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38-679: The retreat was established in 2004 with a grant from the University of Connecticut College of Liberal Arts and Sciences by the writer and former Connecticut poet laureate Marilyn Nelson . The idea for creating the retreat grew out of the Cave Canem workshops. Soul Mountain offers fellowships to "emerging and established poets" with an emphasis on supporting writers belonging to traditionally underrepresented racial or cultural groups. The non-profit organization has established partnerships with African Continuum Theater Company, Cave Canem , Kundiman ,

76-712: A Fula maabo , was appointed as the court poet of the Songhai chief Mossi Gaidou in Dargol, Niger . Poets Laureate of Nigeria include Obo Aba Hisanjani and Niyi Osundare . Mamman Jiya Vatsa was the inaugural poet laureate of Abuja, Nigeria . Tanure Ojaide was the Poet Laureate of the Niger Delta . During the 18th century in Rwanda 's history, Semidogoro was the official court poet of Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo . Sekarama

114-742: A dozen national governments continue the poet laureate tradition. In Algeria , during the 11th century, Ibn Sharaf al-Qayrawani was the court poet of the Zīrids . Al-Thaghri Al-Tilimsani was appointed as a court poet during the Zayyanid dynasty . Boûbacar Tinguidji, a Fula maabo , was appointed as the court poet of the Ruler of Dori . Poets Laureate of Cameroon include René Philombé . Poets Laureate of Cape Verde include Eugénio Tavares . Ahmed Shawqi became Egypt 's Poet Laureate in 1894. Poets Laureate of Eritrea include Reesom Haile. In Ethiopia ,

152-453: A medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK , equivalent to 10.8 million SEK in 2023. In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9 million SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. In years in which

190-525: Is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, typically expected to compose poems for special events and occasions. Albertino Mussato of Padua and Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) of Arezzo were the first to be crowned poets laureate after the classical age, respectively in 1315 and 1342. In Britain, the term dates from the appointment of Bernard André by Henry VII of England . The royal office of Poet Laureate in England dates from

228-1037: Is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation. Different organisations are responsible for awarding the individual prizes; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics; the Swedish Academy awards the Prize in Literature; the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives

266-803: Is designated by a "Presenting Partners" group from within the community, the Minnesota poet laureate chosen by the League of Minnesota Poets (est. 1934), the Northampton Poet Laureate chosen by the Northampton Arts Council, and the Martha's Vineyard Poet Laureate chosen by ten judges representing the Martha's Vineyard Poetry Society. In ancient Greece , the laurel was used to form a crown or wreath of honour for poets and heroes. The custom derives from

304-786: Is expressed in the Xhosa term, some poets have been dually noted as "poet laureate" and "national poet" depending upon the source: Kazi Nazrul Islam ( Bangladesh ), Rabindranath Tagore ( India ), José Craveirinha ( Mozambique ), Mahmoud Darwish ( Palestine ), Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi' ( Somalia ), Edwin Thumboo ( Singapore ) and Taras Shevchenko ( Ukraine ). This contrasts with other figures such as Shamsur Rahman ( Bangladesh ), Thomas Moore ( Bermuda ), Francisco Borja da Costa ( Timor–Leste ) and Haji Gora Haji ( Zanzibar ) —who are conferred an "unofficial poet laureate" status due to their poetical works. As of modern times, over

342-536: The Belgian Congo (modern day Democratic Republic of the Congo ) appointed bards that served as both the royal historian and poet laureate. In addition to being known as poet laureates, bards were also referred to as "praise-poets" due to their special function of venerating the chief. In the Xhosa language , Imbongi YeSizwethe can be translated to mean either "poet laureate" or " national poet ". Similar to what

380-623: The University of Connecticut , Sarah Lawrence College , New York University , and the University of Wisconsin at Madison . Past fellows have included Samiya Bashir , Sherwin Bitsui , Kwame Dawes , LeAnne Howe , Tara Betts , Ahimsa Timoteo Bodhran, Allison Hedge Coke , Harryette Mullen , Bushra Rehman, and Afaa M. Weaver . 41°26′07″N 72°19′55″W  /  41.4353°N 72.3320°W  / 41.4353; -72.3320 Poet laureate A poet laureate (plural: poets laureate )

418-458: The 10th century, Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi was appointed as the chief court poet to the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu'izz . Also, in the 10th century, Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi was the court poet of Fatimid caliphs al-Qa'im , al-Mansur , and al-Mu'izz . Poets Laureate of Tunisia include Qasim Shabi. Poets Laureate of Uganda include Akena Adoko. Ginyilitshe Hlabangana was

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456-521: The 1895 will of Alfred Nobel , which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation . An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank ) for outstanding contributions to the field of economics . Each recipient, a Nobelist or laureate , receives a gold medal , a diploma , and a sum of money which

494-655: The Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize. The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II . Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. With some receiving

532-535: The Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations. Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade four Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939) and Carl von Ossietzky (Peace, 1936) from accepting their Nobel Prizes. The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Nobel Prize (Peace, 2010) and

570-470: The Republic of Liberia have included Roland T. Dempster , Melvin B. Tolson (1947), and Patricia Jabbeh Wesley . Libya -born Callimachus was appointed as an imperial court poet to Ptolemy II Philadelphus . Poets Laureate of Madagascar include Jacques Rabemananjara . Poets Laureate of Malawi include Jack Mapanje . Poets Laureate of Mali include Ban Sumana Sisòkò. Mohamed Ould Taleb

608-769: The ancient myth of Daphne and Apollo (Daphne signifying "laurel" in Greek), and was revived in Padua for Albertino Mussato , followed by Petrarch 's own crowning ceremony in the audience hall of the medieval senatorial palazzo on the Campidoglio on April 8, 1341. Because the Renaissance figures who were attempting to revive the Classical tradition lacked detailed knowledge of the Roman precedent they were attempting to emulate, these ceremonies took on

646-675: The appointment of John Dryden in 1668. In modern times a poet laureate title may be conferred by an organization such as the Poetry Foundation , which designates a Young People's Poet Laureate, unconnected with the National Youth Poet Laureate and the United States Poet Laureate . The office is also popular with regional and community groups. Examples include the Pikes Peak Poet Laureate, which

684-789: The award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time. Seven laureates have received more than one prize; of the seven, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, as was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless . Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in

722-399: The character of doctoral candidatures. In Persia, the poet laureate ( amīr- or malek-al-šoʿarāʾ ) carried artistic authority and were provided sources of income. Since the office of poet laureate has become widely adopted, the term "laureate" has come to signify recognition for preeminence or superlative achievement ( cf. Nobel laureate ). A royal degree in rhetoric , poet laureate

760-503: The court poets of Norway 's kings. Just like the first English poet laureates, ministers during China 's feudal era presented "commanded poems" at royal events and were beholden to the ruling class. In Japan , the poet laureate ( keikanshijin ) was also imperially appointed and were often called upon to read at the annual Utakai Hajime . Comparatively, in Africa , kingdoms such as the Kuba in

798-473: The government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Liu Xiaobo , Carl von Ossietzky and Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Nobel Prize while in prison or detention. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Thọ declined

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836-457: The media nor the candidates themselves of the names of the nominees. Insofar as specific names frequently appear in the early predictions of who will receive the award in any given year, this is either pure speculation or inside information from the person or people who submitted the nomination. After fifty years, the database of nominations maintained by the Nobel Committee is made available to

874-550: The official poet laureate (or Imbongi YeNkosi ) for the Ndebele Kingdom (now called Matabeleland, Zimbabwe ). During the 10–11th century, Unsuri was made poet laureate by Sultan Maḥmūd of Ghazna . Modern Poets Laureate of Afghanistan include Abdullah "Malik al-Shu'Ara" Qari, Sufi Abdul Bitab, and Ustad Khalilullah Khalili . Poets Laureate of Armenia include Avetik Isahakian and Hovhannes Toumanian (1970). In 1502, Azerbaijan -born court poet Habibi earned

912-460: The officially designated Laureate includes Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin . Tsegaye's award was granted in 1966 by His Majesty, Haile-Selasie II. Poets Laureate of The Gambia include Lenrie Peters . Poets Laureate of Ghana include Atukwei Okai . Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassaniy was the Poet Laureate of Mombasa, Kenya . Poets Laureate of Lesotho include Joshua Pulumo Mohapeloa . Poets Laureate for

950-606: The poet laureate. During the Tang dynasty , He Zhichang was appointed as the poet laureate of Emperor Ho Kwei. Zhou Boqi was a court poet appointed during the Yuan Dynasty . During the 19th century, after the Turks invaded Cyprus , Mufti Hilmi Efendi was appointed the poet laureate of Sultan Mahmud II . In 1980, the World Academy of Arts and Culture awarded Cyprus -born Costas Montis

988-403: The public. Statutes of the Nobel Foundation, § 10, states: A prize-awarding body may, however, after due consideration in each individual case, permit access to material which formed the basis for the evaluation and decision concerning a prize, for purposes of research in intellectual history. Such permission may not, however, be granted until at least 50 years have elapsed after the date on which

1026-438: The same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie , who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911. The Committee neither informs

1064-401: The title "king of poets" from Safavid king Ismail I . Poets Laureate of Azerbaijan include Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh . Bahrain -born Muḥammad Sharīf al-Shībānī served as the poet laureate of the court of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (c. 1967). During the 15th century, Zainuddin was appointed the court poet of Bengal while under the patronage of Prince Yusuf Khan . Yusuf-Zulekha

1102-479: The title of Poet Laureate. Heraclius II of Georgia appointed Sayat-Nova as his poet laureate at the court of Tblisi . In India , poet laureates were maintained at the royal courts beginning in ancient times. For instance, in Ancient India , Harisena was designated poet laureate by Emperor Samudragupta . During the 7th century, Emperor Harsha proclaimed Bāṇabhaṭṭa as the poet laureate. Jayamkondar

1140-440: Was a Paramama court poet. In the mid-11th century, Nannaya was the poet-laureate of Rajaraja Narendra . In the 15th century, Cherusseri Namboothiri was the court poet of Udaya Varma. During the 15th-16th centuries, Allasani Peddana was the poet laureate of Emperor Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara . In the 16th century, Shaikh Gadai Kamboh was the poet laureate in the court of Sultan of Sikandar Lodhi. In 1665, Nusrati

1178-609: Was appointed as the official court poet during Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 's presidency in Mauritania . Poets Laureate of Mauritius include Édouard Maunick . In the 13th century, Abdelaziz al-Malzuzi was the court poet of Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq . During the 16th-17th centuries in Morocco 's history, Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali was appointed as the poet laureate of the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur . Burkina Faso -born Boûbacar Tinguidji,

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1216-518: Was awarded at European universities in the Middle Ages . The term therefore may refer to the holder of such a degree, which recognized skill in rhetoric, grammar, and language. During England 's seventeenth century, the poet laureate served as the "court poet" of royalty, and was often called upon to celebrate state occasions until that role was abolished during the early 1800s. The skald in ancient Scandinavia often spent their careers too serving as

1254-483: Was made a poet laureate by Sultan ʿAlī II ( r.  1656–1672) of the ʿĀdil-Shāhī dynasty . During the Mughal Empire , Emperor Akbar made Birbal the poet laureate. In the aforementioned empire's later history, Taleb Amoli was Emperor Jahangir 's poet laureate from 1618–1627, and Emperor Shah Jahan appointed Jagannatha Panditaraja as the poet laureate during his reign. In the 18th century, Bharatchandra Ray

1292-455: Was made poet laureate by Chola Emperor Kulottunga I . In the 10th century, Ranna was the poet laureate of Western Chalukya Kings Tailapa II and Satyashraya . Adikavi Pampa was the court poet of Vemulavada Chalukya king Arikesari II . Also, in the 10th century, Ponna received the title Kavichakravarthi (poet laureate) and Ubhaya-Chakravarthi (imperial poet in two languages) from Rashtrakuta king Krishna III . Padmagupta Parimala

1330-564: Was the court poet of Shaka Zulu . During the 10th century, David Livingstone Phakamile (Yali-Manisi) was the poet laureate of Kaiser Matanzima . Poets Laureate of South Africa include Mazisi Kunene (2005), Keorapetse Kgositsile (2006), and Mongane Wally Serote (2018– ). During the 1800s in Sudan , Al U'aysir was the court poet ( inqīb ) of the Ja'alin tribe King Mek Nimr . Poets Laureate of Tanzania include Saadani Kandoro (1969). During

1368-776: Was the court poet of Sultan of Bengal , Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah . Sometime during the 15th-16th century, Shah Muhammad Saghir was the poet laureate of the Sultan of Bengal Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah . Daulat Qazi , born in what is now modern day Bangladesh , was officially appointed as the poet for the Arakan court in Myanmar (then ruled by King Thiri Thudhamma ). Poets Laureate of Brunei include royal poet Omar Ali Saifuddien III . Poets Laureate of Cambodia include Ind (1907–1924). In Ancient China , Emperor Yuan of Han appointed Shi You as

1406-745: Was the court poet of Maharaja Krishnachandra. Nobel laureate The Nobel Prizes ( Swedish : Nobelpriset , Norwegian : Nobelprisen ) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , the Swedish Academy , the Karolinska Institutet , and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . They were established by

1444-456: Was the official court poet during the reigns of Kigeli IV Rwabugiri and Mutara III Rudahigwa . Poets Laureate of Rwanda include Edouard Bamporiki Uwayo. Poets Laureate of Senegal include Léopold Sédar Senghor and Robert Hayden (1966). Poets Laureate of Sierra Leone include the Italian authors Roberto Malini and Dario Picciau . In the 19th century, Magolwane kaMkhathini Jiyane

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