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70-541: The committee was formed in 1899 in response to the outbreak of the war, for the "dissemination of accurate information", and to seek an early "peaceable settlement between this country and the Boer Republics ". The Conciliation Committee campaigned chiefly for formal negotiations to end the war. Among other movements, the Conciliation Committee was seen to be taking the centre ground, aiming to keep South Africa in

140-637: A Republic. Hermanus Steyn was appointed as President of the Republic of Swellendam. The burghers of Swellendam started to call themselves "national burghers" – after the style of the French Revolution. However, the Republic was short-lived and was ended on 4 November 1795 when the Cape was occupied by the Kingdom of Great Britain . Public farmers and the government authorities could not agree on policies with regards to

210-592: A full-scale civil religion. Certainly the old synthesis of revealed and natural theology is largely repudiated; officially at least. But, the folk religion of the Afrikaners is not dead. Some scholars are attempting to draw lines of distinction between Calvinism per se , the history of the Afrikaners, and the civil religion of the apartheid regime in particular. In 1985, 92% of Afrikaners were members of Reformed Churches. By late 2013, this figure had dropped to 40%, while actual weekly church attendance of Reformed Churches

280-709: A hundred people, after 1834 even in groups of hundreds. There were many reasons why the Boers left the Cape Colony; among the initial reasons were the language laws. The British had proclaimed the English language as the only language of the Cape Colony and prohibited the use of the Dutch language. As the Bible, churches, schools and culture of many of the settlers were Dutch, this caused a lot of friction. Britain abolished slavery in 1834 and allocated

350-636: A long reputation of lawlessness, often being called typical "Back-veldt Boers". In 1864, they were inevitably incorporated into the South African Republic (Transvaal) after the Transvaal Civil War . As a district in the Republic, they had the largest native population in the South African Republic. In April 1837, a party under leadership of Piet Retief arrived in Thabanchu. In June 1837, in Winburg,

420-472: A people has a central place in the formation of the Boer religion. In this way, a distinctive folk character became attached to their Calvinistic beliefs. This folk religion was not articulated in a formal way. It was the experience of the Afrikaners, which they interpreted through their assurance that their absolutely sovereign Creator and their Lord had shown special grace to them as a particular people. However,

490-588: A proclamation declaring British sovereignty over all the lands to the north and to the south of the Vaal river. Commandant-General Andries Pretorius led the commandos against the British forces later that year, leading to the Battle of Boomplaats on 29 August 1848, in which the British emerged victorious. The Volksraad from Winburg was transferred to Potchefstroom and the South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek;

560-598: A puritanical Boer society. Paul Kruger , first president of the South African Republic upon its reacquired independence after the brief British annexation, adopted the Calvinistic principles in its political form, and formulated a cultural mandate based on the Voortrekkers' conviction that they had a special calling from God, not unlike the people of Israel in the Bible. The Doppers waged an intellectual war against

630-577: A revolution against their God and way of life. During the Great Trek, many people, mostly from the eastern part of the Cape Colony , went north, to areas not under control of the British colonies authorities. Because the Cape Dutch Reformed Church was seen by the trekkers as being an agent of the Cape government, they also did not trust its ministers and emissaries, seeing them as attempts by

700-843: A significant role in Afrikaner society until after they suffered the trauma of the Second Boer War . Early settlers dwelt in isolated frontier conditions and lived much closer to pseudo-Christian animist beliefs than organised religion. White settlement in South Africa is traced to the 1652 arrival of the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope , seeking to establish a supply and refreshment station for its ships and crews bound to and from Indonesia. From its headquarters in Amsterdam ,

770-537: A slow and quiet re-examination of their policy proposals. And yet no significant changes took place to reform the apartheid system until the Soweto riots in 1976. Some time after this, the Broederbond declared apartheid an irreformable failure and began work to dismantle it. The conviction had finally become established, although not universally that, if the Afrikaner people, language and religion were to survive, they must take

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840-505: Is essential to understanding the distinctive concept of "calling" that developed among the Afrikaners. These attitudes, adopted very early, went with them through later conflicts, formed in a way that to them, seemed to be obviously crafted by the hand of God Himself. They believed that they were preserved because of God's wisdom and Providence . The suffering which they experienced, and the strong bonds that they formed in response to it, seemed to confirm this idea at every turn. Their history as

910-583: The Cape of Good Hope in 1795 and handed it back to the Batavian Republic after the Peace of Amiens in 1802. For about a year and a half, Enlightenment ideas were promoted by Janssens and De Mist , including changes in church government. In 1806, the British re-captured the Cape of Good Hope on its own, and appointed British administrators there, who were zealous propagators of the Enlightenment. They loosened

980-617: The First Boer War with Britain. However, later developments, including the discovery of diamonds and gold in these states, led to the Second Boer War . In this war, the Transvaal and Orange Free State were defeated and annexed by the overwhelmingly larger British forces, ceasing to exist on 31 May 1902, with the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging . A new British dominion, the Union of South Africa ,

1050-749: The French Revolution brought these habits of thought more self-consciously to the surface. France invaded the Republic of the United Provinces in January 1794, the Stadtholder fled to England and asked the British to send its Navy to take care of the possessions of the United East India Company that was in dire financial straits and in which the Stadtholder had a huge stake. The British took care of

1120-630: The Griqua , a subgroup of South Africa's heterogeneous and multiracial Coloured people. Most notable among these were Griqualand West and Griqualand East . The people north of the Vaal River in the South African Republic were recognised as an independent country by the United Kingdom with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852. The Orange Free State was recognised by

1190-589: The Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk ( Dutch Reformed Church ). By the late nineteenth century, the separatist churches of Gereformeerde Kerk had developed in South Africa. The Dutch settlement of the Cape of Good Hope was the first colonial success in South Africa. The company established strict rules for trade between the settlement and the native population. Only a Company administrator could authorize trade or Christian missionary ventures among

1260-584: The Orange Free State . The republics did not provide for the separation of church and state , initially allowing only the Dutch Reformed Church , and later also other Protestant churches in the Calvinist (specifically Afrikaner ) tradition. The republics came to an end after the Second Boer War of 1899–1902, which resulted in British annexation and later (in 1910) incorporation of their lands into

1330-744: The UK on 17 February 1854. The Orange Free State became independent on 23 February 1854 with the signing of the Bloemfontein or Orange River Convention . The Orange Free State was nicknamed "the model republic". The Transvaal and the Orange Free State developed into successful independent countries which were recognized by the Netherlands, France, Germany, Belgium, the United States, and Britain. These two countries continued to exist for several decades, despite

1400-590: The Union of South Africa and relinquished control to democratic elections, a small, anonymous group of young intellectuals called the Afrikaner Broederbond , formed in the years following the Second Anglo-Boer War to discuss strategies for addressing the overwhelming social problem of poor whites and other Afrikaner interests. By the account of Irving Hexham , according to Klaus Venter and Hendrick Stoker who were themselves disgruntled members of

1470-635: The Union of South Africa . The Dutch East India Company (VOC) first issued land to the Free Burghers in 1657. The Free Burghers established two colonies at the Liesbeeck River near Rondebosch in the Western Cape . Following an application process, the Free Burghers formed two groups, the first group named their settlement Harman's Colony and the second group named theirs Stephen's Colony. By 1670,

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1540-616: The 1830s–40s. On the 22nd of January 1837 Piet Retief addressed a letter to the British Colonial Administration in which he concluded "We quit this colony under the full assurance that the English Government has nothing more to require of us, and will allow us to govern ourselves without its interference in future". By 1795 the dissatisfaction towards the Dutch East India Company caused the burghers of Swellendam to revolt, and on 17 June 1795 they declared themselves

1610-512: The Africans during the early settlement period. But many settlers believed they had arrived with a missionary motive, which included spreading the superiority of European culture. These factors contributed to the settler practice of indenturing the native Khoisan population to serve as workers and servants. Within that master/servant relationship, the Europeans would teach the Bible to them in hope that

1680-464: The Africans. Settlers were forbidden from stealing or shooting cattle , which were a form of wealth and sustainability for the Africans. The early Europeans were shocked by the differences in the customs, clothing and appearance of the Africans. False rumours that the natives were cannibals reinforced the motive to avoid unnecessary contact. The Cape was a walled garden, with Africa on the outside and Europe within. This strict order minimised conflicts with

1750-773: The Afrikaner Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk (the Cape Synod), the Boer Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk , which was the State Church of the South African Republic, and the Boer Gereformeerde Kerk , the smallest of the three, led by Rev. Postma. The originally contemptuous name, Dopper , may come from the Dutch domp ( wick-snuffers ) for their opposition to candles and other innovations in worship, perhaps representing their contempt for

1820-453: The Afrikaner mind to invasion and conquest. And, this anti-imperialism extended also to the theory of missionary obligation that developed within the Dutch Reformed Church : the Kingdom of God will grow within the sphere of influence assigned to the church by divine providence, as children are taught the Gospel by their parents and family. If God deems it fitting for the Gospel to be received by

1890-563: The Afrikaners was, "Separation is Strength". In the South African Dutch Reformed Church in Transvaal, the more conservative party (known as Doppers ) were opposed to singing some hymns in church. They asked the Afgescheiden Gereformeerde Kerk in the Netherlands to provide them with a minister. The Rev. Dirk Postma came from Zwolle to the South African Republic in 1858, and was accepted as a minister of

1960-689: The Afrikaners. Highly critical of the Enlightenment, the "revolution" as they called it, the Doleantie in the church had counterparts in education and in politics. The timing of this influence was significant, coming on the crest of a wave of evangelical revival, the Reveil in the Dutch Reformed Church, which had been led in South Africa by the Scottish preacher, Andrew Murray . The slogan of the Doleantie, which eventually rang with unintended nationalist nuance for

2030-543: The British Empire rather than pressing for the British to withdraw unilaterally, making non- partisan appeals to reason. Founded by Catherine Courtney , its president was the veteran politician Leonard Courtney . Courtney recruited Emily Hobhouse as secretary. Jane Cobden Unwin , daughter of the Radical and Liberal statesman Richard Cobden , was a founder member, as was the suffragist Elizabeth Maria Molteno , daughter of

2100-567: The British Enlightenment found itself with the Afrikaners for the first time. From the Boer (meaning farmer in Dutch and Afrikaans) point of view, the Enlightenment had resulted in a foreign power ruling over them, imposing alien laws and alien languages, liberated their slaves without compensation, and put the interest of English-speakers over those of the Dutch-speakers. They were exposed to the Enlightenment, and it appeared to them to be

2170-574: The Cape Church. Meanwhile, back in the Netherlands, the Dutch State church had also been transformed by the Enlightenment, a change represented in the minds of those opposed it, by the loss of any meaningful profession of faith as requisite for adult church members, and the singing of hymns (in addition to psalms) and other innovations in worship and doctrine. In the Netherlands a movement grew in reaction to this perceived dismantlement of Biblical faith. It

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2240-531: The Cape government to regain political control. There were also religious divisions among the trekkers themselves. A minister from the Netherlands, Dirk Van der Hoff went to the Transvaal in 1853, and became a minister in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk , which was constituted in 1856, and in 1860 recognised as the State Church of the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal), separate from

2310-670: The Company recruited crew and equipped voyages for the Orient. Most of its Dutch employees were Protestant Calvinists, who were the majority of the population in the region, supplemented by other Protestants: a few Lutheran Germans, and numerous French Huguenot refugees who had fled religious persecution in France. Among their Afrikaner descendants, individual religious communities such as the Dopper s became known for establishing their own doctrine in rifts with

2380-490: The Conciliation Committee was founded in Cape Town in early 1900, under the chairmanship of prominent parliamentarian John Molteno . It fought a long-running (though ultimately relatively successful) battle against state censorship and martial law. Notes Bibliography Boer Republics The Boer republics (sometimes also referred to as Boer states ) were independent, self-governing republics formed (especially in

2450-508: The Doppers were symbolic of resistance to all things English in South Africa, and despite their small size and distinctiveness they were culturally sophisticated and disproportionately influential during and after the Great Trek. It was the Dopper church that established Potchefstroom University . Boer Republics which arose after the Great Trek needed a comprehensive philosophy upon which to organise

2520-404: The Enlightenment; or, Dopper may originate from Dutch dop (and thus drinkers ), perhaps on account of their strong opposition to small, individual communion cups. The separatism of the Doppers, expressed in the severity of their doctrine, the austere puritanism of their worship, and even in their distinctive dress and speech, set them in stark contrast to European influence. Nevertheless,

2590-480: The European people voted on a resolution whether to pursue independence or remain under British rule. The vast majority of people voted to remain under British rule. Sir Harry Smith, however, had instructions to hand the country over to the Boers. In 1853, Sir George Clerk was sent as special commissioner to give up the land and to establish self-rule. 16,000 people sent a delegation of representatives to inform Clerk that

2660-684: The Hervormde Kerk, but on learning that he and his congregation could be required to sing hymns (rather than the Psalms only ), he and the Doppers, numbering about 300 adults, among whom was the South African Republic 's President Paul Kruger , broke away from the state church to form the Gereformeerde Kerk in Rustenburg in February 1859. There were thus now three Dutch Reformed Churches in South Africa –

2730-403: The Koranna Khoisan tribe, when they invaded and took a piece of land, which they declared the Republic of Stellaland. The first president was Gerrit Jacobus van Niekerk and the town of Vryburg was founded and declared its capital. In 1883, The Republic of Stellaland united with The State of Goshen to form the United States of Stellaland . The New Republic (comprising the town of Vryheid )

2800-406: The Old Testament of the Jews as the chosen people . A number of modern studies have argued that Boers gathered for the Great Trek inspired by this concept, and they used it to legitimise their subordination of other South African ethnic groups. It is thought to have contributed the religious basis for modern Afrikaner nationalism . Dissenting scholars have asserted that Calvinism did not play

2870-507: The VOC decided to grant additional land to the Free Burghers in order to increase grain production for the purpose of sustainability since grain had to be imported. The Free Burgher settlements gradually expanded towards the interior of South Africa . The United Kingdom took over from the Netherlands as the colonial power at the Cape of Good Hope in 1806. Subsequently, a number of its Dutch -speaking inhabitants trekked inland, first in smaller numbers, then in groups as large as almost

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2940-445: The Vet river and founded a town called Winburg . The establishment of the South African Republic had its origins in 1837 when the commandos of Potgieter and Piet Uys defeated a Matabele raiding party of Mzilikazi and drove them back over the Limpopo river . Potgieter declared the lands north and south of the Vaal river as Boer lands. Boers started settling on both sides of the Vaal river and in March 1838, Potgieter, Uys and

3010-428: The Voortrekkers; on 16 December 1838 the battle of Ncome River (later named the Battle of Blood River ) occurred, during which 300 Voortrekkers survived and won a decisive battle against thousands of Dingane's impis. The Natalia Republic was established in 1839 by the local Boers after Pretorius entered into an alliance with Mpande , the new Zulu king. In June 1852 a public meeting was held in Bloemfontein where all

3080-419: The ZAR) was established as the name of the new country. The Boer Republics were predominately Calvinist Protestant due to their Dutch heritage, and this played a significant role in their culture. The ZAR national constitution did not provide separation between church and state, disallowing the franchise (citizenship) to anyone not a member of the Dutch Reformed Church . In 1858, these clauses were altered in

3150-428: The agreement is filed in the Government Archives under file R117/46. FN further states that the land was legally bought and paid for on 25 July 1846 as an ethnic group and not as individual landowners and was only in custodianship of the pre-1994 government as they were regarded as descendants of the ethnic group. There was therefore no legal right to hand this land over to a "foreign" government in April 1994 and away from

3220-562: The church is now less cohesive and more difficult to assess. Having been thoroughly conflated with apartheid, historic Calvinism appears to have fallen out of favour. Liberation theology , which attempts to reconcile Christianity with the Marxist doctrine of class struggle , has gained a foothold in some quarters, and appears to have advocates on both the left and right ends of the political spectrum. American-style evangelicalism and Arminianism also appear to have made inroads, which with its more individualistic emphasis has less potential for

3290-451: The constitution to allow for the Volksraad to approve other Dutch Calvinist churches that separated from the Dutch Reformed Church in the wake of a number of splits. Members of the Roman Catholic Church and other Christian churches were not allowed to become citizens of the ZAR. The Zoutpansberg Boers came in 1835, settling along the Limpopo River , where they learnt gold working from the natives. The white settlers in Zoutpansberg had

3360-402: The first Cape Prime Minister , John Molteno . Other prominent members included John Clifford , president of the Stop the War Committee , Allan Heywood Bright MP, Sir Wilfrid Lawson MP, publisher Thomas Fisher Unwin , left-wing journalist Henry Brailsford , and Robert Spence Watson , author of The History of English Rule and Policy in South Africa . There was a considerable overlap with

3430-524: The frontier resulting in the 'Cape Frontier Rebellion' of 1795 where after the Boers declared Graaff-Reinet an independent republic, the Republic of Graaff-Reinet . Following the Invasion of the Cape Colony in 1795, the British took possession of the area which led to another revolt in 1799, the uprising were suppressed by British troops that same year. Louis Tregardt and Jan van Rensburg split off from Hendrik Potgieter 's group, and continued on to establish Zoutpansberg . Potgieter's group remained at

3500-406: The initiative to emerge from the laager, and invite South Africa in. The Broederbond (dropping the policy of secrecy and with the new name Afrikanerbond ) began proposing initiatives for land reform and the reversal of apartheid. The reversal of apartheid has cast the Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK) into a period of change. While remaining confessionally Calvinist, the religious character of

3570-470: The last half of the 19th century) by Dutch -speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony and their descendants. The founders – variously named Trekboers , Boers , and Voortrekkers – settled mainly in the middle, northern, north-eastern and eastern parts of present-day South Africa . Two of the Boer republics achieved international recognition and complete independence: the South African Republic ( Dutch : Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek , ZAR; or Transvaal) and

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3640-406: The members of the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom . The 1900 general election was generally considered a " khaki election ", and candidates such as Bright and Lawson, who were identified as "anti war", were heavily defeated. Against this background the Committee drew considerable public opposition to its campaigning, particularly when it organised a women's demonstration against the war in

3710-411: The men of their commando provided relief to Gerrit Maritz , and early in April 1838, Uys and his son were killed. During April 1838 Potgieter returned to the area north of the Vaal river and founded the town of Potchefstroom . At this time, this new country included the area north (Potchefstroom) and south (Winburg) of the Vaal river. In 1848 the British Governor of the Cape, Sir Harry Smith , issued

3780-407: The message would filter back through the servant's family (along with reports of the superiority of the European way of life) and thus bring about conversion. The farmers who lived outside the physical walls of the towns had a different arrangement with natives than did the townspeople. To them, occupation meant ownership, and ownership implied the right to protect their property. As they settled into

3850-413: The natives, and taught to their children, then this is his glory. Toward that end, Christians have a defining role given them from God, a calling, or covenantal responsibility as God's people, to keep themselves pure in the faith and just in their dealings with the heathen, and to be absolutely unyielding in their protection of what has been legitimately claimed in the name of the Triune God . This history

3920-441: The newly elected Boer Volksraad appointed Piet Retief as Commandant-General. An argument between Maritz and Potgieter, both elected to the Volksraad, led to a split. Maritz and Piet Retief decided to secede from the Potgieter- and Uys-led Boer country. The Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief obtained a treaty from Zulu King Dingane to settle part of the lands the Zulus administered or held sway over, but Dingane later betrayed

3990-427: The north till the Olifantsrivier, then downwards to the Delagoa Bay line; to the south till the Crocodile River; to the west to Elandspruit till the 26 degrees line; east till where the Crocodile River joins the Komati River." FN states that the sale of said land was between King Masous (representative of the Zulu ) as seller; and Commandant SJZR Burg (representative of the Dutch South African nation) as buyer. A copy of

4060-439: The original ethnic group. The new land claims process has not yet been finalised however. Afrikaner Calvinism Christianity • Protestantism Afrikaner Calvinism ( Afrikaans : Afrikaner Calvinisme ) is a cultural and religious development among Afrikaners that combined elements of seventeenth-century Calvinist doctrine with a "chosen people" ideology based in the Bible. It had origins in ideas espoused in

4130-456: The people wished to remain governed by Britain. Clerk however had clear instructions to establish self-rule, and with a minority Boers represented by J.H. Hofmann, agreed to a convention of independence. The State of Goosen was founded by a group of Boer Mercenaries led by Nicolaas Claudius Gey van Pittius in November 1882. It unified with Stellaland on 6 August 1883. West of the Transvaal 400 Boers allied with David Massouw, leader of

4200-407: The perceived influx of uitlander culture which was flooding into the Transvaal through the mass settlements of foreign immigrants lured by gold and diamonds. The Boer Wars had left many of the Afrikaners utterly destitute. The ruined farmers were seen in the hundreds, following the war, lining the highways selling produce by the basket. After the four South African colonies united politically into

4270-474: The same year. However, the antagonism was not as strong as that provoked by the Stop the War Committee, with its religiously inspired utopian approach. The Conciliation Committee's distinctive role was seen by The Spectator as providing authentic information about the war. Emily Hobhouse visited South Africa in 1900–1; her 1901 report on the concentration camps led to the Fawcett Commission, which formally confirmed her findings. The South African branch of

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4340-401: The secret organisation, in 1927 the Broederbond moved to Potchefstroom University, asking that the school would take over leadership of the then-struggling group. That year, the Broederbond formally adopted the Calvinist philosophy based on the work of Abraham Kuyper . The Broederbond believed, with deep-rooted conviction, that what their past had provided them through the interpretation of faith

4410-426: The seemingly unoccupied territories surrounding the Cape, they enforced their assumptions about ownership and its rights against the wandering hunters or herding tribes who crossed the Fish River into farm territories. The settlers considered the farms to be an extension beyond the towns of the separation between the white and the black occupants of the land. Separation and rules of exchange were opposed very early in

4480-450: The sum of 1,200,000 British pounds as recompense for the Dutch settlers' slaves. The Dutch settlers disputed the requirement that they had to lodge their claims in Britain and objected that the value of the slaves was many times the allocated amount. This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers. Boer migrants were referred to as the Voortrekkers during the time of the Great Trek , several mass movements which occurred during

4550-489: The trade and labour regulations, speaking of the blacks as those whose untainted natural souls they professed to admire. The British government outlawed slavery in parts of the British Empire in 1833 with enforcement in the Cape Colony in 1834. They called the blacks equals, and gave them access to the courts in suit against white landowners. And, they professed to believe in their own autonomous reason above all else. A more antithetical message could hardly be imagined, as

4620-416: The treaty and slaughtered Retief and 70 members of his delegation. Dingane's impis (Zulu warriors) then killed almost 300 Boers who had settled in the Natal region. After Pretorius was recruited to fill the leadership vacuum created by the deaths of Piet Retief and Maritz, he offered to negotiate for peace with Dingane if he were to restore the land he had offered to Retief. Dingane responded by attacking

4690-403: Was a model of anti-imperialism, self-discipline and responsibility, which in the end would preserve justice for all – blacks, coloured, and whites – against Communist deceit. These strategies that arose from the Broederbond were directly responsible for the establishment of apartheid , in 1948. After the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, under enormous international pressure, the Broederbond began

4760-449: Was called the Afscheiding, in which the Rev. Hendrik de Cock separated himself from the State Church in 1834 in Ulrum, Groningen. There was also a movement called the Reveil ( Awakening ), supported by those who did not separate from the State Church, like Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer , whose writings became known in South Africa. And much later the leader of another schism called the Doleantie , Abraham Kuyper , began to become known to

4830-466: Was established in 1884 on land given to the local Boers by the Zulu King Dinuzulu , the son of Cetshwayo , after he recruited local Boers to fight on his side. The Boers were promised and granted land for their services and were led by Louis Botha who would go on to prominence during the second Anglo-Boer War . This republic was later absorbed into the Transvaal/South African Republic. States were also established by other population groups, most notably

4900-424: Was established under the South Africa Act 1909 , in which the Transvaal and the Orange Free State became provinces along with the Cape and Natal. On 24 April 2014, political party Front Nasionaal (FN) submitted a land claim to the Land Claims Commissioner in Pretoria on behalf of the Afrikaner nation. The claim pertains to the land described in National Archives of South Africa R117/1846: "From Ohrigstad to

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