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27-1184: During the reign of the Qing Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820), whilst compiling the Quan Tang Wen (全唐文), literally: Complete Literature of the Tang ) academic Xu Song ordered the preparation of the Song Huiyao Jigao based on the Song Hui Yao (宋会要/宋會要, literally: Song Compendium ) of the Yongle Encyclopedia and other sources. The entire work runs to 366 chapters and includes sections covering Imperial genealogy (帝系), wives and concubines (后妃), music (乐) Confucian Rites (礼), military attire (舆服), ceremonial procedure (仪制), divination (瑞异), divination (运历), Confucian honors〈崇儒), official appointments (职官), elections (选举), consumer goods (食货) crime and punishment (刑法) military matters (兵), territorial issues (方域), foreigners and barbarians (蕃夷) and Daoism and Buddhism (道释) as well as 17 other topics. The book contains

54-553: A Taishang Huang (emperor emeritus) after his abdication. After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen , a favourite official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao,

81-599: A Han Banner . The Qianlong Emperor originally had two other sons in mind for succeeding him, but both of them died early from diseases, hence in December 1773 he secretly chose Yongyan as his successor. In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor instated Yongyan as "Prince Jia of the First Rank " (嘉親王; or simply "Prince Jia"). In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it

108-467: A commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo in the imperial family during ancient China period. Yongyan was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was Noble Consort Ling , the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an ethnic Han Chinese official whose family had been long integrated into the Manchu Eight Banners as part of

135-491: A coup for the throne. During the course of the coup, he succeeded in killing his rival brothers, Crown Prince Li Jiancheng and Prince Li Yuanji . Within three days, Emperor Gaozu created Li Shimin as his heir. On the ninth day of the eighth month, Emperor Gaozu abdicated in favor for his son Li Shimin (who became Emperor Taizong). He remained as Taishang Huang until his death in 635. In modern Chinese history after 1949, Deng Xiaoping has been called Taishang Huang in

162-409: A half-sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates. The Jiaqing Emperor commuted the death sentence of the scholar Hong Liangji who had criticised the policies of the Qianlong Emperor and Heshen, instead exiling him to a remote part of northern China and pardoning him altogether in 1800. Heshen was described as the 'primary evil' effecting

189-450: A hunting trip. The Jiaqing Emperor was intrigued by the leader of the rising, Lin Qing, and summoned him to a private interrogation. Lin was later executed by slicing. In 1816, William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the court, intending to establish more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. The Amherst Embassy proved a failure as

216-538: A large quantity of Imperial edicts and decrees as well as memorials and other documents relating to institutional mechanisms of the Song dynasty. Whilst not replacing the History of Song , the Song Huiyao Jigao is still a key document for research into the Song legal system. Many of the elements comprising the Song Huiyao Jigao were lost until the 1930s when Miao Quansun (缪荃孙/繆荃孫) Tu Ji (屠寄) and Liu Fuceng (刘富曾/劉富曾) compiled

243-479: A new version that was first published in 1936. This Chinese literature-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jiaqing Emperor The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), also known by his temple name Emperor Renzong of Qing , personal name Yongyan , was the seventh emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China proper . He

270-518: A pejorative context, because he wielded much of his power without assuming the titles normally taken on by China's paramount leader and wielded influence over leaders who were a generation below him while he belonged to the generation of leaders from Mao Zedong 's era. The term has also been applied to other Communist Party senior officials without formal titles who were seen as meddling in the affairs of their successors, such as Chen Yun and Jiang Zemin . Instances of Chinese rulers who were granted

297-512: A result of Amherst's refusal to perform a kowtow to the Emperor, but would prove to have a significant impact on British views of China and the Qing dynasty. The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler Gia Long 's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, but agreed that it could be changed to Việt Nam instead. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over

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324-573: The Daoguang Emperor . The Jiaqing Emperor was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs , 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing , in the Chang (昌; lit. "splendid") mausoleum complex. Empress Imperial Noble Consort Consort Concubine Noble Lady First Class Attendant Enthroned in 1626 as Khan , Hong Taiji changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed

351-476: The 1860s. Yongyan was born in the Old Summer Palace , 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing . His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became the emperor. The Chinese character for yong in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have

378-498: The Empire, and after his removal the Emperor pursued a series of reforms of the court, civil service and treasury. He was a traditionalist in terms of his role as an ethnic Manchu leader, taking parts in imperial hunts, inspection tours, and upholding strict court protocol. As part of this traditionalist approach, the Jiaqing Emperor promoted ministers on the basis of their commitment to a 'purist' approach to Confucian rule. The impact of

405-498: The Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing , where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The Draft History of Qing did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke , as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as

432-519: The Jiaqing Emperor's reforms are questionable, with the Emperor described by Jonathan Spence as having 'relied on rhetoric more than specific policies to cleanse his empire', with Heshen's clique soon replaced by other bureaucratic factions. At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in

459-454: The course of this incident. Another significant occurrence of development was in 399, when Lü Guang of Later Liang abdicated. Lü Guang was old and had become mortally ill, but he wished to secure the transition of imperial power to his designated heir , the eldest son from his main consort, in the presence of another son who was older and posed a threat to the legitimate succession. Even though Lü Guang failed in his efforts, this incident

486-486: The institution as a means to stabilize successions. In 617, Li Yuan (later Emperor Gaozu of Tang) bestowed the title Taishang Huang upon Emperor Yang of Sui in absentia. Here, Li Yuan used the honorific as a legitimating cover for his seizure of power, in which the newly-installed Yang You served as his puppet emperor. In 626 during the Xuanwu Gate Incident , Prince Li Shimin of Tang led his armed men in

513-720: The naming. The Great Qing Legal Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811, a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor , and repealed in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor . It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang , to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys . The Jiaqing Emperor granted

540-541: The pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, although this came at a steep fiscal cost. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. In 1813, the Jiaqing Emperor also faced the threat of the Eight Trigrams uprising , led by a millenarian Buddhist sect that launched a failed attack on the Forbidden City , with the intention of assassinating the Emperor upon his return from

567-470: The retired emperor became a power behind the throne , often exerting more power than the reigning emperor. The title Taishang Huangdi was first used when Qin Shi Huangdi bestowed it upon his deceased father, King Zhuangxiang . Emperor Gaozu of Han bestowed the title Taishang Huangdi on his then-living father Liu Taigong . He bestowed it onto his father to express filial piety . Furthermore, it

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594-545: The title Wujing Boshi ( 五經博士 ; Wǔjīng Bóshì ) to the descendants of Tang essayist Han Yu . The Jiaqing Emperor commissioned printed compendia of courtly collections, which are an important source for our present understanding of Qing court art. He was a keen scholar of the Confucian classics (to which he devoted much of his time in the early years of his reign when the Qianlong Emperor remained de facto ruler), with 15,267 poems attributed to him. On 2 September 1820,

621-520: The title of emperor. In 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor began to rule over China proper , replacing the Ming dynasty . Taishang Huang In Chinese history , a Taishang Huang or Taishang Huangdi is an honorific and institution of a retired emperor . The former emperor had, at least in name, abdicated in favor of someone else. Although no longer the reigning sovereign, there are instances where

648-517: Was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor , who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended the throne and adopted the era name "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years, however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name and rite only because decisions were still made by his father, who became

675-560: Was intended to preserve the social hierarchy between father and son, as the former was a commoner and the latter was a dynastic founder. In 301, during the War of the Eight Princes , Sima Lun became the emperor by forcing his puppet Emperor Hui of Jin to become the Taishang Huang . The title had strictly served as an honorific before, but it had become a tool of political infighting over

702-457: Was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor . During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen , the corrupt favorite of his father and attempted to restore order within the empire while curbing the smuggling of opium into China. Assessments of his reign are mixed, either seen as the "beginning of the end" of the Qing dynasty, or as a period of moderate reform that presaged the intellectual movements of

729-554: Was the earliest example where imperial retirement served as a method to secure succession. During the Northern and Southern dynasties , this institution was employed by non-Han regimes in the north as a strategy to cast away from the tradition of the horizontal succession in favor of the Han tradition of a male primogenitor pattern of succession. In contrast, due to their Han heritage, the southern regimes had no need to make use and never employed

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