 29, 1980 in the USGS (US Geological Survey). Download coordinates as: Lamoille County Lamoille County ( / l ə ˈ m ɔɪ l / ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont . As of the 2020 census ,

940-574: The U.S. federal bankruptcy code, a company may transfer its liabilities and certain assets to an asbestos personal injury trust, which is then responsible for compensating present and future claimants. Since 1988, 60 trusts have been established to pay claims with about $ 37 billion in total assets. From 1988 through 2010, analysis from the United States Government Accountability Office indicates that trusts have paid about 3.3 million claims valued at about $ 17.5 billion. This

987-469: The Vermont Department of health released a revised study which found that all of deaths related to the asbestos mine were caused by individual occupational exposure. The report concluded that people living near the mines had no more increased risk of asbestos-related illness than people living anywhere else in Vermont. In 2008, the county appeared to have disproportionate power in the legislature with

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1034-467: The activation of the lungs' local immune system and provoke an inflammatory reaction dominated by lung macrophages that respond to chemotactic factors activated by the fibers. This inflammatory reaction can be described as chronic rather than acute, with a slow ongoing progression of the immune system attempting to eliminate the foreign fibers. Macrophages phagocytose (ingest) the fibers and stimulate fibroblasts to deposit connective tissue. Due to

1081-406: The age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.3% were non-families, and 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.87. The median age was 39.7 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 52,232 and the median income for

1128-419: The alveolar walls) resulting from the inhalation of asbestos fibers. There are two types of fibers: amphibole (thin and straight) and serpentine (curly). All forms of asbestos fibers are responsible for human disease as they are able to penetrate deeply into the lungs. When such fibers reach the alveoli (air sacs) in the lung, where oxygen is transferred into the blood, the foreign bodies (asbestos fibers) cause

1175-729: The asbestos fibers' natural resistance to digestion, some macrophages release inflammatory chemical signals , and other macrophages are killed, releasing reactive oxygen species and activating transcription factors, like NF-kB, which amplify the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These inflammatory chemical signals attract further lung macrophages and fibrolastic cells that synthesize fibrous scar tissue, which eventually becomes diffuse and can progress in heavily exposed individuals. This tissue can be seen microscopically soon after exposure in animal models. Some asbestos fibers become layered by an iron-containing proteinaceous material ( ferruginous body ) in cases of heavy exposure where about 10% of

1222-741: The border. Some developed small farms. Some came to work in the asbestos mine on Belvidere Mountain, which operated into the 20th century. Some gradually moved to other counties where there were cotton mills, weaving cotton from the South both before and after the Civil War. In the United States, many of the French immigrants were forced to accept anglicization of their names, such as New City for Villeneuve, or Senton for St. Onge. Some of their descendants have reclaimed their family's original names. Mining continued through

1269-432: The county was 96.7% white, 0.6% black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.3% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 18.3% were English , 16.5% were Irish , 15.2% were French , 10.2% were German , 7.7% were French Canadian , and 4.6% were American . Of the 10,014 households, 30.6% had children under

1316-514: The county was won by Whig Party candidate William Henry Harrison . In 1844 , the county was won by Democratic Party candidate James K. Polk . In 1848 and 1852 , the county was won by Free Soil Party candidates Martin Van Buren and John P. Hale , respectively. From John C. Frémont in 1856 to Richard Nixon in 1960 (barring 1912 , where the county was won by Progressive Party candidate and former president Theodore Roosevelt ),

1363-518: The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and impairs the functioning of T helper cells, which detect abnormal cell growth. According to the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the general diagnostic criteria for asbestosis are: The abnormal chest x-ray and its interpretation remain the most important factors in establishing the presence of pulmonary fibrosis. The findings usually appear as small, irregular parenchymal opacities, primarily in

1410-581: The existence of asbestosis, recognised that it was hazardous to health and concluded that it was irrefutably linked to the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust. Having established the existence of asbestosis on a medical and judicial basis, the report resulted in the first Asbestos Industry Regulations being published in 1931, which came into effect on 1 March 1932. The first lawsuits against asbestos manufacturers occurred in 1929. Since then, many lawsuits have been filed against asbestos manufacturers and employers, for neglecting to implement safety measures after

1457-430: The fibers become coated. Most inhaled asbestos fibers remain uncoated. About 20% of the inhaled fibers are transported by cytoskeletal components of the alveolar epithelium to the interstitial compartment of the lung where they interact with macrophages and mesenchymal cells. The cytokines, transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha, appear to play major roles in the development of scarring inasmuch as

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1504-581: The last Republican presidential candidate to win the county. In 1992 the county was won by Bill Clinton and has been won by Democratic presidential candidates ever since. Northern Vermont University-Johnson is a Vermont State College located in Johnson in Lamoille County. It was established in 1828 as Johnson Academy. It was among the original colleges to come together to form the Vermont State College system. The Community College of Vermont (CCV)

1551-571: The link between asbestos, asbestosis and mesothelioma became known (some reports seem to place this as early as 1898 in modern times). The liability resulting from the sheer number of lawsuits and people affected has reached billions of U.S. dollars. The amounts and method of allocating compensation have been the source of many court cases, and government attempts at resolution of existing and future cases. To date, about 100 companies have declared bankruptcy at least partially due to asbestos-related liability. In accordance with Chapter 11 and § 524(g) of

1598-459: The lung bases. Using the ILO Classification system, "s", "t", and/or "u" opacities predominate. CT or high-resolution CT (HRCT) are more sensitive than plain radiography at detecting pulmonary fibrosis (as well as any underlying pleural changes). More than 50% of people affected with asbestosis develop plaques in the parietal pleura , the space between the chest wall and lungs. Once apparent,

1645-457: The lungs and reduced TLC may induce right-sided heart failure ( cor pulmonale ). In addition to a restrictive defect, asbestosis may produce reduction in diffusion capacity and a low amount of oxygen in the blood of the arteries. The cause of asbestosis is the inhalation of microscopic asbestos mineral fibers suspended in the air. In the 1930s, E. R. A. Merewether found that greater exposure resulted in greater risk. Those who worked in

1692-472: The medical condition was not officially recognised at the time. As a result, they accepted no liability for her injuries and paid no compensation, either to Kershaw during her final illness or to her family after her death. Even so, the findings of the inquest into her death were highly influential insofar as they led to a parliamentary enquiry by the British Parliament . The enquiry formally acknowledged

1739-399: The population was 25,945, and it is the third-least populous county in Vermont. Its shire town ( county seat ) is the town of Hyde Park , while Morristown is the county's largest town by population as well as its main commercial center. The county was created in 1835 from portions of Orleans , Franklin , Washington , and Chittenden Counties and organized the following year. The area

1786-404: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 15.7% were of English , 14.5% American , 11.9% Irish , 11.4% French , 8.7% French Canadian , 7.0% German and 5.2% Italian ancestry. 95.9% spoke English and 2.4% French at home. There were 9,221 households, out of which 32.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.40% were married couples living together, 8.90% had

1833-465: The primary factors that determine the level of risk. The longer one is exposed to the substance, the higher their risk of developing lung damage. Families of exposed workers can be affected because asbestos fibers from clothing and hair can end up in the home. People who live near mines can also be exposed to airborne asbestos fibers. Asbestosis is the scarring of lung tissue (beginning around terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts and extending into

1880-554: The process can be blocked in animal models by preventing the expression of the growth factors. The result is fibrosis in the interstitial space, thus asbestosis. This fibrotic scarring causes alveolar walls to thicken, which reduces elasticity and gas diffusion, reducing oxygen transfer to the blood as well as the removal of carbon dioxide . This can result in shortness of breath, a common symptom exhibited by individuals with asbestosis. Those with asbestosis may be more vulnerable to tumor growth (mesothelioma), because asbestos decreases

1927-487: The production, milling, manufacturing, installation, or removal of asbestos products before the late 1970s are at an increased risk of exposure to asbestos. This includes people who worked in these jobs in the United States and Canada. For example: Construction workers who inhale asbestos from contaminated building materials such as paint, spackling, roof shingles, masonry compounds, and drywall may get asbestosis. The amount and length of an individual's exposure to asbestos are

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1974-530: The radiographic findings in asbestosis may slowly progress or remain static, even in the absence of further asbestos exposure. Rapid progression suggests an alternative diagnosis. Asbestosis resembles many other diffuse interstitial lung diseases, including other pneumoconiosis . The differential diagnosis includes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), hypersensitivity pneumonitis , sarcoidosis , and others. The presence of pleural plaques may provide supportive evidence of causation by asbestos. Although lung biopsy

2021-720: The settlements in Quebec, and named the Lamoille River. The French later enlisted the Abenaki as allies in the frontier raiding and wars with English colonists in the lower New England colonies. For decades there was no border and peoples passed freely through this area. After the American Revolutionary War and Vermont's admission as a separate state, the county was settled in the 19th century by American migrants from other parts of New England and French-Canadian immigrants from across

2068-446: The shortness of breath and correct underlying low blood oxygen levels. Supportive treatment of symptoms includes respiratory physiotherapy to remove secretions from the lungs by postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration. Nebulized medications may be prescribed in order to loosen secretions or treat underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia and annual influenza vaccination

2115-444: The state notified residents of Belvidere, Eden, Hyde Park, Johnson, Waterville and eight towns in the adjacent counties of Orleans and Franklin, that a review of health records from 1995 to 2006 had revealed that residents within ten miles (16 km) of the former asbestos mine on Belvidere Mountain had higher than normal rates of contracting asbestosis . The state and federal government continued to study this problem. In April 2009

2162-414: Was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.30 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 39,356, and the median income for a family was $ 44,620. Males had a median income of $ 30,848 versus $ 24,444 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 20,972. About 6.40% of families and 9.60% of the population were below

2209-620: Was buried in a mile of ice during the Ice Age . As the ice melted, Lake Stowe was formed. When the ice melted completely, the water from the lake ran out through the Lamoille River valley. This area was long occupied by the Algonquian-speaking indigenous Abenaki people and their ancestors. During French colonization of what is now Canada, fur traders began to trade with the Abenaki. There were also French who settled here, coming down from

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