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27-549: The Moderate Decade ( Spanish : Década Moderada , 1844-1854), during the reign of Isabel II of Spain , was a period in which the leading party, the Partido Moderado , developed a version of liberal conservatism , "liberal" only in the economic sense and in the rejection of absolute monarchy . General Ramón María Narváez was the strong man of the period, which was characterized by the curtailment of liberties and rights, and by administrative centralization. On 2 April 1846,

54-477: A "Horrible spectacle. Sad memory." The twelve executed soldiers became known as the "Martyrs of Carral" ( "Mártires de Carral" ). Ten years later during the Progressive Biennium ( Bienio Progresista , July 1854 – July 1856), the government declared them "Beneméritos de la Patria" (an honorific title; "Beneméritos" means "meritorious" and functions here as an adjectival noun ). The Cortes granted them

81-435: A brief spring of 24 days in which illusion and progressivism confronted the government of Narváez that, despite defining itself as liberal and moderate, was opposed by the middle and lower bourgeoisie, many students and professors, and no small number of professionals who preferred republicanism . These were the first generation of Galician nationalism and regionalism —called at the time provincialismo or galleguismo —seeking

108-433: A security force that has continued down to the present day under various Spanish regimes. The system of education was reorganized along lines proposed by Claudio Moyano . The Moderates inherited the organization of Spain into provinces and municipalities , established by Javier de Burgos in the 1833 territorial division of the country. Each province was given a centrally appointed Civil Governor, and he, in turn, named

135-629: A status for Galicia better than that of a "colony of the Court", in the words of Antolín Faraldo . Moderate Decade In the history of Spain , the década moderada ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdekaða moðeˈɾaða] , " moderate decade") was the period from May 1844 to July 1854, during which the Moderate Party continuously held power. The Moderate Party, like the Progressive Party it displaced, identified itself as liberal , but it

162-573: Is bordered by the provinces of A Coruña , Lugo , and Ourense , the country of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. There is a public institution called the Provincial Deputation of Pontevedra (Provincial Council), whose head office is in Pontevedra city, that provides direct services to citizens such as technical, financial and technological support to the councils of the 62 municipalities of

189-523: Is located in the province. The province similarly shares the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park with neighbouring A Coruña province . This region contains the Galician islands of Ons , Cies , Sálvora and Cortegada . The province has an oceanic climate with warm and relatively dry summers and cool and very wet winters. The province's capital, Pontevedra , with a population of 83,260 (2020)

216-545: The 1833 territorial division of Spain , as were the other Iberian kingdoms that were reduced to a nominal status, having fallen under the domination of the Crown of Castile and since then been incorporated into a single Spanish Monarchy . Solís and his collaborators sought to reclaim the liberties and rights abolished by Narváez and sought a more just treatment for Galicia; the University of Santiago de Compostela reconstituted

243-680: The Batallón Literario , the student battalion that had last confronted the forces of Napoleonic France in the Peninsular War , viewed in Galicia as throughout Spain as a war of Spanish independence. General Narváez, president of the Spanish Royal Council, minister of both State and War, sent troops under General Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha , Captain General of Old Castile to put down

270-573: The Catholic Church that had been created by the disentailment of church properties. Many Spanish Catholics were of the opinion that the clergy had suffered an inappropriate attack on their means of gaining a living; in this matter, the Holy See had a great deal of support among the populace against the government. The government of Bravo Murillo ultimately achieved the Concordat of 1851 , under which

297-475: The Ley Mon-Santillán ("Mon-Santillán Law"). The original intent of the new system of taxation was a direct income tax on all citizens. It was difficult to apply such a system, though, because there were no reliable statistics, and much fraud. Instead, they changed to a system of indirect taxation that affected all consumers independent of their incomes. These new taxes lowered the standard of living of

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324-549: The Pope accepted the disentailments and the state committed itself to the maintenance of the Church. The Government was confirmed in the right to present names of proposed bishops, inherited from the royal Concordat of 1753 . Thus, the government was guaranteed an ecclesiastical hierarchy appointed at its pleasure, as well. This process of improved relations with the Church established a basis for general tranquility in religious matters, which

351-618: The Solís Uprising of 1846. The Moderate Party established the Spanish Constitution of 1845 , under which sovereignty and legislative power were both shared between the Spanish monarchy and the Cortes . The Cortes consisted of a Congress of Deputies and a Senate . The Congress was elected under census suffrage ; the wealth requirements limited the franchise to less than one percent of

378-597: The Cruz del Valor y la Constancia ("Cross of Valor and Constancy") and decreed the erection of a monument. That monument was not to be erected until 1904, when a monument was raised at the initiative of the Galician League of A Coruña . Designed by architect Juan Álvarez Mendoza of Lugo, it was built of granite quarried in Illó ( Pontevedra province). It features the coat of arms of Galicia and an inscription in Galician reading: "To

405-638: The Zamora Regiment stationed in the provincial capital of Lugo rebelled, led by Colonel Miguel Solís y Cuetos . Solís declared the dissolution of the Provincial Council and Deputation. Having gained the upper hand in Lugo, Solís addressed his troops. The final words of his speech make clear the intention of his uprising: Galicians: all Spaniards: Long live the free Queen! Long live the Constitution! Out with

432-696: The foreigners! Down with the Dictator Narváez! Down with the system of tribute! In the following days, the uprising spread to other Galician cities, uniting the so-called "provincialists". On 15 April in Santiago de Compostela the Junta Superior del Reino de Galicia was declared. The Reino de Galicia —the Kingdom of Galicia , dating back to the Middle Ages——had been formally abolished thirteen years earlier under

459-519: The general populace, resulting in many popular protests, and ultimately triggering the 1854 revolution known as the Vicalvarada , ushering in a brief return to power by the Progressive Party, the bienio progresista ("Progressive Biennium"). Province of Pontevedra Pontevedra is a province of Spain , located in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Galicia . It

486-455: The heads of the municipalities. In practice, this gave the Moderates a monopoly of power at all levels and control of all institutions of governance and administration. Their desire for order required a certain respect for the fueros that granted special rights to some of the provinces. Nevertheless, some of the provinces were disgruntled with the increased centralism, as shown by events such as

513-492: The martyrs of liberty killed 26 April 1846. Galician League of A Coruña" The monument is reminiscent of a Calvary , and prominently features a cross . This monument has been the scene of various memorial tributes, such as one on 26 April 1931 just after the founding of the Second Spanish Republic ; a photograph of that event shows Manuel Lugrís Freire leading the attendees. Manuel Murguía viewed Solís Uprising as

540-505: The population. The Senate, whose size was not fixed, was appointed by the Queen. Although the constitution declared rights such as freedom of expression, these rights were subject to laws passed by the Cortes: wealthy men who intended to maintain a monopoly of power that excluded even the leaders of the Progressive Party, let alone the average citizen. The Moderates set out to resolve the conflict with

567-410: The progressive Spanish Constitution of 1837 , and promptly set about revising it to be more in line with their principals. They wished to have a system that allowed certain liberties, but above all they wished to establish a centralized government and economic liberalism that they believed would lead to transformation and economic growth. At the beginning of the década moderada , Queen Isabella II

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594-644: The province of Pontevedra. The population of the province is 942,665 (2019), of whom 9% live in the capital, the city of Pontevedra and 28% in Vigo . Pontevedra is cut in two parts by the Lérez River . Most of the major tourist attractions in Pontevedra are to the south of the river. Pontevedra features many historical buildings, monuments, and churches. Much of the Rías Baixas Denominación de Origen (DO)

621-707: The uprising. On 23 April, the Battle of Cacheiras began on the outskirts of Santiago de Compostela; the rebels were defeated by a vastly superior force. Solís first took refuge in the San Martín Pinario Monastery , but surrendered himself later in the day. Three days later, a summary trial in Carral ( A Coruña province) condemned him to death. The trial was held in this small town because of fear of Solís's sympathizers in Santiago and in A Coruña . At dawn, Colonel Solís

648-498: Was brought to the churchyard of the parish church of Paleo near Carral, where he was executed by a firing squad. Commander Víctor Velasco and ten more officials were executed in the Forest of Rin, halfway between Carral and Paleo; they were buried the following day in the Paleo cemetery. Their tomb remains there; it has no inscription. The parish priest was present at the execution and called it

675-763: Was considerably more conservative than the Progressives. Whereas the Progressives had little ground for compromise with Carlism , the Moderate Party was in more of a position to cooperate with moderate elements from among the losing side of the First Carlist War , and the Convention of Vergara had allowed many of the latter to return to participation in government and politics. When the Moderate Party under General Ramón María Narváez first took power in May 1844, they inherited

702-419: Was fundamental to establish any general civil peace. The Moderates attempted a major reform of taxation along more rational lines. They eliminated innumerable old, narrow taxes and attempted to make those that remained more just and controllable. Finance minister Alejandro Mon and his collaborator Ramón de Santillán attempted to establish a balanced budget under the Spanish tax reform of 1845 , also known as

729-635: Was only 13 years old; Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies was regent . Narváez began a series of reforms to strengthen the monarchy and centralize the state. He curtailed freedom of expression, put an end to the popular election of municipal officials, and eliminated the National Militia . In October 1844, to replace the National Militia, he created the Civil Guard ( Spanish : Guardia Civil ),

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