184-561: The Socialist Left Party ( Norwegian : Sosialistisk Venstreparti , SV ; Northern Sami : Sosialisttalaš Gurutbellodat ) is a democratic socialist political party in Norway . Positioned on the left-wing of the political spectrum , it is opposed to European Union and the European Economic Area membership. SV supports a strong public sector , stronger social welfare programs, environmentalism , and republicanism . As of 2018,
368-444: A post-capitalist , post-statist world. Contrary to the depiction of Karl Marx by some environmentalists, social ecologists and fellow socialists as a productivist who favoured the domination of nature, eco-socialists have revisited Marx's writings and believe that he "was a main originator of the ecological world-view". Eco-socialist authors, like John Bellamy Foster and Paul Burkett , point to Marx's discussion of
552-679: A welfare state and taxation of the wealthy. Finn Gustavsen , former leader of the Socialist People's Party, believed that the Labour Party were not socialists , and the only socialist force in parliament were members from the Socialist Electoral League . He was one of the main opponents of Norwegian membership in the European Community, saying the organisation showed how "evil and stupid" capitalism really was. According to
736-487: A " metabolic rift " between man and nature, his statement that "private ownership of the globe by single individuals will appear quite absurd as private ownership of one man by another" and his observation that a society must "hand it [the planet] down to succeeding generations in an improved condition". Nonetheless, other eco-socialists feel that Marx overlooked a "recognition of nature in and for itself", ignoring its "receptivity" and treating nature as "subjected to labor from
920-406: A "second contradiction" of underproduction, to complement Marx's "first" contradiction of capital and labor. While the second contradiction is often considered a theory of environmental degradation, O'Connor's theory in fact goes much further. Building on the work of Karl Polanyi, along with Marx, O'Connor argues that capitalism necessarily undermines the "conditions of production" necessary to sustain
1104-535: A 2002 poll, one out of four members in the Socialist Left wanted Norway to join the European Union. The party's election program for the 2001 Norwegian parliamentary election stated that the party was a "socialist party" with a vision of a Norway without social injustice. Since its inception, the party has promoted itself as socialist. In later years, the party has been portrayed as social democratic by some in
1288-423: A citizens income scheme, regulate against social and environmental malpractice and encourage environmental good practice through state procurement. At the same time, economic and political power should be devolved as far as is possible through co-operatives and increased local decision making. By putting political and economic power into the hands of the people most likely to be affected by environmental injustice, it
1472-483: A concept in radical politics. In 1968, he founded another group that published the influential Anarchos magazine, which published that and other innovative essays on post-scarcity and on ecological technologies such as solar and wind energy, and on decentralization and miniaturization. Lecturing throughout the United States, he helped popularize the concept of ecology to the counterculture . Post-Scarcity Anarchism
1656-536: A decrease in sales that led to falling profits, which, due to stock market conditions, translated into a drop in share values. The depreciation of share value made many shareholders sell their stock, weakening the company and leading to cost-cutting measures that eroded the safety procedures and mechanisms at the Bhopal site. Though this did not, in Kovel's mind, make the Bhopal disaster inevitable, he believes that it illustrates
1840-540: A democratic, sustainable and needs-based economic system. It is socialism." Education has been one of main campaign issues since Kristin Halvorsen became party leader. Øystein Djupedal was elected Minister of Education and Research , and held that position for two years. He was replaced by fellow Socialist Left politician Bård Vegar Solhjell . Halvorsen took over the ministry in late 2009. Djupedal's first assignment in office
2024-435: A distinct dialect at the level of farm clusters. Dialects are in some cases so dissimilar as to be unintelligible to unfamiliar listeners. Many linguists note a trend toward regionalization of dialects that diminishes the differences at such local levels; there is, however, a renewed interest in preserving dialects. Norwegian nouns are inflected for number (singular/plural) and for definiteness (indefinite/definite). In
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#17330856014552208-428: A fair and environmentally friendly world, a society where wealth and power are fairly distributed, with freedom and equal rights for all and where we live together within nature's tolerance limit. A lot has to change. Millions live with oppression and war, inequality in power and wealth is growing and the environmental crisis threatens our livelihood. The capitalist system must be replaced - nationally and globally - by
2392-539: A few dialects, definite nouns are also inflected for the dative case . Norwegian nouns belong to three noun classes (genders): masculine, feminine and neuter. All feminine nouns can optionally be inflected using masculine noun class morphology in Bokmål due to its Danish heritage. In comparison, the use of all three genders (including the feminine) is mandatory in Nynorsk. All Norwegian dialects have traditionally retained all
2576-413: A high number of immigrants. Social geographer Karl Fredrik Tangen responded that it is easy for the typical intellectual Socialist Left voter, living in upper class areas, to agree to what was for them hypothetical question. Recent surveys show that support for the party by immigrants plummeted from 25% in 2005 to 6% in 2009. Norwegian- Somali writer Amal Aden explained that "we do not earn anything from
2760-441: A new Norwegian language at the age of 22. He traveled around the country collecting words and examples of grammar from the dialects and comparing the dialects among the different regions. He examined the development of Icelandic , which had largely escaped the influences under which Norwegian had come. He called his work, which was published in several books from 1848 to 1873, Landsmål , meaning 'national language'. The name Landsmål
2944-428: A new and malignant variation of fascism ". They echo Rosa Luxemburg 's "stark choice" between "socialism or barbarism", which was believed to be a prediction of the coming of fascism and further forms of destructive capitalism at the beginning of the twentieth century (Luxemburg was in fact murdered by the proto-fascist Freikorps in the revolutionary atmosphere of Germany in 1919). With individuals now declaring
3128-494: A noun, unlike English which has a separate article, the , to indicate the same. In general, almost all nouns in Bokmål follow these patterns (like the words in the examples above): In contrast, almost all nouns in Nynorsk follow these patterns (the noun gender system is more pronounced than in Bokmål): There is in general no way to infer what grammatical gender a specific noun has, but there are some patterns of nouns where
3312-455: A political party. The first years were not successful, as the party lost many of its seats in Parliament, but under Berge Furre 's leadership during the 1980s, the party's popularity rose again. Internal conflicts within the party escalated; there were rumours that then– deputy leader Steinar Stjernø was trying to throw out the social democratic wing of the party. A more serious problem for
3496-488: A position within the government. Erna Solberg , leader of the Conservative Party , accused the party of being "communist", because some of its present and earlier connections to communist organisations around Europe. By early August, the Socialist Left was the party having the most progress in the opinion polls, but 17% of the people who voted for the Socialist Left previously were unsure what party they would vote for in
3680-489: A separate ideology which incorporates what he saw as the most beneficial elements of Anarchism, Marxism, syndicalism, and radical ecology. Politically, Communalists advocate a network of directly democratic citizens' assemblies in individual communities/cities organized in a confederal fashion. This method used to achieve this is called libertarian municipalism which involves the establishment of face-to-face democratic institutions which are to grow and expand confederally with
3864-426: A system that met human needs, in contrast to the capitalist system of created wants. A key development in the 1980s was the creation of the journal Capitalism, Nature, Socialism (CNS) with James O'Connor as founding editor and the first issue in 1988. The debates ensued led to a host of theoretical works by O'Connor, Carolyn Merchant , Paul Burkett and others. The Australian Democratic Socialist Party launched
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#17330856014554048-640: A system that satisfies their greed and personal desires. Instead, eco-socialists suggest that the very system itself is self-perpetuating, fuelled by "extra-human" or "impersonal" forces. Kovel uses the Bhopal industrial disaster as an example. Many anti-corporate observers would blame the avarice of those at the top of many multi-national corporations , such as the Union Carbide Corporation in Bhopal, for seemingly isolated industrial accidents . Conversely, Kovel suggests that Union Carbide were experiencing
4232-451: A year to deal with current political and organisational issues. Its task is to adopt the party's budget and to select the party's permanent political representatives. The Central Committee manages the party in the interim period between National Board meetings. Members of the committee are elected by the national convention. the Committee consists of the party leader , the two deputy leaders ,
4416-413: Is Bokmål will study Nynorsk as a mandatory subject throughout both elementary and high school. A 2005 poll indicates that 86.3% use primarily Bokmål as their daily written language, 5.5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7.5% use primarily Nynorsk. Thus, 13% are frequently writing Nynorsk, though the majority speak dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål. Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing
4600-570: Is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken mainly in Norway , where it is an official language. Along with Swedish and Danish , Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects , in particular, are very close. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages , constitute
4784-440: Is a pitch-accent language with two distinct pitch patterns, like Swedish. They are used to differentiate two-syllable words with otherwise identical pronunciation. For example, in many East Norwegian dialects, the word bønder ('farmers') is pronounced using the simpler tone 1, while bønner ('beans' or 'prayers') uses the more complex tone 2. Though spelling differences occasionally differentiate written words, in most cases
4968-491: Is a collection of essays written by Murray Bookchin and first published in 1971 by Ramparts Press. It outlines the possible form anarchism might take under conditions of post-scarcity . It is one of Bookchin's major works, and its radical thesis provoked controversy for being utopian and messianic in its faith in the liberatory potential of technology . Bookchin argues that post-industrial societies are also post-scarcity societies, and can thus imagine "the fulfillment of
5152-460: Is a feminist party. We are fighting for a society where women and men have equal opportunities. This means that women should earn as much as men, that there must be more women in the top positions, and that there are welfare schemes that provide equality in the workplace." During the 2005 parliamentary election, one of the four main issues raised by party's youth wing was fighting against sexual harassment . In January 2005, Klassekampen asked 150 of
5336-411: Is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The now-abandoned official policy to merge Bokmål and Nynorsk into one common language called Samnorsk through a series of spelling reforms has created a wide spectrum of varieties of both Bokmål and Nynorsk. The unofficial form known as Riksmål is considered more conservative than Bokmål and is far closer to Danish while
5520-452: Is an ideology merging aspects of socialism with that of green politics , ecology and alter-globalization or anti-globalization . Eco-socialists generally believe that the expansion of the capitalist system is the cause of social exclusion , poverty , war and environmental degradation through globalization and imperialism , under the supervision of repressive states and transnational structures. Eco-socialism asserts that
5704-491: Is capable of spreading out its economic supports so widely that it can afford to destroy one ecosystem before moving onto another, he and many other eco-socialists now fear that, with the onset of globalization, the system is running out of new ecosystems. Kovel adds that capitalist firms have to continue to extract profit through a combination of intensive or extensive exploitation and selling to new markets, meaning that capitalism must grow indefinitely to exist, which he thinks
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5888-712: Is comparable with that of French on English after the Norman conquest . In the late Middle Ages, dialects began to develop in Scandinavia because the population was rural and little travel occurred. When the Reformation came from Germany, Martin Luther 's High German translation of the Bible was quickly translated into Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic. Norway entered a union with Denmark in 1397 and Danish, over time, replaced Middle Norwegian as
6072-507: Is impossible on a planet of finite resources. Capitalist expansion is seen by eco-socialists as being "hand in glove" with "corrupt and subservient client states" that repress dissent against the system, governed by international organisations "under the overall supervision of the western powers and the superpower United States", which subordinate peripheral nations economically and militarily. Kovel further claims that capitalism itself spurs conflict and, ultimately, war. Kovel states that
6256-467: Is in favour of lifting the ban against religious headwear like hijab and turban for police employees, but has been split over the issue, and a substantial minority, including the youth fraction, voted against allowing religious headwear at the party's convention in 2013. The military action in Kosovo was a controversial issue within the party; the party leadership supported the military intervention, saying
6440-550: Is interesting that both the Socialist Left and the Liberals has this bad turnout, when the environmental conference is taking place in Copenhagen." Halvorsen felt the environmental policies of the second Soria Moria declaration showed a clear level of commitment from the party's coalition partners. The party has promoted itself as a feminist party. In one of the Socialist Left's brochures published in 2005, it said, "The Socialist Left
6624-427: Is known as globalization", which was "a deliberate response to a serious accumulation crisis (in the 1970s) that had convinced the leaders of the global economy to install what we know as neoliberalism." Furthermore, Ramachandra Guha and Joan Martinez Alier blame globalization for creating increased levels of waste and pollution , and then dumping the waste on the most vulnerable in society, particularly those in
6808-658: Is less likely that the injustice will take place. Eco-socialists criticise many within the Green movement for not being overtly anti-capitalist, for working within the existing capitalist, statist system, for voluntarism , or for reliance on technological fixes. The eco-socialist ideology is based on a critique of other forms of Green politics, including various forms of green economics , localism , deep ecology, bioregionalism and even some manifestations of radical green ideologies such as eco-feminism and social ecology . As Kovel puts it, eco-socialism differs from Green politics at
6992-423: Is now considered their classic forms after a reform in 1917. Riksmål was, in 1929, officially renamed Bokmål (literally 'book language'), and Landsmål to Nynorsk (literally 'new Norwegian'). A proposition to substitute Danish-Norwegian ( dansk-norsk ) for Bokmål lost in parliament by a single vote. The name Nynorsk , the linguistic term for modern Norwegian , was chosen to contrast with Danish and emphasise
7176-548: Is regulated by the Norwegian Academy , which determines acceptable spelling, grammar, and vocabulary. There is also an unofficial form of Nynorsk, called Høgnorsk , discarding the post-1917 reforms, and thus close to Ivar Aasen's original Landsmål. It is supported by Ivar Aasen-sambandet , but has found no widespread use. In 2010, 86.5% of the pupils in the primary and lower secondary schools in Norway receive education in Bokmål, while 13.0% receive education in Nynorsk. From
7360-744: Is rising in the first syllable and falling in the second syllable or somewhere around the syllable boundary. The pitch accents (as well as the peculiar phrase accent in the low-tone dialects) give the Norwegian language a "singing" quality that makes it easy to distinguish from other languages. Accent 1 generally occurs in words that were monosyllabic in Old Norse , and accent 2 in words that were polysyllabic. The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters. The letters c , q , w , x and z are only used in loanwords . As loanwords are assimilated into Norwegian, their spelling might change to reflect Norwegian pronunciation and
7544-522: Is sometimes interpreted as 'rural language' or 'country language', but this was clearly not Aasen's intended meaning. The name of the Danish language in Norway was a topic of hot dispute throughout the 19th century. Its proponents claimed that it was a language common to Norway and Denmark, and no more Danish than Norwegian. The proponents of Landsmål thought that the Danish character of the language should not be concealed. In 1899, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson proposed
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7728-416: Is sure lagging behind from the time when he was a sideliner." Djupedal was heavily criticised by the Norwegian media for his controversial and bizarre statements. In late 2005, it was estimated that students studying general, business, and administrative studies would save up to 11,978 kr under the red–green coalition ; school books became free when the coalition took power. The party wants to reduce
7912-459: Is to write in dialect for informal use. When writing an SMS, Facebook update, or fridge note, many people, especially young ones, write approximations of the way they talk rather than using Bokmål or Nynorsk. There is general agreement that a wide range of differences makes it difficult to estimate the number of different Norwegian dialects. Variations in grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation cut across geographical boundaries and can create
8096-534: Is today to a large extent the same language as Bokmål though somewhat closer to the Danish language. It is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy , which translates the name as 'Standard Norwegian'. The other is Høgnorsk ('High Norwegian'), a more purist form of Nynorsk, which maintains the language in an original form as given by Ivar Aasen and rejects most of the reforms from the 20th century; this form has limited use. Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, but not for how to speak
8280-490: Is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, and also in the upper parts of mountain valleys in the southern and eastern parts of Norway. Examples are Setesdal , the western part of Telemark county ( fylke ) and several municipalities in Hallingdal , Valdres , and Gudbrandsdalen . It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago, it also had strongholds in many rural parts of Trøndelag (mid-Norway) and
8464-693: The Green Left Weekly newspaper in 1991, following a period of working within Green Alliance and Green Party groups in formation. This ceased when the Australian Greens adopted a policy of proscription of other political groups in August 1991. The DSP also published a comprehensive policy resolution, "Socialism and Human Survival" in book form in 1990, with an expanded second edition in 1999 entitled "Environment, Capitalism & Socialism". The 1990s saw
8648-481: The 2009 Norwegian parliamentary election , the party promoted itself as the biggest and strongest green party in Norway. The party was highly vocal against oil drilling in Lofoten and Vesterålen during the election campaign. A large minority within the party are opposed to the conservation plan, with the majority of them coming from Nordland , the county where the drilling is taking place. The party struggled, despite
8832-597: The 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election , in its worst election on record, but bounced back in the 2017 and 2021 parliamentary elections, although it remained both times at the opposition . Like its predecessors, the Socialist People's Party and the Information Committee of the Labour Movement against Norwegian membership in the European Community , the Socialist Left is a left-wing party which favours
9016-619: The British Isles , France ( Normandy ), North America, and Kievan Rus . In all of these places except Iceland and the Faroes, Old Norse speakers went extinct or were absorbed into the local population. Around 1030, Christianity came to Scandinavia , bringing with it an influx of Latin borrowings and the Roman alphabet . These new words were related to church practices and ceremonies, although many other loanwords related to general culture also entered
9200-524: The Christian Democratic Party believed the three parties were "unclear" and "vague" when talking about the red–green coalition ideological and political position. After discussing the state budget of Norway with the Socialist Left and the Centre Party, Jens Stoltenberg agreed with Halvorsen that they needed to create a universal free day care service. By February 2005, an opinion poll gave
9384-616: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The "pre-revolutionary environmental movement", encouraged by the revolutionary scientist Aleksandr Bogdanov and the Proletkul't organisation, made efforts to "integrate production with natural laws and limits" in the first decade of Soviet rule, before Joseph Stalin attacked ecologists and the science of ecology and the Soviet Union fell into
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#17330856014559568-595: The Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . Today there are two official forms of written Norwegian, Bokmål (Riksmål) and Nynorsk (Landsmål), each with its own variants. Bokmål developed from the Dano-Norwegian language that replaced Middle Norwegian as the elite language after the union of Denmark–Norway in the 16th and 17th centuries and then evolved in Norway, while Nynorsk
9752-603: The Maoist Red Electoral Alliance party than the Electoral League. The coalition gained 11.2% of the popular vote and 16 seats in parliament in the 1973 parliamentary election . The party now known as the Socialist Left was founded in 1975. The Communist Party did not want to dissolve to become a member of the Socialist Left Party, and voted against membership. This led to an internal struggle within
9936-521: The Progress Party accused the party of supporting free immigration to Norway, after Lisbeth Holand proposed that immigrants from non-European countries should have the same immigration opportunities as immigrants who have their origins from countries who are members of the European Economic Area . While Hagen was highly critical, she felt that the policy would offer housing and jobs for non-Europeans who needed them. An opinion poll showed that 82.9% of
10120-725: The Red-Green Alliance was formed as a coalition of numerous radical parties. Within the European Parliament , a number of far-left parties from Northern Europe have organized themselves into the Nordic Green Left Alliance . Red Greens feature heavily in the Green Party of Saskatchewan (in Canada but not necessarily affiliated to the Green Party of Canada ). In 2016, GPUS officially adopted eco-socialist ideology within
10304-523: The Socialist Electoral League . Its seat count rose to its peak after the 2001 Norwegian parliamentary election ; this election also marked the Socialist Left's largest voter count, with 12.5% of the national vote. When the Socialist Electoral League was founded in the early 1970s, the party won voters from the Labour Party, which ruled as a majority government . Early speculation said that
10488-601: The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and the Iraq War . After joining the red–green coalition in 2005, the party stopped their strong opposition to the two wars, and in 2008 the party proposed creating a "new strategy" for the Norwegian armed forces located in Afghanistan. In 2007, Erik Solheim from the Ministry of International Development visited Norwegian troops in Afghanistan. The policy regarding Afghanistan has led to much unrest within
10672-508: The United Nations to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. Stein Ørnhøi , leader of the Socialist People's Party , said the party's representatives in parliament acted preposterously; he felt they made the wrong decision in supporting NATO's actions in Kosovo when the majority of the party was against it. During the national convention , Halvorsen threatened to resign as party leader unless
10856-630: The Victor Serge Library and opposing war in Chechnya , states that it believes "that capitalism has brought life on the planet near to the brink of catastrophe, and that a form of ecosocialism needs to emerge to replace capitalism before it is too late". Merging aspects of Marxism, socialism, environmentalism and ecology, eco-socialists generally believe that the capitalist system is the cause of social exclusion , inequality and environmental degradation through globalization and imperialism under
11040-592: The capitalist economic system is fundamentally incompatible with the ecological and social requirements of sustainability. Thus, according to this analysis, giving economic priority to the fulfillment of human needs while staying within ecological limits, as sustainable development demands, is in conflict with the structural workings of capitalism. By this logic, market-based solutions to ecological crises (such as environmental economics and green economy ) are rejected as technical tweaks that do not confront capitalism's structural failures. Eco-socialists advocate for
11224-500: The commons . Eco-socialists are critical of many past and existing forms of both green politics and socialism . They are often described as " Red Greens" – adherents to Green politics with clear anti-capitalist views, often inspired by Marxism (red greens are in contrast to eco-capitalists and green anarchists ). The term "watermelon" is commonly applied, often pejoratively, to Greens who seem to put " social justice " goals above ecological ones, implying they are "green on
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#173308560145511408-421: The environment . He echoes much of eco-socialist thought, attacking international "environmental inequality", refusing to focus on technological fixes and arguing for the construction of "a harmonious, resource-saving and environmentally-friendly society". He also shows a knowledge of eco-socialist history, from the convergence of radical green politics and socialism and their political "red-green alliances" in
11592-597: The environmental policies of what can be called "existing socialist" regimes, notably the People's Republic of China. Pan Yue , deputy director of the PRC's State Environmental Protection Administration , has acknowledged the influence of eco-socialist theory on his championing of environmentalism within China, which has gained him international acclaim (including being nominated for the Person of
11776-489: The ethnic cleansing in Kosovo had to be stopped. Supporters included Kristin Halvorsen, who favored NATO 's air strikes, but a large group within the party vehemently opposed such support, arguing that violence would only lead to more violence. The party's chapter in Akershus called the attack a "NATO-led terrorist bombing", and believed the bombing marked the first time that Norway had declared war on another nation. They wanted
11960-513: The party secretary , the parliamentary leader , the leader of the Socialist Youth , and five other members. The board holds a meeting almost every Monday. The Municipal and Local Chapters organ works as "communication" body between the chapters and the national party. The last body, the Party's Representative organ, consists of nine national party offices. These offices serves as advisory bodies for
12144-479: The pseudo-science of the state biologist Trofim Lysenko , who "set about to rearrange the Russian map" in ignorance of environmental limits. Social ecology is closely related to the work and ideas of Murray Bookchin and influenced by anarchist Peter Kropotkin . Social ecologists assert that the present ecological crisis has its roots in human social problems, and that the domination of human-over-nature stems from
12328-500: The socialist feminists Mary Mellor and Ariel Salleh address environmental issues within an eco-socialist paradigm. With the rising profile of the anti-globalization movement in the Global South , an environmentalism of the poor , combining ecological awareness and social justice, has also become prominent. David Pepper also released his important work, Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice , in 1994, which critiques
12512-766: The "capitalization of nature". He labels the notion on voluntarism "ecopolitics without struggle". Technological fixes to ecological problems are also rejected by eco-socialists. Saral Sarkar has updated the thesis of 1970s ' limits to growth ' to exemplify the limits of new capitalist technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells , which require large amounts of energy to split molecules to obtain hydrogen. Furthermore, Kovel notes that "events in nature are reciprocal and multi-determined" and can therefore not be predictably "fixed"; socially, technologies cannot solve social problems because they are not "mechanical". He posits an eco-socialist analysis, developed from Marx, that patterns of production and social organisation are more important than
12696-454: The "largest 'players' ... substantial control over the whole 'game ' ". In addition, Kovel criticises the "defeatism" of voluntarism in some local forms of environmentalism that do not connect: he suggests that they can be "drawn off into individualism " or co-opted to the demands of capitalism, as in the case of certain recycling projects, where citizens are "induced to provide free labor" to waste management industries who are involved in
12880-449: The "paving over" of the "remainder of nature". In the modern world, Kovel considers the supposed efficiency of new post-industrial commodities is a "plain illusion", as miniaturized components involve many substances and are therefore non-recyclable (and, theoretically, only simple substances could be retrieved by burning out-of-date equipment, releasing more pollutants ). He is quick to warn "environmental liberals " against over-selling
13064-405: The ' War on Terror ', between Islamist extremists and the United States, is caused by "oil imperialism", whereby the capitalist nations require control over sources of energy , especially oil, which are necessary to continue intensive industrial growth - in the quest for control of such resources, Kovel argues that the capitalist nations, specifically the United States, have come into conflict with
13248-495: The 169 representatives in parliament if they considered themselves feminist. According to the survey, the Socialist Left and the Liberal Party were the two most feminist, while The Progress Party was the least feminist party in parliament. Audun Lysbakken was Minister of Children and Equality from 2009 to 2012. Arild Stokkan-Grande claimed equality amongst men and women has been a major issue in government mainly because of
13432-567: The 1959 standard. Therefore, a small minority of Nynorsk enthusiasts use a more conservative standard called Høgnorsk . The Samnorsk policy had little influence after 1960, and was officially abandoned in 2002. While the sound systems of Norwegian and Swedish are similar, considerable variation exists among the dialects. The retroflex consonants only appear in East Norwegian dialects as a result of sandhi , combining / ɾ / with / d / , / l / , / n / , / s / , and / t / . The realization of
13616-407: The 1999 local elections. The party had what many described as a "record election", winning most of its voters from the Labour Party. The 2007 Norwegian local elections resulted in their voter base to reduced by half. In the 2011 Norwegian local elections , the party got just slightly above 4% of all votes on a nationwide basis. After this, party leader Kristin Halvorsen announced her resignation on
13800-475: The 2005 election. By late August, the party was labelled one of the "big losers" in the election, along with the Conservative Party. Many election researchers believed that the Socialist Left had lost voter's interest when they entered the coalition and worked alongside the Labour Party. The bad election results led to internal struggles within the party, with Djupedal claiming it to be the hardest election in
13984-475: The 20th century, being used by large newspapers, encyclopedias, and a significant proportion of the population of the capital Oslo, surrounding areas, and other urban areas, as well as much of the literary tradition. Since the reforms of 1981 and 2003 (effective in 2005), the official Bokmål can be adapted to be almost identical with modern Riksmål. The differences between written Riksmål and Bokmål are comparable to American and British English differences . Riksmål
14168-494: The Dano-Norwegian koiné , known as "cultivated everyday speech." A small adjustment in this direction was implemented in the first official reform of the Danish language in Norway in 1862 and more extensively after his death in two official reforms in 1907 and 1917. Meanwhile, a nationalistic movement strove for the development of a new written Norwegian. Ivar Aasen , a botanist and self-taught linguist, began his work to create
14352-483: The European Community , Democratic Socialists and various non-party-aligned independent socialists. Reidar T. Larsen , leader of the Communist Party, said the members at the party's national convention unanimously agreed to join the coalition, which would later go by the name of the Socialist Electoral League. It took 16 days to negotiate a settlement between the groups. Members agreed that this coalition would be
14536-646: The Global South. Others have also noted that capitalism disproportionately affects the poorest in the Global North as well, leading to examples of resistance such as the environmental justice movement in the United States, consisting of working-class people and ethnic minorities who highlight the tendency for waste dumps, major road projects and incinerators to be constructed around socially excluded areas. However, as Wall highlights, such campaigns are often ignored or persecuted precisely because they originate among
14720-471: The Labour Stoltenberg's First Cabinet , which moved the Labour Party more to center, while privatising government-held assets. This led to a historic high voter turnout for the Socialist Left; they earned 12.5% of the national vote in the 2001 Norwegian parliamentary election . The Labour Party earned a record-low turnout, with only 24.3% of the vote. The turnout only worsened the inner struggle within
14904-465: The Labour Party had lost 100,000 votes to the Socialist Electoral League. In the 1973 Norwegian parliamentary election , the party gained 16 seats in Storting . After the unification process was finished, the party's voter base collapsed, falling to 4.2% of the national vote in the 1977 Norwegian parliamentary election , and earned only two seats in parliament. In the 1989 Norwegian parliamentary election ,
15088-422: The Labour Party would lose four of its Oslo representatives in parliament to the Progress Party , the Conservative Party , and the Socialist Left. If the 1983 local election had been a parliamentary election, the Socialist Left would have received 8 seats in parliament. The party earned 5.5% and 5.7% in the 1987 Norwegian local elections , respectively at the municipal and county level. The party's strongest county
15272-522: The Liberal Party and the Christian Democrats , felt the new policy was too strict. and the party took a formal dissent in government regarding the asylum policy. The party in particular wants more liberal regulations for asylum cases that involve children. In 2012, the party leader Audun Lysbakken strongly warned against Islamist extremists like Profetens Ummah , and vowed to fight them. The party
15456-450: The Ministry of Culture, official spelling, grammar, and vocabulary for the Norwegian language. The board's work has been subject to considerable controversy throughout the years. Both Nynorsk and Bokmål have a great variety of optional forms. The Bokmål that uses the forms that are close to Riksmål is called moderate or conservative , depending on one's viewpoint, while the Bokmål that uses
15640-472: The North Germanic languages. Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them. While the two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers, English and German, have close similarities with Norwegian, neither is mutually intelligible with it. Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of
15824-411: The Norwegian media, and as democratic socialist , and has been categorised as eco-socialist . The incumbent leader Audun Lysbakken has been a self-proclaimed revolutionary , socialist , and Marxist . He believes the party to be a democratic socialist one. The Socialist Left also advocates the replacement of capitalism with socialism, arguing that "We shape our own future. It is possible to create
16008-429: The Socialist Left gathered 10.1% of the national vote, falling back again after the 1997 Norwegian parliamentary election . After having what many described as a bad election, the Labour Party lost many of its voters to the Socialist Left in 2001, with the Socialist Left increasing from 6% to 12.5% of the national vote, again becoming the fourth largest party in the country. In the 2005 Norwegian parliamentary election ,
16192-460: The Socialist Left members were open to more immigration, making the party the most immigration-friendly party in parliament, but still less than the non-parliamentary Red Electoral Alliance . In a measurement done in late 2009, the Socialist Left became again the party least hostile to immigrants, this time behind the newly established party Red . Another poll showed that almost one-third of Socialist Left voters would not want to live in an area with
16376-586: The United States" and elected a steering committee featuring representatives from Britain, the United States, Canada, France, Greece, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, including Joel Kovel, Michael Löwy, Derek Wall, Ian Angus (editor of Climate and Capitalism in Canada) and Ariel Salleh. The Committee states that it wants "to incorporate members from China, India, Africa, Oceania and Eastern Europe". EIN held its second international conference in January 2009, in association with
16560-498: The Year Award 2006 by The New Statesman , a British current affairs magazine). Yue stated in an interview that, while he often finds eco-socialist theory "too idealistic" and lacking "ways of solving actual problems", he believes that it provides "political reference for China's scientific view of development", "gives socialist ideology room to expand" and offers "a theoretical basis for the establishment of fair international rules" on
16744-418: The activities of the Socialist Left. He claimed that there were more women than men serving in the departments the party controlled. SV supports the 2008 Sex Purchase Law that criminalises purchasing sex, and the party wants to ban public strip shows . The party supports the conscription to military services to also include women , which was enacted into legislation in 2015. In 1992, Carl I. Hagen of
16928-514: The beginning of the 1990s under Erik Solheim , party popularity again declined. SV lost most of its "no to EU" voters to the Centre Party , when the party fought actively against Norwegian membership in the European Union , and when Norwegians again voted against membership in a referendum. Solheim's tenure as leader – while praised by some – was seen as very controversial. The socialist wing of
17112-439: The big left-wing opposition win in the 2021 Norwegian parliamentary election . The 1975 Norwegian local elections were met with a sharp decrease in voters, with the party earning a disappointing voter turnout of 5.5% in the municipal election and 5.7% in the county election. In an opinion poll done before election day in 1975, it was estimated that half of the voters who voted for the Socialist Electoral League would not vote for
17296-412: The capitalist system innovates new technologies that overcome existing problems but introduce new ones. O'Connor cites nuclear power as an example, which he sees as a form of producing energy that is advertised as an alternative to carbon-intensive , non-renewable fossil fuels , but creates long-term radioactive waste and other dangers to health and security. While O'Connor believes that capitalism
17480-527: The choice is "ecosocialism or ecofascism ". Reflecting tensions within the environmental and socialist movements, there is some conflict of ideas. However, in practice a synthesis is emerging which calls for democratic regulation of industry in the interests of people and the environment, nationalisation of some key environmental industries, local democracy and an extension of co-ops and the library principle. For example, Scottish Green Peter McColl argues that elected governments should abolish poverty through
17664-629: The coalition 96 of 169 seats in parliament, with the Socialist Left increasing with 3.9%. Later in February, a small faction within the party called the future coalition the Red-Grey Coalition, believing the environmental policies of the Labour and the Centre Party were not "radical enough". Before the 2005 Norwegian parliamentary election , Deputy Leader Øystein Djupedal said that the Socialist Left would not contribute to any radical changes if they earned
17848-531: The current approach of many within Green politics, particularly deep ecologists. In 2001, Joel Kovel , a social scientist , psychiatrist and former candidate for the Green Party of the United States (GPUS) presidential nomination in 2000, and Michael Löwy , an anthropologist and member of the Reunified Fourth International , released "An Ecosocialist Manifesto", which has been adopted by some organisations and suggests possible routes for
18032-513: The domination of human-over-human. In 1958, Murray Bookchin defined himself as an anarchist , seeing parallels between anarchism and ecology. His first book, Our Synthetic Environment , was published under the pseudonym Lewis Herber in 1962, a few months before Rachel Carson 's Silent Spring . The book described a broad range of environmental ills but received little attention because of its political radicalism. His groundbreaking essay "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought" introduced ecology as
18216-511: The effect market forces can have on increasing the likelihood of ecological and social problems. Eco-socialism focuses closely on Marx's theories about the contradiction between use values and exchange values. Kovel posits that, within a market , goods are not produced to meet needs but are produced to be exchanged for money that we then use to acquire other goods; as we have to keep selling in order to keep buying, we must persuade others to buy our goods just to ensure our survival, which leads to
18400-644: The eighth grade onwards, pupils are required to learn both. Out of the 431 municipalities in Norway, 161 have declared that they wish to communicate with the central authorities in Bokmål, 116 (representing 12% of the population) in Nynorsk, while 156 are neutral. Of 4,549 state publications in 2000, 8% were in Nynorsk, and 92% in Bokmål. The large national newspapers ( Aftenposten , Dagbladet , and VG ) are published in Bokmål or Riksmål. Some major regional newspapers (including Bergens Tidende and Stavanger Aftenblad ), many political journals, and many local newspapers use both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A newer trend
18584-587: The election night. A similar result occurred in the 2015 Norwegian local elections , despite gains for left-leaning parties, but the Socialist Left was able to form a majority coalition with the Labour Party and Red Party in Tromsø . In the 2019 Norwegian local elections , the Socialist Left Party returned to its 2007 levels and made further gains, alongside the Green and Red parties. Norwegian language Norwegian ( endonym : norsk [ˈnɔʂːk] )
18768-430: The endless accumulation of capital. These conditions of production include soil, water, energy, and so forth. But they also include an adequate public education system, transportation infrastructures, and other services that are not produced directly by capital, but which capital needs in order accumulate effectively. As the conditions of production are exhausted, the costs of production for capital increase. For this reason,
18952-508: The factional fighting within the party stopped. This led to a split within the party, with the first group supporting her resignation and the larger second faction concluding that the NATO bombing was to be immediately terminated if the Serbs stopped the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, if Halvorsen continued as party leader. In most foreign policy issues, the party has opposed military action. They were against
19136-478: The first centuries AD in what is today Southern Sweden. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the Elder Futhark inscriptions, the oldest form of the runic alphabets . A number of inscriptions are memorials to the dead, while others are magical in content. The oldest are carved on loose objects, while later ones are chiseled in runestones . They are
19320-406: The forms of technology used within a given configuration of society. Under capitalism, he suggests that technology "has been the sine qua non of growth"; thus he believes that even in a world with hypothetical "free energy" the effect would be to lower the cost of automobile production, leading to the massive overproduction of vehicles, "collapsing infrastructure", chronic resource depletion and
19504-496: The forms that are close to Nynorsk is called radical . Nynorsk has forms that are close to the original Landsmål and forms that are close to Bokmål. Opponents of the spelling reforms aimed at bringing Bokmål closer to Nynorsk have retained the name Riksmål and employ spelling and grammar that predate the Samnorsk movement. Riksmål and conservative versions of Bokmål have been the de facto standard written language of Norway for most of
19688-429: The gender can be inferred. For instance, all nouns ending in - nad will be masculine in both Bokmål and Nynorsk (for instance the noun jobbsøknad , which means 'job application'). Most nouns ending in - ing will be feminine, like the noun forventning ('expectation'). Eco-socialist Eco-socialism (also known as green socialism , socialist ecology , ecological materialism , or revolutionary ecology )
19872-459: The goal of eventually replacing the nation-state. In the 1970s, Barry Commoner , suggesting a left-wing response to The Limits to Growth model that predicted catastrophic resource depletion and spurred environmentalism, postulated that capitalist technologies were chiefly responsible for environmental degradation , as opposed to population pressures . East German dissident writer and activist Rudolf Bahro published two books addressing
20056-533: The government should send more soldiers to Afghanistan, if NATO requested it. The Socialist Left supported the war, but was against sending more soldiers to the region, and denied access for the Norwegian Special Forces. Their main reason was that Norway, along with the Netherlands , "clearly had the most soldiers located in Afghanistan", in relation to population in the respective countries, and Afghanistan
20240-873: The growth of eco-socialist consciousness. Kovel's 2002 work, The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World? , is considered by many to be the most up-to-date exposition of eco-socialist thought. In October 2007, the International Ecosocialist Network was founded in Paris. Currently, many Green Parties around the world, such as the Dutch Green Left Party ( GroenLinks ), contain strong eco-socialist elements. Radical Red-green alliances have been formed in many countries by eco-socialists, radical Greens and other radical left groups. In Denmark,
20424-417: The historical connection to Old Norwegian. Today, this meaning is often lost, and it is commonly mistaken as a "new" Norwegian in contrast to the "real" Norwegian Bokmål. Bokmål and Nynorsk were made closer by a reform in 1938. This was a result of a state policy to merge Nynorsk and Bokmål into a single language, to be called Samnorsk . A 1946 poll showed that this policy was supported by 79% of Norwegians at
20608-516: The inside", while also citing "socialist political leanings", reflecting the use of the term "liberal" to describe the political left in many English-speaking countries. Red Greens are often considered " fundies " or "fundamentalist greens", a term usually associated with deep ecology even though the German Green Party "fundi" faction included eco-socialists, and eco-socialists in other Green Parties , like Derek Wall , have been described in
20792-467: The language of the elite, the church, literature, and the law. When the union with Denmark ended in 1814, the Dano-Norwegian koiné had become the mother tongue of around 1% of the population. From the 1840s, some writers experimented with a Norwegianised Danish by incorporating words that were descriptive of Norwegian scenery and folk life, and adopting a more Norwegian syntax. Knud Knudsen proposed to change spelling and inflection in accordance with
20976-596: The language. The Scandinavian languages at this time are not considered to be separate languages, although there were minor differences among what are customarily called Old Icelandic, Old Norwegian , Old Gutnish , Old Danish, and Old Swedish . The economic and political dominance of the Hanseatic League between 1250 and 1450 in the main Scandinavian cities brought large Middle Low German –speaking populations to Norway. The influence of their language on Scandinavian
21160-555: The language. No standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most Norwegians speak their own dialects in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in many other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect, whether it coincides with the written norms or not, is accepted as correct spoken Norwegian. However, in areas where East Norwegian dialects are used, a tendency exists to accept a de facto spoken standard for this particular regional dialect, Urban East Norwegian or Standard East Norwegian (Norwegian: Standard østnorsk ), in which
21344-520: The languages in Europe, Norwegian derives from Proto-Indo-European . As early Indo-Europeans spread across Europe, they became isolated from each other and new languages developed. In northwest Europe, the Germanic languages evolved, further branching off into the North Germanic languages , of which Norwegian is one. Proto-Norse is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic during
21528-654: The leader position. Lysbakken was elected the party's leader on 11 March 2012. The Red Party has criticised the SV for forming a government with the Labour Party, which is regarded by many on the Norwegian Left to be neoliberal , and opening the Barents Sea to oil drilling as well as supporting the NATO-led 2011 military intervention in Libya . Under the leadership of Audun Lysbakken ,
21712-556: The likelihood of famine ; furthermore, forests are increasingly cleared and enclosed to produce cash crops that separate people from their local means of production and aggravate poverty . Wall shows that many of the world's poor have access to the means of production through "non-monetised communal means of production", such as subsistence farming, but, despite providing for need and a level of prosperity, these are not included in conventional economics measures, like GNP . Wall therefore views neo-liberal globalization as "part of
21896-476: The long struggle of the state and commercial interests to steal from those who subsist" by removing "access to the resources that sustain ordinary people across the globe". Furthermore, Kovel sees neoliberalism as "a return to the pure logic of capital" that "has effectively swept away measures which had inhibited capital's aggressivity, replacing them with naked exploitation of humanity and nature." For Kovel, this "tearing down of boundaries and limits to accumulation
22080-513: The market. Therefore, they should be taken back." During the 2005 Norwegian parliamentary election , the party promised to increase resources to public schools , believing that more money would lead to fewer pupils per teacher, and more individualised and personal instructions. The party has held the office of Minister of the Environment since 2005, first by Helen Bjørnøy , followed by Erik Solheim and since 2012 by Bård Vegar Solhjell . During
22264-646: The means of production by "freely associated producers" with all forms of domination eclipsed, especially gender inequality and racism . This often includes the restoration of commons land in opposition to private property , in which local control of resources valorizes the Marxist concept of use value above exchange value . Practically, eco-socialists have generated various strategies to mobilise action on an internationalist basis, developing networks of grassroots individuals and groups that can radically transform society through nonviolent "prefigurative projects" for
22448-502: The minimal pairs are written alike, since written Norwegian has no explicit accent marks. In most eastern low-tone dialects, accent 1 uses a low flat pitch in the first syllable, while accent 2 uses a high, sharply falling pitch in the first syllable and a low pitch in the beginning of the second syllable. In both accents, these pitch movements are followed by a rise of intonational nature (phrase accent)—the size (and presence) of which signals emphasis or focus, and corresponds in function to
22632-595: The most fundamental level because the ' Four Pillars ' of Green politics (and the 'Ten Key Values' of the US Green Party ) do not include the demand for the emancipation of labour and the end of the separation between producers and the means of production. Many eco-socialists also oppose Malthusianism and are alarmed by the gulf between Green politics in the Global North and the Global South. Eco-socialists are highly critical of those Greens who favour "working within
22816-468: The most marginalized in society: the African-American radical green religious group MOVE , campaigning for ecological revolution and animal rights from Philadelphia , had many members imprisoned or even killed by US authorities from the 1970s onwards. Eco-socialism disagrees with the elite theories of capitalism, which tend to label a specific class or social group as conspirators who construct
23000-440: The national convention. After losing all its parliamentary seats in the 1969 parliamentary election , the Socialist People's Party sought to create an election coalition between various left-wing parties. While previously being sceptical of working with the Communist Party of Norway , the party eventually became a member of the coalition, along with the Information Committee of the Labour Movement against Norwegian membership in
23184-542: The necessity to build a transnational ecosocialist movement as one of the critical challenges facing ecosocialists. Later in 2007, it was announced that attempts to form an Ecosocialist International Network (EIN) would be made and an inaugural meeting of the International occurred on 7 October 2007 in Paris. The meeting attracted "more than 60 activists from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and
23368-430: The neutral name Riksmål , meaning 'national language' like Landsmål , and this was officially adopted along with the 1907 spelling reform. The name Riksmål is sometimes interpreted as 'state language', but this meaning is secondary at best. (Compare to Danish rigsmål from where the name was borrowed.) After the personal union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, both languages were developed further and reached what
23552-594: The next World Social Forum in Brazil. The conference released The Belem Ecosocialist Declaration. International networking by eco-socialists has already been seen in the Praxis Research and Education Center , a group on international researchers and activists. Based in Moscow and established in 1997, Praxis, as well as publishing books "by libertarian socialists , Marxist humanists , anarchists, [and] syndicalists ", running
23736-509: The next party convention in March 2023. Lysbakken was succeeded by his deputy leader, Kirsti Bergstø , at the party convention in March. In the parliamentary elections in Norway , the Socialist Left Party is the seventh-largest party in Norway, behind the Labour Party , the Conservative Party , the Progress Party , the Christian Democratic Party , the Centre Party , and the Liberal Party . Its popularity initially declined from levels achieved by
23920-414: The normal accent in languages that lack lexical tone , such as English. That rise culminates in the final syllable of an accentual phrase, while the utterance-final fall common in most languages is either very small or absent. There are significant variations in pitch accent between dialects. Thus, in most of western and northern Norway (the so-called high-pitch dialects) accent 1 is falling, while accent 2
24104-409: The number of private schools , and Djupedal said they are of no use. Bård Vegar Solhjell stated he believed government-funded schools helped "smoothing social inequality", commenting: "Many of those who remain outside the labor market have received lack of training from school. It prevents them from contributing to the community. Parties on the right often confuse social security and welfare schemes as
24288-570: The oldest written record of any Germanic language. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish Around 800 AD, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark , and inscriptions became more abundant. At the same time, the beginning of the Viking Age led to the spread of Old Norse to Iceland , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands . Viking colonies also existed in parts of
24472-454: The only way to get a "socialist government" in Norway. By 1973, the Labour Party had suffered a decrease in popular support, which at that time was estimated to around 100,000 voters. Speculation arose that voters had left the Labour Party for the newly created Socialist Electoral League. Early Labour Party predictions were that the Electoral League would dissolve because of internal strife. Reiulf Steen later stated that he had more "respect" for
24656-461: The outside but red on the inside". The term is common in Australia and New Zealand, and usually attributed to either Petr Beckmann or, more frequently, Warren T. Brookes , both critics of environmentalism . The term is also found in non-English speaking political discourse. The Watermelon , a New Zealand website, uses the term proudly, stating that it is "green on the outside and liberal on
24840-466: The party again. The decrease in voters was due to the Labour Party 's election surge during the 1973 Norwegian parliamentary election . The party further decreased in popular support by the 1979 Norwegian local elections , earning 4.1% in the municipal and 4.4% in the county respectively. By the 1983 Norwegian local elections , the party increased by 1% in the municipal and 0.9% in the county election. According to an opinion poll done in early September,
25024-427: The party also increasingly profiles itself as a supporter of feminism and environmentalism through eco-socialism . In the 2005 Norwegian parliamentary election , SV became a governing party for the first time, participating in the red–green coalition with the Labour Party and the Centre Party ; before that, it was frequently turned down by the Labour Party. SV was reduced to the seventh-largest party following
25208-484: The party gathered 5.9% in the municipalities and 6.1% in counties. Before the 1999 Norwegian local elections , polls showed an increase in popular support for the Socialist Left in Oslo . The reason for the increase was that the party was again able to win votes from the Labour Party. The party gained 7.8% of the votes in the municipalities and 8.5% in the counties. By 2003, the party's voter based had increased dramatically over
25392-438: The party gathered 8.8% of the vote; this further decreased in the 2009 Norwegian parliamentary election , when the Socialist Left gathered 6.2% of the vote; and again in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election , when it gathered 4.1%, 1,600 votes away from falling under the election threshold . The Socialist Left Party bounced back in the mid-2010s, making gains in the 2017 Norwegian parliamentary election , and contributing to
25576-403: The party had 11,385 members; the number has steadily increased since a low point in 2015. The party leader is Kirsti Bergstø , who was elected on 18 March 2023 The party was founded in 1973 as the Socialist Electoral League , an electoral coalition with the Communist Party of Norway , Socialist People's Party , Democratic Socialists – AIK , and independent socialists . In 1975, the coalition
25760-408: The party had strong gains in its vote share in elections and membership. In the 2017 Norwegian parliamentary election , the party gained four seats but the incumbent right-wing government led by Erna Solberg was renowned. The 2021 Norwegian parliamentary election was a big win for the left-wing opposition in an election fought on climate change, inequality, and oil. Jonas Gahr Støre 's Labour Party
25944-417: The party history. The party had 5 of 19 ministers in the government, one more than the Centre Party. In the 2009 Norwegian parliamentary election , the party lost four seats and was left with 11, but a three-seat gain by the Labour Party secured the red–green coalition an 86–83 majority. The shift of power within the coalition resulted in the loss of one Socialist Left cabinet minister, leaving them with four,
26128-432: The party was that two of the party's MPs had been convicted of betrayal of the country in the aftermath of World War II , the most notable being Hanna Kvanmo . Later, Kvanmo became one of the leading and best-liked politicians in Norway. Under the leadership of Theo Koritzinsky later in the 1980s, the party became prominent for its efforts for peace, disarmament, employment, green politics , and economic equality. At
26312-516: The party, most notably with the party's chapter in Bergen . By early 2008, the party chapters of Hordaland and Rogaland criticised Kristin Halvorsen and the government regarding their Afghanistan policies, and demanded an immediate withdrawal by October 2009. The Oslo chapter asked for drastic changes in the military strategy created by NATO. Thorbjørn Jagland , then President of the Storting , requested
26496-405: The party, the "Museum Guardians", as they were called, were worried that Solheim was moving the party too much to the center . Outside critics of Solheim said his policies had led to a "grey-blue social democratic" party, with little or no differences from the Labour Party. Solheim tried to get the party to change direction and form a coalition government with the Labour and the Centre Party. Solheim
26680-413: The party, with party leader Thorbjørn Jagland and Jens Stoltenberg accusing each other. The right-wing faction of the party wanted to continue to move the party further to the center, while the left-wing faction wanted to move the party closer to the Socialist Left. By early 2005, polls showed that over 20% of Norwegian voters would vote for the Socialist Left. Prime minister Kjell Magne Bondevik from
26864-425: The party, with the party's official newspaper, Friheten , strongly suggesting the party could not dissolve, because that would mean the death of the revolutionary movement. The official newspaper of the Socialist People's Party, Orientering , attacked what they called the "hard-core" leaders of the Communist Party. Without the Communist Party, the other parties voted to dissolve the coalition and to replace it with
27048-577: The party. The Green Party of England and Wales has an eco-socialist group, Green Left , founded in June 2006. Members of the Green Party holding a number of influential positions, including former Principal Speakers Siân Berry and Derek Wall, as well as prominent Green Party candidate and human rights activist Peter Tatchell have been associated with the grouping. Many Marxist organisations also contain eco-socialists, as evidenced by Löwy's involvement in
27232-444: The party. One example of this is the party leader , who stands for election every second year. The National Board is the party's highest decision-making body between the national conventions. The Board consists of 19 members. Members are elected by each county, plus six members are directly elected during the national convention; some of these are permanent members. In total, there are 36 members. The board meets approximately six times
27416-452: The party. The officeholders work alongside the party's parliamentary group , the government apparatus, and the rest of the party organisation on their specialised offices. They also have contact with organisations and communities in their local area. The Party's Representatives normally meet four to six times a year; the group consists of party members from all over the nation who have any special expertise. Party's Representatives are elected by
27600-521: The policies of the Socialist Left. They say that everyone is okay, and that does not work". The party is open to more immigration, believing Norway will evolve into a more multicultural society . The party believes the only way to create social equality is to create ethnic equality in Norway. By 2009, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg said his government would tighten the then prevailing immigration policy, which would make it harder for immigrants to be granted asylum in Norway. The Socialist Left, along with
27784-545: The post-Soviet era. This focus on eco-socialism has informed in the essay On Socialist Ecological Civilisation , published in September 2006, which according to China Dialogue "sparked debate" in China. The current Constitution of Bolivia , promulgated in 2009, is the first both ecologic and pro-socialist Constitution in the world, making the Bolivian state officially ecosocialist. In 2007 biologist David Schwartzman identified
27968-647: The predominantly Muslim nations where oil is often found. Eco-socialists believe that state or self- regulation of markets does not solve the crisis "because to do so requires setting limits upon accumulation", which is "unacceptable" for a growth-orientated system; they believe that terrorism and revolutionary impulses cannot be tackled properly "because to do so would mean abandoning the logic of empire ". Instead, eco-socialists feel that increasing repressive counter-terrorism increases alienation and causes further terrorism and believe that state counter-terrorist methods are, in Kovel and Löwy's words, "evolving into
28152-406: The press as fundies. Eco-socialists also criticise bureaucratic and elite theories of self-described socialism such as Maoism , Stalinism and what other critics have termed bureaucratic collectivism or state capitalism . Instead, eco-socialists focus on imbuing socialism with ecology while keeping the emancipatory goals of "first-epoch" socialism. Eco-socialists aim for communal ownership of
28336-442: The principles of Norwegian orthography, e.g. zebra in Norwegian is written sebra . Due to historical reasons, some otherwise Norwegian family names are also written using these letters. Some letters may be modified by diacritics : é , è , ê , ó , ò , and ô . In Nynorsk, ì and ù and ỳ are occasionally seen as well. The diacritics are not compulsory, but may in a few cases distinguish between different meanings of
28520-477: The problem; however, we tend to look at why they are struggling. There are systematic connections between social background and lack of training - it is a class question where something is needed to be done." Others believe that the party should nationalise non-public schools. Torbjørn Urfjell , former leader of the Socialist Youth chapter in Vest-Agder , said: "School and adolescence is too important to be left to
28704-536: The production of goods with no previous use that can be sold to sustain our ability to buy other goods. Such goods, in an eco-socialist analysis, produce exchange values but have no use value. Eco-socialists like Kovel stress that this contradiction has reached a destructive extent, where certain essential activities such as caring for relatives full-time and basic subsistence are unrewarded, while unnecessary commodities earn individuals huge fortunes and fuel consumerism and resource depletion. James O'Connor argues for
28888-481: The public's strong focus on the green movement and global warming . They failed to gather new voters and experienced one of their worst elections in years. By August 2009, various opinion polls gave the party 10% support but lost most of their voters to the Labour Party during the last days of the election. The party's strong emphasis on green politics , and its failure to capture new voters, has led to debate among electoral researchers. Frank Aarebrot commented: "It
29072-481: The relationship between socialism and ecology – The Alternative in Eastern Europe and Socialism and Survival – which promoted a 'new party' and led to his arrest, for which he gained international notoriety. At around the same time, Alan Roberts , an Australian Marxist, posited that people's unfulfilled needs fuelled consumerism . Fellow Australian Ted Trainer further called upon socialists to develop
29256-436: The reunified Fourth International and Socialist Resistance , a British Marxist newspaper that reports on eco-socialist issues and has published two collections of essays on eco-socialist thought: Ecosocialism or Barbarism? , edited by Jane Kelly and Sheila Malone , and The Global Fight for Climate Justice , edited by Ian Angus with a foreword by Derek Wall. Eco-socialism has had a minor influence over developments in
29440-515: The rhotic / ɾ / depends on the dialect. In Eastern, Central, and Northern Norwegian dialects, it is a flap [ ɾ ] , whereas in Western and Southern Norway, and for some speakers also in Eastern Norway, it is uvular [ ʁ ] or [ χ ] . And in the dialects of North-Western Norway, it is realized as [ r ] , much like the trilled ⟨rr⟩ of Spanish. Norwegian
29624-456: The same as the Centre Party. The Socialist Left and Halvorsen conceded the influential Ministry of Finance to the Labour Party in order to keep control of the Ministry of Education and Research. Halvorsen announced her resignation following the 2011 Norwegian local elections . The new leader was to be chosen on an extraordinary party congress in 2012. Audun Lysbakken , Heikki Holmås , and Bård Vegar Solhjell have announced their candidature for
29808-408: The second contradiction generates an underproduction crisis tendency, with the rising cost of inputs and labor, to complement the overproduction tendency of too many commodities for too few customers. Like Marx's contradiction of capital and labor, the second contradiction therefore threatens the system's existence. In addition, O'Connor believes that, in order to remedy environmental contradictions,
29992-499: The sensuous vitality of nature to the cold exchangeability required for the accumulation of capital ", while submerging "the majority of the world's people to a mere reservoir of labor power" as it penetrates communities through "consumerism and depoliticization". Other eco-socialists like Derek Wall highlight how in the Global South free-market capitalist structures economies to produce export-geared crops that take water from traditional subsistence farms , increasing hunger and
30176-431: The social and cultural potentialities latent in a technology of abundance". The self-administration of society is now made possible by technological advancement and, when technology is used in an ecologically sensitive manner, the revolutionary potential of society will be much changed. In 1982, his book The Ecology of Freedom had a profound impact on the emerging ecology movement, both in the United States and abroad. He
30360-606: The southern part of northern Norway ( Nordland county). Today, Nynorsk is the official language of not only four of the nineteen Norwegian counties but also various municipalities in five other counties. NRK , the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all written publications, and Nynorsk in 8% (2000). Like some other European countries, Norway has an official "advisory board"— Språkrådet (Norwegian Language Council)— that determines, after approval from
30544-791: The start" in an "essentially active relationship". William Morris , the English novelist, poet and designer, is largely credited with developing key principles of what was later called eco-socialism. During the 1880s and 1890s, Morris promoted his eco-socialist ideas within the Social Democratic Federation and the Socialist League . Following the Russian Revolution , some environmentalists and environmental scientists attempted to integrate ecological consciousness into Bolshevism , although many such people were later purged from
30728-459: The succession of capitalism by eco-socialism—an egalitarian economic/political/social structure designed to harmonize human society with non-human ecology and to fulfill human needs—as the only sufficient solution to the present-day ecological crisis, and hence the only path towards sustainability. Eco-socialists advocate dismantling capitalism, focusing on social ownership of the means of production by freely associated producers, and restoring
30912-468: The supervision of repressive states and transnational structures. In the "Ecosocialist Manifesto" (2001), Joel Kovel and Michael Löwy suggest that capitalist expansion causes "crises of ecology" through the "rampant industrialization" and "societal breakdown" that springs "from the form of imperialism known as globalization". They believe that capitalism's expansion "exposes ecosystems " to pollutants , habitat destruction and resource depletion , "reducing
31096-433: The system". While eco-socialists like Kovel recognise the ability of within-system approaches to raise awareness, and believe that "the struggle for an ecologically rational world must include a struggle for the state", he believes that the mainstream Green movement is too easily co-opted by the current powerful socio-political forces as it "passes from citizen-based activism to ponderous bureaucracies scuffling for 'a seat at
31280-453: The table ' ". For Kovel, capitalism is "happy to enlist" the Green movement for "convenience", "control over popular dissent" and "rationalization". He further attacks within-system green initiatives like carbon trading , which he sees as a "capitalist shell game" that turns pollution "into a fresh source of profit". Brian Tokar has further criticised carbon trading in this way, suggesting that it augments existing class inequality and gives
31464-401: The three grammatical genders from Old Norse to some extent. The only exceptions are the dialect of Bergen and a few upper class sociolects at the west end of Oslo that have completely lost the feminine gender. According to Marit Westergaard , approximately 80% of nouns in Norwegian are masculine. Norwegian and other Scandinavian languages use a suffix to indicate definiteness of
31648-483: The time being. Centre Party leader Trygve Slagsvold Vedum said: "I think it is the responsibility of the Labour Party and the Socialist Left Party to keep a good tone and see if we can lay the groundwork for a new government." While disappointed for not forming his favoured government, Støre described the talks as friendly and respectful. On 9 November 2022, Lysbakken, citing family reasons, announced that he would not seek re-election as party leader and would step down at
31832-442: The time. However, opponents of the official policy still managed to create a massive protest movement against Samnorsk in the 1950s, fighting in particular the use of "radical" forms in Bokmål text books in schools. In the reform in 1959, the 1938 reform was partially reversed in Bokmål, but Nynorsk was changed further towards Bokmål. Since then Bokmål has reverted even further toward traditional Riksmål, while Nynorsk still adheres to
32016-426: The unofficial Høgnorsk is more conservative than Nynorsk and is far closer to Faroese , Icelandic and Old Norse . Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. Each student gets assigned a native form based on which school they go to, whence the other form (known as Sidemål ) will be a mandatory school subject from elementary school through high school. For instance, a Norwegian whose main language form
32200-447: The vocabulary coincides with Bokmål. Outside Eastern Norway , this spoken variation is not used. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the standard written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to nationalism , rural versus urban discourse, and Norway's literary history. Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk
32384-560: The word, e.g.: for ('for/to'), fór ('went'), fòr ('furrow') and fôr ('fodder'). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably ï, ü , á and à . The two legally recognized forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål (literally 'book tongue') and Nynorsk ('new Norwegian'), which are regulated by the Language Council of Norway ( Språkrådet ). Two other written forms without official status also exist. One, called Riksmål ('national language'),
32568-422: Was Nordland , where the party gained 21.9% of the popular vote. The 1991 Norwegian local elections marked a large increase in voters for the party, earning 11.6 in the municipalities and 12.2% in the counties, making the party the third-largest party in Norway. The Socialist Left, along with the Centre Party , was named the election's "big winners" by the Norwegian press. In the 1995 Norwegian local elections ,
32752-423: Was forced to resign in 1997 , with the party seeing him as the main reason for the new power struggle between the left- and right-wing factions of the party. With the election of Kristin Halvorsen as new party leader in 1997, the party's popularity rose again. Under her leadership, the main focus became education, and the slogan "children and youth first" was coined. The party steadily built up its voter base during
32936-614: Was "the largest military commitment Norway currently has abroad". The party is split into five organs: the first national convention, which held every second year, the National Board, the Central Committee , Municipal and Local Chapters, and the Party Representatives. The national convention works as a democratic body for the party, where members representing their county or municipal can elect new national representatives for
33120-512: Was a principal figure in the Burlington Greens in 1986–1990, an ecology group that ran candidates for city council on a program to create neighborhood democracy. Bookchin later developed a political philosophy to complement social ecology which he called " Communalism " (spelled with a capital "C" to differentiate it from other forms of communalism). While originally conceived as a form of social anarchism , he later developed Communalism into
33304-470: Was aiming to form a majority government with the Centre Party and the Socialist Left Party, but the latter stated that it would remain in opposition, citing disagreements over climate and welfare policies, while remaining open for future negotiations and to support the government on common grounds. To the press, Lysbakken said the party was open for future negotiations, commenting that it was a good and friendly negotiation, and would be going into opposition for
33488-736: Was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects. Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway, along with Sámi , a Finno-Ugric language spoken by less than one percent of the population. Norwegian is one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries who speak Norwegian have the opportunity to use it when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs. Like most of
33672-529: Was granting 10 million kr to "even out social differences" between ethnic minorities . The party believes that everyone has the right to free access to kindergarten . Anders Folkestad , leader of the Confederation of Unions for Professionals , was not pleased with Djupedal's efforts during his term in office, saying that "Djupedal has created much uncertainty and a mess after he became Minister of Education and Research. Many had great expectations, but he
33856-486: Was turned into a unified political party. The party was largely founded as a result of the foreign policies prevalent at the time, with the socialists being opposed to Norwegian membership of the European Communities (which later became the European Union ) and of NATO . SV calls for a stronger public sector , a mixed economy , and a strengthening of the social welfare net. While advocating democratic socialism,
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