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46-501: The Solitude racetrack is an 11.4 km (7.1 mi) race circuit on public roads used for motorsport in the Leonberg area, west of Stuttgart , Germany. It is named after Castle Solitude and until 1965 has hosted various motorcycle and automobile races. The traditional track used for motorcycle racing is located above the Bergheim district of Stuttgart, but not in the center of

92-435: A relay race members of a team take turns in racing parts of a circuit or performing a certain racing form. Orienteering races add an additional task of using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain. A race can also involve any other type of goal like eating . A common speed eating challenge is a hot dog eating race, where contestants try to eat more hot dogs than

138-584: A branch. Those species that seek pest insects are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in biological pest control programmes. Combined, insectivorous birds eat 400–500 million metric tons of arthropods annually. Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds , sunbirds , lories, and lorikeets amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers. Kiwis and shorebirds with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in

184-414: A drop in cellular lipid levels (lipoprivation). Both the brain and the liver monitor the levels of metabolic fuels. The brain checks for glucoprivation on its side of the blood–brain barrier (since glucose is its fuel), while the liver monitors the rest of the body for both lipoprivation and glucoprivation. There are short-term signals of satiety that arise from the head, the stomach, the intestines, and

230-844: A high metabolic rate . Mammals that weigh less than about 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of an herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (carnivores that feed on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects ( ants or termites ). Some mammals are omnivores and display varying degrees of carnivory and herbivory, generally leaning in favor of one more than

276-424: A major part of points classifications in road events, where cycling sprinters specialise in reaching an intermediate point first, thus gaining extra points and resulting prizes. Sprint finish tactics are also used in speedskating , cross-country skiing , long-distance swimming , horse racing and other animal racing sports. The finishes of races which are outright sprinting events in themselves, such as

322-510: A meal. The control of food intake is a physiologically complex, motivated behavioral system. Hormones such as cholecystokinin , bombesin , neurotensin , anorectin , calcitonin , enterostatin , leptin and corticotropin-releasing hormone have all been shown to suppress food intake. Eating rapidly leads to obesity and overeating, probably because the feelings of satiety can be slower. There are numerous signals given off that initiate hunger . There are environmental signals, signals from

368-456: A mixture of both plant and animal matter, and detritivores eat detritus. Fungi digest organic matter outside their bodies as opposed to animals that digest their food inside their bodies. For humans, eating is more complex, but is typically an activity of daily living . Physicians and dieticians consider a healthful diet essential for maintaining peak physical condition. Some individuals may limit their amount of nutritional intake. This may be

414-611: A result of a lifestyle choice: as part of a diet or as religious fasting. Limited consumption may be due to hunger or famine. Overconsumption of calories may lead to obesity and the reasons behind it are myriad, however, its prevalence has led some to declare an " obesity epidemic ". Many homes have a large kitchen area devoted to preparation of meals and food, and may have a dining room, dining hall, or another designated area for eating. Most societies also have restaurants , food courts , and food vendors so that people may eat when away from home, when lacking time to prepare food, or as

460-441: A social occasion. At their highest level of sophistication, these places become "theatrical spectacles of global cosmopolitanism and myth ." At picnics , potlucks , and food festivals , eating is the primary purpose of a social gathering. At many social events, food and beverages are made available to attendees. People usually have two or three meals a day. Snacks of smaller amounts may be consumed between meals. Doctors in

506-416: Is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores , eat plants, which contain complex carbohydrates such as cellulose. An herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as granivory (seed eating), folivory (leaf eating), frugivory (fruit eating), nectarivory (nectar eating), gummivory (gum eating) and mycophagy (fungus eating). The digestive tract of an herbivore

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552-400: Is host to bacteria that ferment these complex substances, and make them available for digestion, which are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. Some mammals are coprophagous , consuming feces to absorb the nutrients not digested when the food was first ingested. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract because

598-433: Is not possible, as is often the case when recovering from surgery , alternatives are enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition . To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive—mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals—this

644-407: Is unique, with a crop for storage and a gizzard that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth. Some species such as pigeons and some psittacine species do not have a gallbladder . Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight. Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein stored in many parts of their bodies, including protein from

690-524: Is usually run over the same course at different times. A stage is a shorter section of a much longer course or a time trial . Early records of races are evident on pottery from ancient Greece , which depicted running men vying for first place. A chariot race is described in Homer 's Iliad . The word race comes from a Norse word. This Norse word arrived in France during the invading of Normandy and gave

736-519: Is well documented that some ungulates such as giraffes, camels, and cattle, will gnaw on bones to consume particular minerals and nutrients. Also, cats, which are generally regarded as obligate carnivores, occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestible material (such as hairballs ), aid with hemoglobin production, and as a laxative. Birds' diets are varied and often include nectar , fruit, plants, seeds, carrion , and various small animals, including other birds. The digestive system of birds

782-516: The 100 metres track race, are not normally referred to as sprint finishes, as all competitors are already sprinting by default (thus it is not a racing tactic). Eating Eating (also known as consuming ) is the ingestion of food . In biology, this is typically done to provide a heterotrophic organism with energy and nutrients and to allow for growth. Animals and other heterotrophs must eat in order to survive — carnivores eat other animals, herbivores eat plants, omnivores consume

828-618: The Ancient Romans . Ancient Hebrews also adopted this posture for traditional celebrations of Passover . Compulsive overeating, or emotional eating , is "the tendency to eat in response to negative emotions". Empirical studies have indicated that anxiety leads to decreased food consumption in people with normal weight and increased food consumption in the obese . Many laboratory studies showed that overweight individuals are more emotionally reactive and are more likely to overeat when distressed than people of normal weight. Furthermore, it

874-650: The Dakar Rally or the Athens Marathon . Running a distance is the most basic form of racing, but races may also be done by climbing , swimming , walking , or other types of human locomotion . Races may be conducted with animals such as camels , dogs , horses , pigeons , pigs , snails , or turtles . They also may be done in vehicles such as aircraft , bicycles , boats , cars , or motorcycles ; or with another means of transport such as skates , skateboards , skis , sleds , snowboards , or wheelchair . In

920-421: The gastrointestinal system , and metabolic signals that trigger hunger. The environmental signals come from the body's senses . The feeling of hunger could be triggered by the smell and thought of food, the sight of a plate, or hearing someone talk about food. The signals from the stomach are initiated by the release of the peptide hormone ghrelin . Ghrelin is a hormone that increases appetite by signaling to

966-466: The hypothalamus that produce hunger, melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin . MCH plays a bigger role in producing hunger. In mice, MCH stimulates feeding and a mutation causing the overproduction of MCH led to overeating and obesity. Orexin plays a greater role in controlling the relationship between eating and sleeping. Other peptides in the hypothalamus that induce eating are neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP). Satiety in

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1012-459: The proteins , lipids and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Exceptions to this include baleen whales who also house gut flora in a multi-chambered stomach, like terrestrial herbivores. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type ( Allen's rule ). Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and

1058-496: The UK recommend three meals a day (with between 400 and 600 kcal per meal), with four to six hours between. Having three well-balanced meals (described as: half of the plate with vegetables, 1/4 protein food as meat, [...] and 1/4 carbohydrates as pasta, rice) will then amount to some 1800–2000 kcal, which is the average requirement for a regular person. In jurisdictions under Sharia law , it may be proscribed for Muslim adults during

1104-534: The amount of snacks they ate between meals was greater. One possible explanation that Lowe and Fisher suggest is obese individuals often eat their meals with others and do not eat more than average due to the reduction of distress because of the presence of other people. Another possible explanation would be that obese individuals do not eat more than the others while having meals due to social desirability. Conversely, snacks are usually eaten alone. There are many physiological mechanisms that control starting and stopping

1150-425: The body. The brain stem's involvement of food intake has been researched using rats. Rats that have had the motor neurons in the brain stem disconnected from the neural circuits of the cerebral hemispheres (decerebration), are unable to approach and eat food. Instead, they must obtain their food in a liquid form. This research shows that the brain stem does in fact play a role in eating. There are two peptides in

1196-406: The brain that a person is hungry. Environmental signals and ghrelin are not the only signals that initiate hunger, there are other metabolic signals as well. As time passes between meals, the body starts to take nutrients from long-term reservoirs. When the glucose levels of cells drop (glucoprivation), the body starts to produce the feeling of hunger. The body also stimulates eating by detecting

1242-796: The case of hyenas , allowing them to consume bones; some extinct groups, notably the Machairodontinae , had saber-shaped canines . Some physiological carnivores consume plant matter and some physiological herbivores consume meat. From a behavioral aspect, this would make them omnivores, but from the physiological standpoint, this may be due to zoopharmacognosy . Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification. For example, it

1288-446: The daylight hours of Ramadan . Newborn babies do not eat adult foods. They survive solely on breast milk or formula . Small amounts of pureed food are sometimes fed to young infants as young as two or three months old, but most infants do not eat adult food until they are between six and eight months old. Young babies eat pureed baby foods because they have few teeth and immature digestive systems. Between 8 and 12 months of age,

1334-522: The different regions of the world, as culture influences the way people eat their meals. For example, most of the Middle Eastern countries, eating while sitting on the floor is most common, and it is believed to be healthier than eating while sitting at a table. Eating in a reclining position was favored by the Ancient Greeks at a celebration they called a symposium , and this custom was adopted by

1380-526: The digestive system improves, and many babies begin eating finger foods. Their diet is still limited, however, because most babies lack molars or canines at this age, and often have a limited number of incisors . By 18 months, babies often have enough teeth and a sufficiently mature digestive system to eat the same foods as adults. Learning to eat is a messy process for children, and children often do not master neatness or eating etiquette until they are five or six years old. Eating positions vary according to

1426-401: The end of a race is also known as their finishing kick . Multisport races , such as the triathlon , often have running as the final section and sprint finish tactics are applied as they are in running-only events. In cycling, sprint finishes are an integral part of the sport and are used in both track cycling and road cycling . Cycling sprints are often highly tactical, particularly on

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1472-528: The entire body. In anorexia nervosa, people restrict their calorie intake out of fear of gaining weight. This malnutrition leads to an unhealthy weight, significantly impacting overall health. Bulimia is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, involving the consumption of a substantial amount of food within a short period. Subsequently, individuals engage in maladaptive behaviors, such as inducing vomiting, excessive physical activity, and using laxatives as compensatory measures. If eating and drinking

1518-411: The fat stored in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue secretes the hormone leptin , and leptin suppresses appetite. Long-term satiety signals from adipose tissue regulates short-term satiety signals. Cessation of eating within two hours of sleeping can reduce body weight. The brain stem can control food intake, because it contains neural circuits that detect hunger and satiety signals from other parts of

1564-408: The final stages of a race. This tactic is mostly associated with long-distance forms of running and cycling , which often feature large groups of competitors racing at a slower pace for much of the race – this slower aerobic racing allows for the subsequent anaerobic activity required for sprinting. The tactic relies upon keeping greater energy reserves than your opponent until the last part of

1610-1076: The hypothalamus is stimulated by leptin. Leptin targets the receptors on the arcuate nucleus and suppresses the secretion of MCH and orexin. The arcuate nucleus also contains two more peptides that suppress hunger. The first one is cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), the second is α-MSH (α- melanocyte-stimulating hormone ). Physiologically, eating is generally triggered by hunger , but there are numerous physical and psychological conditions that can affect appetite and disrupt normal eating patterns. These include depression , food allergies , ingestion of certain chemicals, bulimia , anorexia nervosa , pituitary gland malfunction and other endocrine problems, and numerous other illnesses and eating disorders . A chronic lack of nutritious food can cause various illnesses, and will eventually lead to starvation . While changes in appetite can result from various physical and psychological conditions, including depression, allergies, and anxiety; anorexia and bulimia are specific eating disorders that profoundly impact

1656-469: The intestines, as additional energy during migration. Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Avian foraging strategies can vary widely by species. Many birds glean for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from

1702-409: The liver. The long-term signals of satiety come from adipose tissue . The taste and odor of food can contribute to short-term satiety, allowing the body to learn when to stop eating. The stomach contains receptors to allow us to know when we are full. The intestines also contain receptors that send satiety signals to the brain. The hormone cholecystokinin is secreted by the duodenum , and it controls

1748-799: The most important 11.3 km long variant of the former race track. This variant leads from the start and finish house at today's ADAC training ground past the Seehaus and then past the Glemseck near Leonberg to Frauenkreuz. From there it continues in the direction of Katzenbacher Hof with the Steinbachsee, past the Büsnau district of Stuttgart to the Schattengrund and through the Mahdental back to start and finish before Glemseck. The section from Schattengrund to Glemseck runs in

1794-534: The other racers. Racing board games and racing video games are also competitions of speed. Racing can also be done in more humoristic and entertaining ways such as the Sausage Race , the Red Bull Trolley Grand Prix and wok racing . Racing can be entertained from around the world. A sprint finish is a racing tactic used in many forms of racing where a competitor accelerates towards top speed in

1840-596: The other. Since plants and meat are digested differently, there is a preference for one over the other, as in bears where some species may be mostly carnivorous and others mostly herbivorous. They are grouped into three categories: mesocarnivory (50–70% meat), hypercarnivory (70% and greater of meat), and hypocarnivory (50% or less of meat). The dentition of hypocarnivores consists of dull, triangular carnassial teeth meant for grinding food. Hypercarnivores, however, have conical teeth and sharp carnassials meant for slashing, and in some cases strong jaws for bone-crushing, as in

1886-430: The race in order to be able to reach the finish point first. It is the opposing tactic to keeping a steady optimal pace throughout a race to maximise your energy efficiency (see running economy ). In track and field , distances from 1500 metres upwards often feature sprint finishes. They can also be found in cross country and road running events, even up to the marathon distance. A runner's ability to sprint at

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1932-437: The rate at which the stomach is emptied. This hormone is thought to be a satiety signal to the brain. Peptide YY 3-36 is a hormone released by the small intestine and it is also used as a satiety signal to the brain. Insulin also serves as a satiety signal to the brain. The brain detects insulin in the blood, which indicates that nutrients are being absorbed by cells and a person is getting full. Long-term satiety comes from

1978-415: The track, with cyclists occasionally coming to a near halt at points before reaching a high speed finish. The longer track races such as scratch races often feature sprint finishes, as maintaining a steady pace within the peloton allows opponents to conserve energy through drafting . Road races are similar in this respect, in both short criterium races and long-distance races. Sprint tactics also form

2024-632: The valley of the Glems. Automobile races were held less frequently. From 1961 to 1964, these races on the Solitude racetrack, held in parallel to motorcycle racing, were not counting towards the Formula 1 World Cup . Participants or winners here were Hans Herrmann , Innes Ireland , Jim Clark , Dan Gurney , John Surtees , Jack Brabham . Racing A race may be run continuously to finish or may be made up of several segments called heats, stages or legs. A heat

2070-525: The word raz which means "swift water" in Brittany , as in a mill race ; it can be found in " Pointe du Raz " (the most western point of France, in Brittany), and " raz-de-marée " ( tsunami ). The word race to mean a "contest of speed" was first recorded in the 1510s. A race and its name are often associated with the place of origin, the means of transport and the distance of the race. As a couple of examples, see

2116-502: Was consistently found that obese individuals experience negative emotions more frequently and more intensively than do normal weight persons. The naturalistic study by Lowe and Fisher compared the emotional reactivity and emotional eating of normal and overweight female college students. The study confirmed the tendency of obese individuals to overeat, but these findings applied only to snacks, not to meals. That means that obese individuals did not tend to eat more while having meals; rather,

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