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76-517: Prominent musicologists debate whether or not the Pathétique may have been inspired by Mozart 's piano sonata K. 457 , since both compositions are in C minor and have three very similar movements . The second movement, "Adagio cantabile", especially, makes use of a theme remarkably similar to one in the spacious second movement of Mozart's sonata. Close similarities have also been noted with Bach's Partita no. 2 in C minor . Both works open with

152-426: A BMus or a BA in music (or a related field such as history) and in many cases an MA in musicology. Some individuals apply directly from a bachelor's degree to a PhD, and in these cases, they may not receive an MA. In the 2010s, given the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of university graduate programs, some applicants for musicology PhD programs may have academic training both in music and outside of music (e.g.,

228-507: A Neoclassical aesthetic or by those composers referencing classical music composition in some fashion. Some 20th century composers to utilize rondo form include Alban Berg , Béla Bartók , Duke Ellington , Alberto Ginastera , Paul Hindemith , and Sergei Prokofiev . The English word rondo comes from the Italian form of the French rondeau , which means "a little round ". Today the word rondo

304-480: A Rondeau as the second movement of his music for the play Abdelazer by Aphra Behn which premiered at the Dorset Garden Theatre on July 3, 1676. In Germany, the composers Georg Muffat , Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer , and Johann Sebastian Bach all adopted French forms and techniques in some of their compositions; including utilization of the rondeau form. J.S. Bach's utilization of rondeau includes

380-506: A graduate school , supervising MA and PhD students, giving them guidance on the preparation of their theses and dissertations. Some musicology professors may take on senior administrative positions in their institution, such as Dean or Chair of the School of Music. The vast majority of major musicologists and music historians from past generations have been men, as in the 19th century and early 20th century; women's involvement in teaching music

456-443: A French rondeau for keyboard in F major simply titled Rondeau , and also composed many chaconnes-rondeaux; some of which follow the two-couplet design of the French rondeau but others displaying up to as many as five couplets. Louis Couperin was also experimental with the number of couplets he employed in his rondeau compositions; usually using three or four couplets in his rondeau construction. Louis's Passacaille for harpsichord has

532-435: A PhD from Harvard University . One of her best known works is Feminine Endings (1991), which covers musical constructions of gender and sexuality, gendered aspects of traditional music theory, gendered sexuality in musical narrative, music as a gendered discourse and issues affecting women musicians. Other notable women scholars include: A list of open-access European journals in the domains of music theory and/or analysis

608-455: A brief coda . The three rondo episodes are in E ♭ major, A ♭ major, and C major . The common use of sforzando creates a forceful effect. The sonata Pathétique was an important success for Beethoven, selling well and helping create his reputation as a composer, not just as an extraordinary pianist. Not only was it instantly popular, it also exposed the world to the characteristics that Beethoven would continue to develop in

684-413: A close focus, as in the case of scholars who examine the relationship between words and music for a given composer's art songs . On the other hand, some scholars take a broader view and assess the place of a given type of music, such as the symphony in society using techniques drawn from other fields, such as economics, sociology or philosophy. New musicology is a term applied since the late 1980s to

760-633: A composer's life and works, the developments of styles and genres (such as baroque concertos), the social function of music for a particular group of people, (such as court music), or modes of performance at a particular place and time (such as Johann Sebastian Bach's choir in Leipzig). Like the comparable field of art history , different branches and schools of historical musicology emphasize different types of musical works and approaches to music. There are also national differences in various definitions of historical musicology. In theory, "music history" could refer to

836-462: A couplet such as in his op.1 no.9, Allegro ma non presto , and to contain a rondeau within a rondeau in the final couplet as in his opus 1 number 1, Aria . The music of French Baroque composers like Lully and Rameau spread across Europe and influenced composers across the continent beginning in the late 17th century. Henry Purcell was one of the earliest composers in England to adopt the form; writing

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912-510: A declamatory fanfare marked Grave , sharing a distinct combination of dotted rhythms, melodic contour, and texture. Furthermore, the first four notes of the Partita's Andante (G–C–D–E ♭ , prominently repeated throughout the work) are found in the Pathétique as the first notes of important themes – first in the hand-crossing second subject of its first movement (initially transposed), then in

988-532: A historical instrument is usually part of conservatory or other performance training. However, many top researchers in performance practice are also excellent musicians. Music performance research (or music performance science) is strongly associated with music psychology. It aims to document and explain the psychological, physiological, sociological and cultural details of how music is actually performed (rather than how it should be performed). The approach to research tends to be systematic and empirical and to involve

1064-736: A multi-couplet rondo or chain rondo (ABACAD) now known as the Italian rondo . The rondo form, usually referred to in English using the French spelling rondeau when applied to French music, was a popular form in France from the mid to late 17th century and into the 18th century. The French composers of the Baroque period employed rondeau form in a wide range of media, including opera , ballet , choral music , art songs , orchestral music , chamber music , and works for solo instrument. The composer Jean-Baptiste Lully

1140-470: A nine couplet rondeau form. François Couperin was the leading and most prolific French Baroque composer of rondeau composed for the harpsichord . In the late part of the Baroque period, the composer Jean-Marie Leclair was a particularly innovative composer within the French rondeau form; especially within his aria movements for violin. Leclair was one of the earliest composers to change metre and tempo within

1216-401: A popular or folk character. Music that has been designated as "rondo" normally subscribes to both the form and character. On the other hand, there are many examples of slower, reflective works that are rondo in form but not in character; they include Mozart 's Rondo in A minor, K. 511 (marked Andante ). A well-known operatic vocal genre of the late 18th century, referred to at that time by

1292-811: A significant body of music employing rondo form. These three composers were also important exponents of the sonata rondo form ; a musical form developed in the Classical period which blended the structures of the sonata form with the form of the rondo. In the 19th century composers in the Romantic period continued to use the form with some regularity. Some Romantic era composers to produce music utilizing rondo form include Beethoven, Johannes Brahms , Antonín Dvořák , Felix Mendelssohn , Franz Schubert , Robert Schumann , Richard Strauss , and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . Rondo form has continued to be used by some 20th-century and 21st-century composers; most often by those with

1368-481: A slow introductory theme, marked Grave . The exposition , marked Allegro di molto con brio , is in 2 time ( alla breve ) in the home key of C minor and features three themes. Theme 1 features an aggressive rocket theme covering two octaves , accompanied with constant tremolo octaves in the left hand. Beethoven then makes use of unorthodox mode mixture, as he presents theme 2 in E ♭ minor rather than its customary parallel major . This theme

1444-731: A strong record of publishing in peer-reviewed journals. Some PhD-holding musicologists are only able to find insecure positions as sessional lecturers . The job tasks of a musicologist are the same as those of a professor in any other humanities discipline: teaching undergraduate and/or graduate classes in their area of specialization and, in many cases some general courses (such as Music Appreciation or Introduction to Music History); conducting research in their area of expertise, publishing articles about their research in peer-reviewed journals, authors book chapters, books or textbooks; traveling to conferences to give talks on their research and learn about research in their field; and, if their program includes

1520-442: A student may apply with a BMus and an MA in psychology). In music education, individuals may hold an M.Ed and an Ed.D . Most musicologists work as instructors, lecturers or professors in colleges, [universities or conservatories. The job market for tenure track professor positions is very competitive. Entry-level applicants must hold a completed PhD or the equivalent degree and applicants to more senior professor positions must have

1596-681: A substantial, intensive fieldwork component, often involving long-term residence within the community studied. Closely related to ethnomusicology is the emerging branch of sociomusicology . For instance, Ko (2011) proposed the hypothesis of "Biliterate and Trimusical" in Hong Kong sociomusicology. Popular music studies, known, "misleadingly", as popular musicology , emerged in the 1980s as an increasing number of musicologists, ethnomusicologists and other varieties of historians of American and European culture began to write about popular music past and present. The first journal focusing on popular music studies

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1672-525: A wide body of work emphasizing cultural study, analysis and criticism of music. Such work may be based on feminist , gender studies , queer theory or postcolonial theory, or the work of Theodor W. Adorno . Although New Musicology emerged from within historical musicology, the emphasis on cultural study within the Western art music tradition places New Musicology at the junction between historical, ethnological and sociological research in music. New musicology

1748-425: Is a field of study that describes the elements of music and includes the development and application of methods for composing and for analyzing music through both notation and, on occasion, musical sound itself. Broadly, theory may include any statement, belief or conception of or about music ( Boretz , 1995) . A person who studies or practices music theory is a music theorist. Some music theorists attempt to explain

1824-766: Is available on the website of the European Network for Theory & Analysis of Music . A more complete list of open-access journals in theory and analysis can be found on the website of the Société Belge d'Analyse Musicale (in French). Rondo The rondo is a musical form that contains a principal theme (sometimes called the "refrain") which alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called "episodes", but also occasionally referred to as "digressions" or "couplets". Some possible patterns include: ABACA, ABACAB, ABACBA, or ABACABA . The rondo form emerged in

1900-437: Is more lyrical than the first and makes use of grace notes and crossed hands. Theme 3 modulates to the mediant , E ♭ major , and features an Alberti-type figuration for the bass with tremolo. A codetta , with ideas from the opening allegro, closes the section. Some performers of the sonata include the introduction in the repeat of the exposition ( Rudolf Serkin and András Schiff , for example), but most return to

1976-553: Is now known as rondo in English. In the 18th century the term Round O , an English corruption of the French word ‘rondeau’, was also sometimes used in the English language to refer to the musical form rondeau. The term Round O was used in several 18th century English publications, including Jeremiah Clarke 's Choice Lessons for the Harpsichord or Spinett (London, 1711) and John Hoyle 's A Complete Dictionary of Music (London, 1770). In James Grassineau 's A Musical Dictionary (1740)

2052-470: Is often a part of music history, though pure analysis or the development of new tools of music analysis is more likely to be seen in the field of music theory. Music historians create a number of written products, ranging from journal articles describing their current research, new editions of musical works, biographies of composers and other musicians, book-length studies or university textbook chapters or entire textbooks. Music historians may examine issues in

2128-452: Is set in F minor (the relative minor of A ♭ major), further modulating to E ♭ major before returning to the main theme. The second episode begins in A ♭ minor and modulates to E major . With the final return of the main theme, the accompaniment becomes richer and takes on the triplet rhythm of the second episode. There is a brief coda . The main theme of this movement opens nearly identically to an episode in

2204-488: Is sometime credited as the 'father of the rondeau', as he was allegedly the first composer to utilize a two-couplet design to his rondeau structure; a technique he did not consistently adopt but which was later adopted and standardized by Jean-Philippe Rameau whose construction of the rondeau was codified by the 17th century music theorist Jean Du Breuil in what became known as the French rondeau . Some examples of Lully's use of

2280-440: Is the set of phenomena surrounding the cognitive modeling of music. When musicologists carry out research using computers, their research often falls under the field of computational musicology . Music therapy is a specialized form of applied musicology which is sometimes considered more closely affiliated with health fields, and other times regarded as part of musicology proper. The 19th-century philosophical trends that led to

2356-408: Is widely used in the English language to refer to any musical work, vocal or instrumental, containing a principal theme which alternates with one or more contrasting themes. However, some English and German speaking composers have also adopted the term rondeau over the term rondo to refer to their compositions utilizing this form; particularly when writing in a French compositional style. In France,

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2432-482: The Baroque period and became increasingly popular during the Classical period . The earliest examples of compositions employing rondo form are found within Italian opera arias and choruses of the first years of the 17th century. These examples use a multi-couplet rondo or chain rondo (ABACAD) known as the Italian rondo . Rondo form, also known in English by its French spelling rondeau , should not be confused with

2508-608: The Passepied I from Suite No. 5 in E minor (c. 1725) in his English Suites , the fifth movement 'Rondeaux' from Partita for keyboard No. 2, BWV 826 (c. 1725–1727), the third movement Partita for Violin No. 3 (1720), and the Rondeau from the Suite No. 2 in B minor (c. 1738–1739). A common expansion of rondo form is to combine it with sonata form , to create the sonata rondo form . Here,

2584-487: The "ABACAB" and "ABACBA" are sometimes called "six-part rondo", and the ABACABA is commonly known as "seven-part rondo". The number of themes can vary from piece to piece, and the recurring element is sometimes embellished and/or shortened in order to provide for variation . Perhaps the best-known example of rondo form is Beethoven 's " Für Elise ", an ABACA rondo. Writers on the origin of the rondo form have made connections to

2660-404: The 17th century. These composers were succeeded in the later Baroque period by French composers Jean-Marie Leclair , François Couperin , and most importantly Jean-Philippe Rameau who continued to be important exponents of music compositions utilizing rondo form. Lully was the first composer to utilize a two-couplet design to his rondo structure, a technique he did not consistently adopt but which

2736-498: The French rondeau include the "Rondeau pour les basques" from the ballet Intermède de Xerxes (1660), the "Rondeau pour la gloire" from the prologue of the opera Alceste (1674), and the chorus "Suivons Armide" from the opera Armide (1686). Three other important early rondeau composers of the Baroque period included Jacques Champion de Chambonnières and the brothers Louis Couperin and François Couperin ; all of whom wrote several rondeau for keyboard . Chambonnières composed

2812-501: The United States and in many other countries from 1970 to 2007. The theme was performed by Karl Haas , the program's host. The full second movement is depicted as being performed by Schroeder in the movie A Boy Named Charlie Brown . (The actual performance is done by Ingolf Dahl .) Additionally, Billy Joel used the theme as the chorus of his 1983 song " This Night "; as did Louise Tucker in her Midnight Blue from 1982, which

2888-405: The aria and opera chorus; most frequently in the context of opera arias but also in 17th century sacred works such as vocal arias and choruses within oratorios and cantatas . Only 100 years later at the beginning of the 18th century was the ritornello technique transferred to the concerto; long after the rise of the rondo in France in the 17th century. The use and development of ritornello in

2964-488: The aria served a practical purpose; as the structure was used to clearly separate vocal sections of the aria from the instrumental preludes, interludes or postludes within the composition. Repeating or paraphrasing instrumental music in the structure of the aria provided a felicitous dramatic structure which could facilitate character entrances and exits, emphasize dramatic intent, or could provide music used with scene transformations or even accompaniments for dances. Ultimately,

3040-524: The beginning of the allegro section. This movement is one of the few compositions that contain hundred twenty-eighth notes . The development section begins in the key of G minor but quickly modulates to E minor . In this section, Beethoven extends Haydn's compositional practice by returning to the introductory section. After this reappearance of the Grave , the composer generates suspense with an extended dominant preparation . The recapitulation brings back

3116-567: The collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. The findings of music performance research can often be applied in music education. Musicologists in tenure track professor positions typically hold a PhD in musicology. In the 1960s and 1970s, some musicologists obtained professor positions with an MA as their highest degree, but in the 2010s, the PhD is the standard minimum credential for tenure track professor positions. As part of their initial training, musicologists typically complete

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3192-449: The coming years. When the pianist and composer Ignaz Moscheles discovered the work in 1804, he was ten years old; unable to afford to buy the music, he copied it out from a library copy. His music teacher, on being told about his discovery, "warned me against playing or studying eccentric productions before I had developed a style based on more respectable models. Without paying heed to his instructions, however, I laid Beethoven's works on

3268-419: The creation of melody . Music psychology applies the content and methods of psychology to understand how music is created, perceived, responded to, and incorporated into individuals' and societies' daily lives. Its primary branches include cognitive musicology , which emphasizes the use of computational models for human musical abilities and cognition, and the cognitive neuroscience of music , which studies

3344-424: The formes fixes ballade and virelai , the forme fixe rondeau was limited to only vocal music due to its use within the specific context of French language poetry. The forme fixe rondeau is entirely unrelated to the later musical form rondeau , which emerged principally in mid 17th century France but had its origins in Italian opera of the late 16th and early 17th century. It is this later music form which

3420-484: The history and theory of the visual and plastic arts and architecture; linguistics , literature and theater ; religion and theology ; and sport. Musical knowledge is applied within medicine, education and music therapy—which, effectively, are parent disciplines of applied musicology. Music history or historical musicology is concerned with the composition, performance, reception and criticism of music over time. Historical studies of music are for example concerned with

3496-471: The history of musical traditions, the origins of works, and the biographies of composers. Ethnomusicologists draw from anthropology (particularly field research ) to understand how and why people make music. Systematic musicology includes music theory , aesthetics , pedagogy , musical acoustics , the science and technology of musical instruments , and the musical implications of physiology, psychology, sociology, philosophy and computing. Cognitive musicology

3572-471: The main theme of the Rondo . It is known that Beethoven was familiar with the works of Bach, studying The Well-Tempered Clavier as a youth and returning to his predecessor's compositional styles later in life. In its entirety, encompassing all three movements , the work takes approximately 18-20 minutes to perform. The sonata consists of three movements: The first movement is in sonata form . It begins with

3648-530: The particular stages of history are understood & distinguished as ancient to modern . Comparative methods became more widespread in musicology beginning around 1880. The parent disciplines of musicology include: Musicology also has two central, practically oriented sub-disciplines with no parent discipline: performance practice and research, and the theory, analysis and composition of music. The disciplinary neighbors of musicology address other forms of art, performance, ritual, and communication, including

3724-517: The piano, in the order of their appearance, and found in them such consolation and pleasure as no other composer ever vouchsafed me." Anton Schindler , a musician who was a friend of Beethoven in the composer's later years, wrote: "What the Sonate Pathétique was in the hands of Beethoven (although he left something to be desired as regards clean playing) was something that one had to have heard, and heard again, in order to be quite certain that it

3800-501: The popularity of the form internationally, and the rondo was soon adopted in the late 17th century and early 18th century by composers in other nations such as Henry Purcell in England and Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany. While J.S. Bach's rondos were written in the earlier French tradition of construction and were not particularly progressive, his son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach was a highly imaginative and unusually innovative composer in

3876-543: The re-establishment of formal musicology education in German and Austrian universities had combined methods of systematization with evolution. These models were established not only in the field of physical anthropology , but also cultural anthropology . This was influenced by Hegel 's ideas on ordering "phenomena" which can be understood & distinguished from simple to complex stages of evolution. They are further classified into primitive & developed sections; whereas

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3952-461: The rondo form was most frequently employed by composers as a single movement within a larger work; particularly concertos and serenades but also with less frequency in symphonies and chamber music. However, independent rondos were still written in this period, often as virtuoso pieces. Many European composers of this era used the rondo form, including the composers Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven who all produced

4028-405: The rondo form; producing thirteen sophisticated and highly personal rondos which place him as a central figure in this form at the end of the Baroque period and early Classical period. By the beginning of the Classical period in 1750, the rondo form was already well established throughout Europe and the rondo form reached the height of its popularity in the late 18th century. During this period

4104-542: The same key. Ritornello, meaning 'return' in Italian, has its origins in 15th century madrigals in which repetition or a return to particular stanza is a feature of the compositional structure. With the advent of opera in Italy in the very last years of the 16th century, ritornello form continued to develop specifically within the structure of the aria and opera chorus. Ritornello form was used in instrumental preludes, interludes or postludes (or any combination of these) within

4180-417: The scholarly concerns once associated with new musicology already were mainstream in musicology, so that the term "new" no longer applies. Ethnomusicology , formerly comparative musicology, is the study of music in its cultural context. It is often considered the anthropology or ethnography of music. Jeff Todd Titon has called it the study of "people making music". Although it is most often concerned with

4256-430: The second theme acts in a similar way to the second theme group in sonata form by appearing first in a key other than the tonic and later being repeated in the tonic key. Unlike sonata form, thematic development does not need to occur except possibly in the coda . Rondo as a character-type (as distinct from the form) refers to music that is fast and vivacious – normally Allegro . Many classical rondos feature music of

4332-534: The slow movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 14 , K. 457. The sonata closes with a cut time movement in C minor. The main theme closely resembles the second theme of the Allegro of the first movement: its melodic pattern is identical for its first four notes, and its rhythmic pattern for the first eight. There is also a modified representation of the melody from the second movement, so it connects all three movements together. The movement's sonata rondo form includes

4408-413: The structural relationships in the (nearly always notated) music. Composers study music theory to understand how to produce effects and structure their own works. Composers may study music theory to guide their precompositional and compositional decisions. Broadly speaking, music theory in the Western tradition focuses on harmony and counterpoint , and then uses these to explain large scale structure and

4484-519: The study of non-Western music, it also includes the study of Western music from an anthropological or sociological perspective, cultural studies and sociology as well as other disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. Some ethnomusicologists primarily conduct historical studies, but the majority are involved in long-term participant observation or combine ethnographic, musicological, and historical approaches in their fieldwork. Therefore, ethnomusicological scholarship can be characterized as featuring

4560-711: The study of the history of any type or genre of music, such as the music of India or rock music . In practice, these research topics are more often considered within ethnomusicology and "historical musicology" is typically assumed to imply Western Art music of the European tradition. The methods of historical musicology include source studies (especially manuscript studies), palaeography , philology (especially textual criticism ), style criticism, historiography (the choice of historical method ), musical analysis (analysis of music to find "inner coherence") and iconography . The application of musical analysis to further these goals

4636-648: The techniques composers use by establishing rules and patterns. Others model the experience of listening to or performing music. Though extremely diverse in their interests and commitments, many Western music theorists are united in their belief that the acts of composing, performing and listening to music may be explicated to a high degree of detail (this, as opposed to a conception of musical expression as fundamentally ineffable except in musical sounds). Generally, works of music theory are both descriptive and prescriptive, attempting both to define practice and to influence later practice. Musicians study music theory to understand

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4712-399: The term Round O was defined as an alternative spelling of rondeau. In rondo form, a principal theme (sometimes called the "refrain") alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called "episodes", but also occasionally referred to as "digressions" or "couplets". Possible patterns include: ABACA, ABACAB, ABACBA, or ABACABA . The "ABACA" is often referred as "five-part rondo",

4788-492: The theme in the intro to the music video for her 2011 song " Marry the Night ." This movement exemplifies the expressive Adagio style of many slow movements in the classical period. The famous cantabile melody is played three times, always in A ♭ major , separated by two modulating episodes; the movement is thus a simple rondo rather than the sonata form more common for movements of this seriousness. The first episode

4864-401: The themes of the exposition in different keys: themes 1 and 3 are played in the tonic key of C minor, then theme 2 is played in the unexpected key of F minor but then returns to the tonic key. The coda is very dramatic and includes a brief reminder of the Grave before ending with a swift cadence . The opening has been sampled and featured in countless works; for instance, Lady Gaga used

4940-410: The unrelated and similarly named forme fixe rondeau ; a 14th- and 15th-century French poetic and chanson form. While the origins of rondo form come from Italian opera, the French composer Jean-Baptiste Lully , who is sometimes referred to as the father of the rondo or rondeau form, and his contemporaries, Jacques Champion de Chambonnières and Louis Couperin popularized the rondo form in France in

5016-433: The use and development of ritornello in early Italian opera at the very end of the 16th century and early 17th century. While rondo form is similar to ritornello form, it is different in that ritornello form typically brings back the subject or main theme in a paraphrase of that theme through the use of fragments from previous musical passages and in different keys ; whereas the rondo brings back its theme complete and in

5092-479: The use of ritornello in Italian opera led to the creation of some early Italian arias and opera choruses which follow a traditional rondo form in which the main theme is repeated in its entirety and in the same key. The earliest example of this is within Jacopo Peri 's Euridice (1600) in which the choruses "Al canto al ballo" and "Sospirate aure celesti" are arranged using a rondo structure. These early examples use

5168-433: The way that music perception and production manifests in the brain using the methodologies of cognitive neuroscience . While aspects of the field can be highly theoretical, much of modern music psychology seeks to optimize the practices and professions of music performance, composition, education and therapy. Performance practice draws on many of the tools of historical musicology to answer the specific question of how music

5244-469: The word rondeau was first used in the Medieval and Renaissance periods to refer to the 'forme fixe rondeau' ; a type of poetic and chanson form extant to France in the late 13th through 15th centuries. It originally developed as monophonic music (in the 13th century) and then as polyphonic music (in the 14th century). It disappeared from the repertoire by the beginning of the 16th century. Along with

5320-559: Was Popular Music which began publication in 1981. The same year an academic society solely devoted to the topic was formed, the International Association for the Study of Popular Music . The association's founding was partly motivated by the interdisciplinary agenda of popular musicology though the group has been characterized by a polarized 'musicological' and 'sociological' approach also typical of popular musicology. Music theory

5396-529: Was a #1 hit in France. Musicology Musicology (from Greek μουσική mousikē 'music' and -λογια -logia , 'domain of study') is the scholarly study of music . Musicology research combines and intersects with many fields, including psychology , sociology , acoustics , neurology , natural sciences , formal sciences and computer science . Musicology is traditionally divided into three branches: music history , systematic musicology , and ethnomusicology . Historical musicologists study

5472-539: Was a reaction against traditional historical musicology, which according to Susan McClary , "fastidiously declares issues of musical signification off-limits to those engaged in legitimate scholarship." Charles Rosen , however, retorts that McClary, "sets up, like so many of the 'new musicologists', a straw man to knock down, the dogma that music has no meaning, and no political or social significance." Today, many musicologists no longer distinguish between musicology and new musicology since it has been recognized that many of

5548-404: Was later adopted and standardized by Rameau whose construction of the rondo was codified by the 17th century music theorist Jean Du Breuil in what became known as the French rondeau . These French composers employed rondo form in a wide range of media, including opera , ballet , choral music , art songs , orchestral music , chamber music , and works for solo instrument. The French spread

5624-571: Was mainly in elementary and secondary music teaching . Nevertheless, some women musicologists have reached the top ranks of the profession. Carolyn Abbate (born 1956) is an American musicologist who did her PhD at Princeton University . She has been described by the Harvard Gazette as "one of the world's most accomplished and admired music historians". Susan McClary (born 1946) is a musicologist associated with new musicology who incorporates feminist music criticism in her work. McClary holds

5700-566: Was performed in various places at various times in the past. Although previously confined to early music, recent research in performance practice has embraced questions such as how the early history of recording affected the use of vibrato in classical music or instruments in Klezmer . Within the rubric of musicology, performance practice tends to emphasize the collection and synthesis of evidence about how music should be performed. The important other side, learning how to sing authentically or perform

5776-468: Was the same already well-known work. Above all, every single thing became, in his hands, a new creation, wherein his always legato playing, one of the particular characteristics of his execution, formed an important part." The cantabile theme from this movement was used as the theme music for radio's most widely listened-to classical music program, Adventures in Good Music , which aired nationally in

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