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43-419: The Sony EX1 is popular among independent filmmakers due to the 1/2" TrueHD sensors, better depth of field control, and better low light capabilities. Other comparable class cameras use 1/3" sensors and pixel shifting or other schemes to simulate resolution. The PMW-EX1 utilizes Sony's three 1/2-inch type "Exmor" CMOS sensors, each with an effective pixel count of 1920 x 1080. Coupled with signal processing LSI,

86-422: A data compression algorithm. Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM) was introduced by P. Cummiskey, Nikil S. Jayant and James L. Flanagan at Bell Labs in 1973. Perceptual coding was first used for speech coding compression, with linear predictive coding (LPC). Initial concepts for LPC date back to the work of Fumitada Itakura ( Nagoya University ) and Shuzo Saito ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ) in 1966. During

129-462: A digital system do not result in error unless they are so large as to result in a symbol being misinterpreted as another symbol or disturbing the sequence of symbols. It is, therefore, generally possible to have an entirely error-free digital audio system in which no noise or distortion is introduced between conversion to digital format and conversion back to analog. A digital audio signal may be encoded for correction of any errors that might occur in

172-691: A 1.2 Gbit/s read and write speed to support the PMW-F55 in storing 4K 60p acquisition. Memory Stick cards can be used in Sony XDCAM EX camcorders via the MEAD-MS01 adapter. Secure Digital memory cards can be used in Sony XDCAM EX camcorders via the MEAD-SD01 adapter. JVC camcorders that record in XDCAM EX format use Secure Digital memory cards natively. XQD memory cards can be used in Sony XDCAM EX camcorders via

215-489: A DAC. According to the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem , with some practical and theoretical restrictions, a band-limited version of the original analog signal can be accurately reconstructed from the digital signal. During conversion, audio data can be embedded with a digital watermark to prevent piracy and unauthorized use. Watermarking is done using a direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) method. The audio information

258-537: A different sampling rate to a common sampling rate prior to processing. Audio data compression techniques, such as MP3 , Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), Opus , Ogg Vorbis , or FLAC , are commonly employed to reduce the file size. Digital audio can be carried over digital audio interfaces such as AES3 or MADI . Digital audio can be carried over a network using audio over Ethernet , audio over IP or other streaming media standards and systems. For playback, digital audio must be converted back to an analog signal with

301-522: A range of digital transmission applications such as the integrated services digital network (ISDN), cordless telephones and cell phones . Digital audio is used in broadcasting of audio. Standard technologies include Digital audio broadcasting (DAB), Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), HD Radio and In-band on-channel (IBOC). Digital audio in recording applications is stored on audio-specific technologies including CD, DAT, Digital Compact Cassette (DCC) and MiniDisc . Digital audio may be stored in

344-515: A similar function with Hi8 tapes. Formats like ProDigi and DASH were referred to as SDAT (stationary-head digital audio tape) formats, as opposed to formats like the PCM adaptor-based systems and Digital Audio Tape (DAT), which were referred to as RDAT (rotating-head digital audio tape) formats, due to their helical-scan process of recording. Like the DAT cassette, ProDigi and DASH machines also accommodated

387-442: A specified sampling rate and converts at a known bit resolution. CD audio , for example, has a sampling rate of 44.1  kHz (44,100 samples per second), and has 16-bit resolution for each stereo channel. Analog signals that have not already been bandlimited must be passed through an anti-aliasing filter before conversion, to prevent the aliasing distortion that is caused by audio signals with frequencies higher than

430-421: A traditional videotape -based workflow. These decks can also serve as random access computer hard drives for easy import of the video data files into non-linear editing systems (NLE) via FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) and Ethernet . In September 2008, JVC announced its alliance with Sony to support the XDCAM EX format. In August 2009, Convergent Design began shipping the nanoFlash Portable Recorder, which uses

473-493: A very limited support. The Professional Disc was chosen by Sony as its medium for professional non-linear video acquisition for a number of reasons, outlined in their white-paper Why Sony Adopted Professional Disc . This disc is similar to Blu-ray Disc and holds either 23 GB of data (PFD23, single-layer, rewritable), 50 GB (PFD50, dual-layer, rewritable), 100 GB (PFD100TLA, triple-layer, rewritable) or 128 GB (PFD128QLW, quad-layer, write-once). Essentially,

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516-582: Is a solid-state memory card implemented as an ExpressCard module. The first camera to use this media was the Sony PMW-EX1 professional video camera . In December 2009, Sony introduced the more affordable SxS-1. This unit is designed to have the same performance as the SxS Pro card however its life expectancy is shorter at an estimated 5 years of life when used every day to the card's full capacity. In early 2013, Sony has introduced SxS Pro+ cards. These have

559-470: Is comparable to Digital Betacam MPEG IMX is not supported in the XDCAM ;EX product line. MPEG HD is used in all product lines except for XDCAM SD. This format supports multiple frame sizes, frame rates, scanning types and quality modes. Depending on product line or a particular model, not all modes of this format may be available. MPEG HD422 doubles the chroma horizontal resolution compared to

602-480: Is compatible with most editing systems. Some camcorders that allow DVCAM recording can record progressive-scan video. MPEG IMX allows recording in standard definition, using MPEG-2 encoding at data rate of 30, 40 or 50 megabits per second. Unlike most other MPEG-2 implementations, IMX uses intraframe compression with each frame having the same exact size in bytes to simplify recording onto video tape. Sony claims that at 50 Mbit/s it offers visual quality that

645-465: Is then modulated by a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, then shaped within the frequency domain and put back in the original signal. The strength of the embedding determines the strength of the watermark on the audio data. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) was invented by British scientist Alec Reeves in 1937. In 1950, C. Chapin Cutler of Bell Labs filed the patent on differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM),

688-577: Is then sent through an audio power amplifier and ultimately to a loudspeaker . Digital audio systems may include compression , storage , processing , and transmission components. Conversion to a digital format allows convenient manipulation, storage, transmission, and retrieval of an audio signal. Unlike analog audio, in which making copies of a recording results in generation loss and degradation of signal quality, digital audio allows an infinite number of copies to be made without any degradation of signal quality. Digital audio technologies are used in

731-673: Is used for proxy video. Audio is recorded in uncompressed PCM form for all formats except proxy video, which uses A-law compression. Equipment that uses Professional Disc as well as XDCAM 4:2:2 on SxS cards as recording media employs MXF container to store digital audio / digital video streams. Tapeless camcorders that record onto solid-state memory cards, use MP4 container for high definition audio/video, and DV-AVI container for DV video. JVC camcorders that use XDCAM EX recording format, are also capable of recording into QuickTime container besides using MP4 container. DVCAM uses standard DV encoding, which runs at 25 Mbit/s, and

774-547: The Nyquist frequency (half the sampling rate). A digital audio signal may be stored or transmitted. Digital audio can be stored on a CD, a digital audio player , a hard drive , a USB flash drive , or any other digital data storage device . The digital signal may be altered through digital signal processing , where it may be filtered or have effects applied. Sample-rate conversion including upsampling and downsampling may be used to change signals that have been encoded with

817-700: The United States was made by Thomas Stockham at the Santa Fe Opera in 1976, on a Soundstream recorder. An improved version of the Soundstream system was used to produce several classical recordings by Telarc in 1978. The 3M digital multitrack recorder in development at the time was based on BBC technology. The first all-digital album recorded on this machine was Ry Cooder 's Bop till You Drop in 1979. British record label Decca began development of its own 2-track digital audio recorders in 1978 and released

860-434: The 1970s, Bishnu S. Atal and Manfred R. Schroeder at Bell Labs developed a form of LPC called adaptive predictive coding (APC), a perceptual coding algorithm that exploited the masking properties of the human ear, followed in the early 1980s with the code-excited linear prediction (CELP) algorithm. Discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding, a lossy compression method first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, provided

903-592: The ExpressCard adapters such as MxR, MxM and KxT have allowed for the use of selected consumer-level SDHC cards at standard frame rates and 720p rates up to 42 frame/s. For 4:2:2 color, an external recording device would be required to be used utilizing the EX1's HD-SDI out. External recording storage devices include: PHU-60K 60GB portable XDcam Ex Storage approx 200 mins recording time [1] Sony SxS card management strategies for video and film production. Films that have used

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946-503: The PMW-EX1 produces images in 1080p (30 and 24 frame/s), 720p (up to 60 frame/s) and 1080i (up to 60 frame/s) HD. The Sony EX1 records internally to SxS (S by S) cards and does not internally record to tape (an external tape device would be required). The SxS-1 card was introduced in December 2009 as a more affordable option with a shorter operational life than SxS Pro cards. Development of

989-495: The Professional Disc format was deemed to be a suitable, cost effective and easy step forward. The discs are reliable and robust, suitable for field work (something which has previously been a problem with many disc-based systems). Additionally, the cost of media is comparable to existing professional formats. In 2008, Sony introduced a new recording medium to their XDCAM range – SxS Pro (pronounced "S-by-S"). It

1032-510: The QDA-EX1 ExpressCard adapter. Digital audio Digital audio is a representation of sound recorded in, or converted into, digital form . In digital audio, the sound wave of the audio signal is typically encoded as numerical samples in a continuous sequence. For example, in CD audio , samples are taken 44,100 times per second , each with 16-bit resolution . Digital audio is also

1075-536: The Sony EX1 include: - District 9 - Public Enemies - Crank: High Voltage - The Act of Killing This camera-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This film technology article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . XDCAM#SxS XDCAM is a series of products for digital recording using random access solid-state memory media, introduced by Sony in 2003. Four different product lines –

1118-565: The Sony XDCAM HD422 codec. In November 2012, VITEC began shipping the FS-T2001 Portable Recorder, which uses Sony XDCAM HD422 and XDCAM HD codec. The XDCAM format uses multiple video compression methods and media container formats. Video is recorded with DV , MPEG-2 Part 2 or MPEG-4 compression schemes. DV is used for standard-definition video , MPEG-2 is used both for standard and high definition video, while MPEG-4

1161-563: The XDCAM SD, XDCAM HD, XDCAM EX and XDCAM HD422 – differ in types of encoder used, frame size, container type and in recording media. None of the later products have made earlier product lines obsolete. Sony maintains that different formats within XDCAM family have been designed to meet different applications and budget constraints. The XDCAM range includes cameras and decks which act as drop-in replacements for traditional VTRs allowing XDCAM discs to be used within

1204-487: The audio data being recorded to the tape using a multi-track stationary tape head. PCM adaptors allowed for stereo digital audio recording on a conventional NTSC or PAL video tape recorder . The 1982 introduction of the CD by Philips and Sony popularized digital audio with consumers. ADAT became available in the early 1990s, which allowed eight-track 44.1 or 48 kHz recording on S-VHS cassettes, and DTRS performed

1247-466: The basis for the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), which was developed by J. P. Princen, A. W. Johnson and A. B. Bradley in 1987. The MDCT is the basis for most audio coding standards , such as Dolby Digital (AC-3), MP3 ( MPEG Layer III), AAC, Windows Media Audio (WMA), Opus and Vorbis ( Ogg ). PCM was used in telecommunications applications long before its first use in commercial broadcast and recording. Commercial digital recording

1290-449: The bitrate to 85 Mbit/s. This format has never become widely used and a very limited set of devices support it. Proxy AV is used to record low resolution proxy videos. This format employs MPEG-4 video encoding at 1.5 Mbit/s ( CIF resolution) with 64 kbit/s (8 kHz A-law , ISDN-quality) for each audio channel. ^ 1 720p @ 19 Mbit/s is offered by JVC and is equivalent to HDV 720p XDCAM-SHD422 has

1333-482: The computer can effectively run at a single time. Avid Audio and Steinberg released the first digital audio workstation software programs in 1989. Digital audio workstations make multitrack recording and mixing much easier for large projects which would otherwise be difficult with analog equipment. The rapid development and wide adoption of PCM digital telephony was enabled by metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) switched capacitor (SC) circuit technology, developed in

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1376-570: The early 1970s. This led to the development of PCM codec-filter chips in the late 1970s. The silicon-gate CMOS (complementary MOS) PCM codec-filter chip, developed by David A. Hodges and W.C. Black in 1980, has since been the industry standard for digital telephony. By the 1990s, telecommunication networks such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) had been largely digitized with VLSI (very large-scale integration ) CMOS PCM codec-filters, widely used in electronic switching systems for telephone exchanges , user-end modems and

1419-409: The electrical audio signal is amplified and then converted back into physical waveforms via a loudspeaker . Analog audio retains its fundamental wave-like characteristics throughout its storage, transformation, duplication, and amplification. Analog audio signals are susceptible to noise and distortion, due to the innate characteristics of electronic circuits and associated devices. Disturbances in

1462-399: The first European digital recording in 1979. Popular professional digital multitrack recorders produced by Sony/Studer ( DASH ) and Mitsubishi ( ProDigi ) in the early 1980s helped to bring about digital recording's acceptance by the major record companies. Machines for these formats had their own transports built-in as well, using reel-to-reel tape in either 1/4", 1/2", or 1" widths, with

1505-399: The most common form of music consumption. An analog audio system converts physical waveforms of sound into electrical representations of those waveforms by use of a transducer , such as a microphone . The sounds are then stored on an analog medium such as magnetic tape , or transmitted through an analog medium such as a telephone line or radio . The process is reversed for reproduction:

1548-466: The music industry distributed and sold music by selling physical copies in the form of records and cassette tapes . With digital audio and online distribution systems such as iTunes , companies sell digital sound files to consumers, which the consumer receives over the Internet. Popular streaming services such as Apple Music , Spotify , or YouTube , offer temporary access to the digital file, and are now

1591-446: The name for the entire technology of sound recording and reproduction using audio signals that have been encoded in digital form. Following significant advances in digital audio technology during the 1970s and 1980s, it gradually replaced analog audio technology in many areas of audio engineering , record production and telecommunications in the 1990s and 2000s. In a digital audio system, an analog electrical signal representing

1634-578: The obligatory 44.1 kHz sampling rate, but also 48 kHz on all machines, and eventually a 96 kHz sampling rate. They overcame the problems that made typical analog recorders unable to meet the bandwidth (frequency range) demands of digital recording by a combination of higher tape speeds, narrower head gaps used in combination with metal-formulation tapes, and the spreading of data across multiple parallel tracks. Unlike analog systems, modern digital audio workstations and audio interfaces allow as many channels in as many different sampling rates as

1677-484: The previous generations of high-definition video XDCAM formats. To accommodate the improved chroma detail, video bitrate has been increased to 50 Mbit/s. This format is used only in XDCAM HD422 products. MPEG SHD422 XDCAM-SHD422 stands for "Super HD" and has been introduced later on to preserve more details. It maintains the 4:2:2 planar chroma sampling as well as the same resolution of MPEG HD422, but it increases

1720-453: The recording, manipulation, mass-production, and distribution of sound, including recordings of songs , instrumental pieces, podcasts , sound effects, and other sounds. Modern online music distribution depends on digital recording and data compression . The availability of music as data files, rather than as physical objects, has significantly reduced the costs of distribution as well as making it easier to share copies. Before digital audio,

1763-420: The sound is converted with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) into a digital signal, typically using pulse-code modulation (PCM). This digital signal can then be recorded, edited, modified, and copied using computers , audio playback machines, and other digital tools. For playback, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) performs the reverse process, converting a digital signal back into an analog signal, which

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1806-400: The storage or transmission of the signal. This technique, known as channel coding , is essential for broadcast or recorded digital systems to maintain bit accuracy. Eight-to-fourteen modulation is the channel code used for the audio compact disc (CD). If an audio signal is analog, a digital audio system starts with an ADC that converts an analog signal to a digital signal. The ADC runs at

1849-495: Was pioneered in Japan by NHK and Nippon Columbia and their Denon brand, in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971. The BBC also began to experiment with digital audio in the 1960s. By the early 1970s, it had developed a 2-channel recorder, and in 1972 it deployed a digital audio transmission system that linked their broadcast center to their remote transmitters. The first 16-bit PCM recording in

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