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65-670: The Minister for Education in the state government of South Australia is responsible to Cabinet for the Department. The chief executive officer is responsible for administration of the Department under the Minister. Until recent years, the CEO title was Director-General of Education. The list of Ministers below includes Ministers since 1963. The early settlers believed in a non-conformist tradition of self-help and opposed any State involvement in community services such as schooling where volunteerism could fill

130-704: A 12 year term. The council had its purpose in replicating the British House of Lords as a restricted "house of review" in a colonial context. When the Province of South Australia received its original constitution in 1857, it was the most democratic in the British Empire , combining a universal-suffrage lower house (the House of Assembly ), with a restricted-suffrage upper house (the Legislative Council). The purpose of

195-642: A Governor advised by a Legislative Council. The 1842 Act gave the British Government, which was responsible for appointing a Governor and at least seven other officers to the Legislative Council, full control of South Australia as a Crown Colony , after financial mismanagement by the first administration had nearly bankrupted the colony. This new Legislative Council was the first true parliamentary body in South Australia. The Act also made provision for

260-467: A Labor government was eventually elected in 1965 and began introducing social legislation that was anathema to LCL councillors, they would delay, obstruct and modify such bills. The councillors, however, saw their actions (in the words of MLC Sir Arthur Rymill ) necessary to "oppose... radical moves that I feel would not be in the permanent will of the people." The House of Assembly contained some progressive Liberals, and its membership would usually abide by

325-542: A change in philosophy in the operation of a major government department—towards more local control and more democratic approaches. It was followed by the establishment of School Councils which increased the authority of parents to oversee the direction of their local school. While the Director-General was urging principals to exercise local control there was a matching expectation of principals to share school decision making with their staff. In this climate of rapid change,

390-455: A commission to initiate the establishment of democratic government, electoral districts, requirements for voting rights, and terms of office. Although the old governing Council advising the Governor met at Government House , this new Legislative Council met at a new purpose built chamber on North Terrace. This chamber eventually grew into what is now known as "Old Parliament House". The council

455-959: A majority and carry votes on the floor. elected 2018: David Ridgway Stephen Wade Terry Stephens Jing Lee elected 2018: Emily Bourke Justin Hanson Irene Pnevmatikos Clare Scriven elected 2018: Connie Bonaros Frank Pangallo elected 2018: Tammy Franks elected 2014: Rob Lucas Michelle Lensink    Nicola Centofanti ^ ^ Appointed to replace resigning Andrew McLachlan in 2020      Dennis Hood ^ ^ defected from AC / FFP after 2018 election   elected 2014: Russell Wortley Ian Hunter Tung Ngo Kyam Maher elected 2014: Robert Simms ^ ^ Appointed to replace resigning Mark Parnell in 2021   elected 2014: John Darley elected 2014:    John Dawkins ^ ^ expelled from

520-713: A new body known as the South Australian Colonization Commission . Under this arrangement, there was also a governing Council comprising the Governor, the Judge or Chief Justice , the Colonial Secretary , the Advocate-General and the Resident Commissioner, with broad legislative and executive powers including the imposition of rates, duties, and taxes. This council was sometimes referred to as

585-517: A police station. In 1913 the franchise extended to the inhabitant occupier of a house (but not their spouse) and the council expanded to 20 people, four from each of five districts, with the Central district being replaced by Central District No. 1 and Central District No. 2 . " Contingency voting ", a form of preferential voting , was introduced from 1930. The council's numbers varied over time. From inception to 1882, it had 18 members elected by

650-457: A second major review of South Australian schools and its report was published in 1982, known as the Keeves Report. The report recommended greater specificity in the curriculum and observed that Into the 80s gave little indication of the degree of emphasis required for a large number of expectations. It also recommended that the curriculum of each school be reviewed on a regular basis. In 2012,

715-416: A single colony-wide district. From then until 1902 it had 24 members; until 1915, 18 members; and until 1975, 20 members. .The electoral districts were drawn with a heavy bias in favour of rural areas in place, with half of the council being elected each time. From 1915 to 1975, Labor did not gain more than two members at each election, with the conservative parties always holding a sizeable majority. From 1975,

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780-421: A wife to her husband); to a registered proprietor of a leasehold on which there were improvements to the value of at least 50 pounds and which were the property of the proprietor. At the same time, the franchise was also extended to ministers of religion, school head teachers, postmasters, railway stationmasters, and the officer in charge of a police station. A further extension of the franchise came in 1913, when

845-603: Is elected in a similar manner to its federal counterpart, the Australian Senate . Casual vacancies —where a member resigns or dies—are filled by a joint sitting of both houses, who then elect a replacement. At the founding of the Province of South Australia under the South Australia Act 1834 , governance of the new colony was divided between the Governor of South Australia and a Resident Commissioner , who reported to

910-449: Is illustrated by the opening of new Teachers Colleges: Wattle Park in 1957, Western in 1962, Bedford Park in 1966 and Salisbury in 1968. During the latter part of the 1960s, widespread social changes began to impact on the education sector both in schools and tertiary education sectors. There was a growing concern in the school sector for a more child-centred focus and in teachers having greater flexibility in their teaching methods. In 1970,

975-518: Is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of South Australia . Its central purpose is to act as a house of review for legislation passed through the lower house, the House of Assembly . It sits in Parliament House in the state capital, Adelaide . The upper house has 22 members elected for eight-year terms by proportional representation , with 11 members facing re-election every four years . It

1040-477: Is the state's longest-serving Deputy Premier. (1892–1897) (1893–1901) (1893–1909) (1901–1917) (1905–1918) (1915–1926) (1930–1933) (1933–1946) (1918–1949) (1953–1979) (2002–2018) Note: Following the 2014 election , the Labor minority government won the 2014 Fisher by-election which took them to 24 of 47 seats and therefore majority government . Prior to

1105-511: The 1910 election , just two weeks after the 1910 federal election where their federal counterparts formed Australia's first elected majority in either house in the Parliament of Australia , the world's first Labor Party majority government at a national level, and after the 1904 Chris Watson minority government the world's second Labor Party government at a national level. Known as the United Labor Party of South Australia until 1917,

1170-554: The 2018 election , the 11 of 22 seats up for election were 4 Liberal , 4 Labor , 1 Green , 1 Conservative and 1 Dignity . The final outcome was 4 Liberal, 4 Labor, 2 SA Best and 1 Green. Conservative MLC Dennis Hood , who had been elected as a Family First MLC in 2014, defected to the Liberals nine days after the 2018 state election. John Dawkins was expelled from the Liberal Party in 2020 after successfully running against

1235-434: The 2018 election , the party spent 4 years in opposition before leader Peter Malinauskas led the party to a majority victory in the 2022 election . Labor's most notable historic Premiers of South Australia include Thomas Price in the 1900s, Don Dunstan in the 1970s, John Bannon in the 1980s, and Mike Rann in the 2000s. A United Trades and Labor Council meeting with the purpose of creating an elections committee

1300-758: The Liberal Party in 2020   The two Conservative MPs were elected as members of the Family First Party , which merged into the Australian Conservatives in April 2017. One ex-Independent/ Nick Xenophon Team MP was created a new state political party named Advance SA in September 2017. As part of the transitional arrangements associated with the expansion of the Council from 20 members to 22 members,

1365-688: The South Australian Legislative Council . A week later, Richard Hooper won the 1891 Wallaroo by-election as an Independent Labor member in the South Australian House of Assembly . McPherson won the 1892 East Adelaide by-election on 23 January, becoming the first official Labor leader and member of the House of Assembly. Prior to party creation, South Australian politics had lacked parties or solid groupings, although loose liberal and conservative blocs had begun to develop by

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1430-523: The United Labor Party of South Australia . It is one of two major parties in the bicameral Parliament of South Australia , the other being the Liberal Party of Australia (SA Division) . Since the 1970 election , marking the beginning of democratic fair representation ( one vote, one value ) and ending decades of pro-rural electoral malapportionment known as the Playmander , Labor have won 11 of

1495-574: The "Legislative Council". Confusion and dispute about the division of power between the two roles led to the South Australia Government Act 1838 , which combined the role of Resident Commissioner with that of the Governor. In 1842, the South Australia Act 1842 was passed in order to replace the South Australian Colonisation Commission appointed in 1834 with a more standard British model of government, with

1560-465: The 15 elections. Spanning 16 years and 4 terms, Labor was last in government from the 2002 election until the 2018 election . Jay Weatherill led the Labor government since a 2011 leadership change from Mike Rann . During 2013 it became the longest-serving state Labor government in South Australian history, and in addition went on to win a fourth four-year term at the 2014 election . After losing

1625-510: The 1840s, and this was reflected in a series of reforms in 1851, which created a partially representative Legislative Council. After the changes, it consisted of 24 members, four official (filling what would be today ministerial positions) and four non-official members, both nominated by the governor on behalf of the Crown, and 16 elected members. The right to vote for these positions was not universal, however, being limited to propertied men. In addition,

1690-557: The 1975 election. (*) In December 2023, Frank Pangallo left the SA-Best party. At the 2022 election , the eleven seats up for election (the other eleven members had continuing terms) had been held by four Liberal , four Labor , and one each of Greens , Advance SA and an independent. The result elected five Labor, four Liberal, and one each of Greens and One Nation . Consequently the new Labor government would require an additional three non-government votes to pass legislation. However,

1755-979: The Australian Labor Party at both a state/colony and federal level pre-dates, among others, both the British Labour Party and the New Zealand Labour Party in party formation, government, and policy implementation. Thirteen of the nineteen parliamentary Labor leaders have served as Premier of South Australia : Thomas Price (1905–1909), John Verran (1910–1912), Crawford Vaughan (1915–1917), John Gunn (1924–1926), Lionel Hill (1926–1927 and 1930–1931; expelled from party but continued as Premier until 1933), Frank Walsh (1965–1967), Don Dunstan (1967–1968 and 1970–1979), Des Corcoran (1979), John Bannon (1982–1992), Lynn Arnold (1992–1993), Mike Rann (2002–2011), Jay Weatherill (2011–2018) and Peter Malinauskas (2022–Present) . Robert Richards

1820-552: The Council in this period had 21 members. Senate House of Rep. Council Assembly Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch) The South Australian Labor Party , officially known as the Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch) and commonly referred to simply as South Australian Labor , is the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party , originally formed in 1891 as

1885-436: The Department published a major policy document titled Into the 80s. Our schools and their purposes . It outlined a progressive view of the purposes of schools with eight areas of the curriculum, four priorities and twelve expectations. In continued, the emphasis on strong local school influence on the curriculum and education of the "whole child". After nine years of Labor government, the new Liberal government commissioned

1950-465: The Director-General of Education, Alby Jones, released the Freedom and Authority Memorandum which stated quite unequivocally that principals were in control of their schools and had the power to develop a school ethos, interpret how curriculum guidelines were implemented and generally take responsibility for the school's manner of operation. The memorandum gained nationwide attention as an explicit statement of

2015-478: The Family Services Department and Education Department were combined as The Department of Education and Child Development in an attempt to provide more unified services for children. The arrangement became controversial following highly publicised investigation by the state Ombudsman into the reporting of child abuse incident. The departments were separated in 2016. The Education Development Centre in

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2080-587: The Legislative Council was, as with the 19th century House of Lords, to safeguard the "longer term interests of the nation rather than just reacting to short term ephemeral issues of the day". In 1882, the Legislative Council was increased to 24 members by the a special election brought on by the Constitution Act Further Amendment Act 1881 , and the Province was then divided into four districts which each elected six members: Central , North-Eastern , Northern and Southern districts. At

2145-768: The Liberal upper house President was unexpectedly re-elected to the Presidency, which would give the Labor government nine of 21 seats during votes on the floor, meaning that only an additional two non-government votes are required to pass legislation. elected 2018: Emily Bourke Justin Hanson Irene Pnevmatikos Clare Scriven elected 2018: David Ridgway Ben Hood ^ ^ Appointed to replace retiring Stephen Wade in 2023   Terry Stephens Jing Lee elected 2018: Connie Bonaros Frank Pangallo ^ ^ Resigned from SA Best on 1 Dec 2023   elected 2018: Tammy Franks At

2210-541: The balance of power. The Liberal Movement , in 1975, was the first minor party to have members elected to the council, and its successor, the Australian Democrats , held the balance until 1997 when No Pokies Nick Xenophon was elected. The Family First Party and the Greens gained representation in 2002 and 2006 respectively. The proportional system used in 1973 was party-list proportional representation , but this

2275-417: The council was increased to 22 members, with half (11) to be elected at each election. The conservative members in the council were very independent, and differed markedly from their counterparts in the House of Assembly. During the long reign of Liberal and Country League (LCL) Premier Sir Thomas Playford , they would prove to be an irritant, and Labor support was sometimes required for bills to pass. When

2340-514: The council's rural bias as well as all restrictions on suffrage (other than the age of majority , though this was lowered from 21 to 18 years). Initially rejected by the council, the reform created a single statewide electorate of 22 members, with 11 being elected each time. It eventually passed with bipartisan support. The new council was designed to be deadlocked, and for a party majority to be hard to gain. Its proportional electoral system proved favourable to minor parties and they have usually held

2405-457: The council. Following the similar Senate changes which took effect from the 2016 federal election , as of the 2018 state election , South Australia's single transferable vote in the proportionally represented upper house was changed from group voting tickets to optional preferential voting − instructions for above the line votes are to mark '1' and then further preferences are optional as opposed to preference flows from simply '1' above

2470-403: The end of the 1880s. The 1893 election was the first general election Labor would stand at, resulting in liberal and conservative leaning MPs beginning to divide, additionally with unidentified groupings and independents, as well as the subsequent formation of the staunchly anti-Labor National Defence League . The voluntary turnout rate increased from 53 to 68 percent, with Labor on 19 percent of

2535-581: The government commissioned a major review of education in the state which was published in 1971. Titled the Report of the Committee of Enquiry into Education in South Australia 1969–70 it was generally known as the Karmel Report. The report of 649 pages was very comprehensive and stimulated widespread reflection and change. Professor Karmel was later commissioned to head a similar review into Australian education which

2600-578: The idea of State education grew rapidly during the 1860s to 1870s culminated in South Australia with the Education Act 1875 which established the Education Department more or less as it exists today. The act provided for free and compulsory education for children from 7 to 13. By the turn of the century South Australia was becoming more prosperous and the need for a well educated population was becoming more evident. The idea of universal State education

2665-412: The inner western suburb of Hindmarsh is a conference centre owned by the Department, for use by the Department, the wider education sector and for private hire by the business sector. Between governments, at various periods, Premiers have acted as Minister of Education. South Australian Legislative Council Opposition (8) Crossbench (5) The Legislative Council , or upper house,

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2730-438: The line being determined by group voting tickets, while instructions for voters who instead opt to vote below the line are to provide at least 12 preferences as opposed to having to number all candidates, and with a savings provision to admit ballot papers which indicate at least 6 below the line preferences. Below is the history of the composition of the Legislative Council since the introduction of Proportional Representation at

2795-468: The new Legislative Council passed the Education Act 1851 which established a Board of Education. The Act made provision for support for school buildings and a stipend for teachers, paving the way for universal elementary education. However, South Australia was the first state to make a clear separation between church and state in schooling. Only schools that provided non-denominational religious instruction were given support. In Britain and across Australia,

2860-417: The new House of Assembly. While all adult males could vote in the new Assembly, the Council continued to limit voting rights to the wealthier classes; suffrage was male-only and dependent on certain property and wage requirements. The entire province was a single electorate for the Legislative Council, electing 18 members, with the scheme originally set up so that 6 members would be elected every 4 years to serve

2925-405: The party line. The council contained none, and its members rebelled regularly against the decisions of the party leadership and the popular will of the people. Even after electoral legislation had been implemented in 1967 by Steele Hall that produced a fairer electoral system for the House of Assembly, the council remained a house of property. Under the original 1856 Constitution, the franchise

2990-437: The party's nominee for Legislative Council President. This was against the party's rules. The 22 seat upper house composition is therefore 8 Liberal on the government benches, 8 Labor on the opposition benches, and 5 to minor parties and 1 independent on the crossbench , consisting of 2 SA Best, 2 Green, 1 Advance SA and John Dawkins. The government would therefore require at least four additional non-government members to form

3055-478: The qualification of an occupier of a dwelling house was altered to include any inhabitant occupier, whether owner or tenant. In 1918, the right to vote for members of the upper house was extended to all those who had served in armed forced in the First World War. This was subsequently extended to Second World War veterans in 1940 and in 1969, it was simplified to apply to all Australian war veterans regardless of

3120-501: The reforms meant that the Governor no longer oversaw proceedings, with the role being filled by a Speaker who had been elected by the members. In 1856, the Legislative Council passed the Constitution Act 1856 (SA), which prepared what was to become the 1857 Constitution of South Australia . This laid out the means for true self-government, and created a bicameral system , which involved delegating most of its legislative powers to

3185-477: The role. They also opposed special privileges being given to the established church. Soon after settlement in 1836, there were moves to set up community schools, often run by a church. They charged fees to support the teacher. One such school opened in 1847 at Mitcham, a few miles south of Adelaide, with Thomas Mugg being the teacher, a former cabinet maker. Interest in State involvement in schooling had changed by 1851 when

3250-639: The same time, the electoral schedule was shifted so that half of the Council was elected at each House of Assembly election. Women earned the right to vote in the Council at the same time as the Assembly, in 1895 , the first Parliament in Australia to do so, under the radical Premier Charles Kingston . In 1902, following the Federation of Australia , the Constitution Act Amendment Act 1901 reduced

3315-403: The size of the legislative council from 24 back to 18 members - 6 from Central District and four each from Northern, North-Eastern and Southern districts. North-Eastern District was replaced by Midland District from the 1910 election, and the restricted franchise was extended to include ministers of religion, school head teachers, postmasters, railway stationmasters, and the officer in charge of

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3380-477: The state's first Labor minority government and the world's first stable Labor Party government at the 1905 election with the support of several non-Labor MPs to form the Price-Peake administration , which was re-elected at the 1906 double dissolution election , with Labor falling just two seats short of a majority. So successful, John Verran led Labor to form the state's first of many majority governments at

3445-435: The time of voting, or containing a clause authorising the lessee to become the purchaser of the land thereby demised, or occupy a dwelling house of the clear annual value of Twenty-five Pounds sterling money." In 1907, the right to vote was extended to any person occupying a dwelling house, or "dwelling house and premises appurtenant thereto", with an annual rent of at least 17 pounds per annum (excluding any payment of rent by

3510-466: The vote, and 10 Labor candidates including McPherson and Hooper were elected to the 54-member House of Assembly which gave Labor the balance of power . The Kingston liberal government was formed with the support of Labor, ousting the Downer conservative government. Kingston served as Premier for a then-record of six and a half years, usually implementing legislation with Labor support. Thomas Price formed

3575-420: The war they served in. In 1969, the franchise was granted to any person who owned or rented property, regardless of the value of the property. Further, the franchise was extended to the wedded spouse of the owner or renter. Major changes came in 1973 under Don Dunstan . Dunstan, a social reformist, tired of the council's obstructionist attitude, and put forward bills for its reform. These changes would remove

3640-807: Was Premier in 1933 while leading the rebel Parliamentary Labor Party of MPs who had been expelled in the 1931 Labor split ; he would later be readmitted and lead the party in opposition. Bannon is Labor's longest-serving Premier of South Australia , ahead of Rann and Dunstan by a matter of weeks. Every Labor leader for more than half a century has gone on to serve as Premier. Since the position's formal introduction in 1968, seven parliamentary Labor deputy leaders have served as Deputy Premier of South Australia : Des Corcoran (1968 and 1970–1979), Hugh Hudson (1979), Jack Wright (1982–1985), Don Hopgood (1985–1992), Frank Blevins (1992–1993), Kevin Foley (2002–2011), John Rau (2011–18) and Susan Close (2022– Present). Foley

3705-449: Was a new concept for society at that time and debate continued about the nature of the education to be provided. A major issue was whether there should be a religious element in the instruction. South Australia dealt with the issue through Australia's first referendum, the 1896 South Australian referendum . The voters decisively supported the existing system, rejecting scripture classes and capitalisation support for religious schools. There

3770-659: Was almost no teacher training and the curriculum was largely devoted to rote learning. The University of Adelaide offered to take responsibility for teacher training and the University Training College opened in 1900. Secondary education at this time was only provided through fee paying private schools. In 1908, Adelaide High School opened, the first free State high school in Australia. The number of free high schools spread slowly and in 1915 only amounted to 6.2 secondary pupils per thousand people. However this grew to 73 per thousand 1969. The focus of secondary education

3835-438: Was convened on 12 December 1890, and held on 7 January 1891. The elections committee was formed, officially named the United Labor Party of South Australia (unlike state Labor, prior to 1912 their federal counterparts included the 'u' in their spelling of Labour) with John McPherson the founding secretary. Four months later, Labor enjoyed immediate success, electing David Charleston , Robert Guthrie and Andrew Kirkpatrick to

3900-467: Was modified in 1985. The federal government of Bob Hawke had introduced a new single transferable vote system for the Australian Senate , enabling voters to choose between voting 'above the line' (for a single party preference ticket that ranked all candidates on the ballot paper in the party's preferred order) or 'below the line' and number all candidates in order of preference, on the ballot paper. The Bannon state government copied this arrangement for

3965-482: Was no longer relevant and high school education was the norm. During the 1950s, the school curriculum was standard across the state. In primary schools, there the same texts were used in all schools and there was little variation between schools in what was taught. By the end of the decade, the greatest problem was the very rapid growth in enrolments due to a higher birth rate, large scale immigration and high school students staying at school longer. The demand for teachers

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4030-406: Was originally appointed by the Governor (then Sir George Grey ), and only served in an advisory capacity, as the Governor retained almost all legislative powers. It was expanded slightly in 1843, when several prominent landowners were allowed to join. In the same year, proceedings were opened to the general public. Public demand for some form of representative government had been growing throughout

4095-403: Was published in 1985. During the mid 1970s, many new schools were built and in the primary sector in particular these were designed on the 'open-space teaching' model. Individual classrooms were replaced with larger open spaces of up to eight classes. They were designed to encourage teachers to work cooperatively and for children to be able to use withdrawal rooms and group work spaces. In 1981,

4160-514: Was restricted to men, "having a freehold estate in possession, either legal or equitable, situate within the said Province, of the clear value of Fifty Pounds sterling money above all charges and encumbrances affecting the same, or having a leasehold estate in possession, situate within the said Province, the lease thereof having been registered in the General Registry Office, for the registration of deeds, and having three years to run at

4225-564: Was strongly academic, following the English grammar school tradition. The Depression and World War II brought significant disruption to the education system. Teacher salaries were reduced during the Depression. The Qualifying Certificate was an important assessment at the end of primary schooling, indicating a standard of elementary literacy and numeracy. The Qualifying Certificate was abolished in 1942 indicating that this level of educational achievement

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