47-485: Solaseed Air Inc. ( 株式会社ソラシド・エア , Kabushiki-gaisha Sorashido Ea ) is a Japanese regional airline headquartered on the property of Miyazaki Airport in Miyazaki , Miyazaki Prefecture , Japan. It operates services mainly between Tokyo and destinations on the island of Kyushu . The airline was established as "Pan Asia Airlines" in 1997 as the fourth airline established in a deregulated Japanese market. In August 1998,
94-524: A ⟨k⟩ , is often used, but the original Japanese pronunciation is kabushiki gaisha , with a ⟨g⟩ , owing to rendaku . A kabushiki gaisha must include " 株式会社 " in its name (Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Companies Act). In a company name, " 株式会社 " can be used as a prefix (e.g. 株式会社 電通 , kabushiki gaisha Dentsū , a style called 前株 , mae-kabu ) or as a suffix (e.g. トヨタ自動車 株式会社 , Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha ,
141-459: A morpheme . Therefore, no rendaku can occur if the second element already contains a voiced obstruent. This is considered to be one of the most fundamental of the rules governing rendaku . There are, however, exceptions to Lyman's law. For example, nawa + hashigo is nawabashigo, not nawahashigo. Although this law is named after Benjamin Smith Lyman , who independently propounded it in 1894, it
188-423: A (so-called) "close company" ( 非公開会社 , hi-kōkai gaisha ) , in which case the company (e.g. its board of directors or a shareholders' meeting, as defined in the articles of incorporation) must approve any transfer of shares between shareholders; this designation must be made in the articles of incorporation. The articles must be sealed by the incorporator(s) and notarized by a civil law notary , then filed with
235-511: A K.K. is carried out by one or more incorporators ( 発起人 , hokkinin , sometimes referred to as "promoters") . Although seven incorporators were required as recently as the 1980s, a K.K. now only needs one incorporator, which may be an individual or a corporation. If there are multiple incorporators, they must sign a partnership agreement before incorporating the company. The purpose statement requires some specialized knowledge, as Japan follows an ultra vires doctrine and does not allow
282-468: A K.K. must have a board of directors ( 取締役会 , torishimariyaku kai ) consisting of at least three individuals. Directors have a statutory term of office of two years, and auditors have a term of four years. Small companies can exist with only one or two directors, with no statutory term of office, and without a board of directors ( 取締役会非設置会社 , torishimariyaku-kai hi-setchi-gaisha ) . In such companies, decisions are made via shareholder meeting and
329-477: A K.K. to act beyond its purposes. Judicial or administrative scriveners are often hired to draft the purposes of a new company. Additionally, the articles of incorporation must contain the following if applicable: Other matters may also be included, such as limits on the number of directors and auditors. The Corporation Code allows a K.K. to be formed as a "stock company that is not a public company" ( 公開会社でない株式会社 , kōkai gaisha denai kabushiki gaisha ) , or
376-447: A minor issue when deciding how to structure a business in Japan. As all publicly traded companies follow the K.K. structure, smaller businesses often choose to incorporate as a K.K. simply to appear more prestigious. In addition to income taxes, K.K.s must also pay registration taxes to the national government and may be subject to local taxes. Generally, the power to bring actions against
423-509: A price of less than ¥50,000 per share (effective 1982-2003 ), or operate with paid-in capital of less than ¥10 million (effective 1991–2005). On June 29, 2005, the Diet of Japan passed a new Companies Act ( 会社法 , kaisha-hō ) , which took effect on May 1, 2006. A kabushiki gaisha may be started with capital as low as ¥1, making the total cost of a K.K. incorporation approximately ¥240,000 (about US$ 2,500) in taxes and notarization fees. Under
470-501: A problem even to native speakers, particularly in Japanese names , where rendaku occurs or fails to occur often without obvious cause. In many cases, an identically written name may either have or not have rendaku , depending on the person. For example, 中田 may be read in a number of ways, including both Nakata and Nakada . In some cases, voicing of preceding consonants also occurs, as in sazanami ( 細波 , ripple) , which
517-630: A standard pitch of 32 inches (81 cm). Refreshment services, amenities, and services for families with small children are provided complimentary. Solaseed Air's frequent-flyer program is Solaseed Smile Club . Passengers can accrue mileage under the program based on both the fare and route length of Solaseed Air flights. [REDACTED] Media related to Solaseed Air at Wikimedia Commons Kabushiki Kaisha A kabushiki gaisha ( Japanese : 株式会社 , pronounced [kabɯɕi̥ki ɡaꜜiɕa] ; lit. ' share company ' ) or kabushiki kaisha , commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK ,
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#1733093405889564-449: A style called 後株 , ato-kabu ). Many Japanese companies translate the phrase " 株式会社 " in their name as " Company, Limited "—this is very often abbreviated as " Co., Ltd. "—but others use the more Americanized translations "Corporation" or "Incorporated". Texts in England often refer to kabushiki kaisha as " joint stock companies ". While that is close to a literal translation of the term,
611-441: A total of ten 737-400s. The airline has since exclusively operated a fleet of Boeing 737-800 aircraft. In December 2020, the airline repainted one of its Boeing 737-800 aircraft, registered (JA812X), in a Pokémon -themed livery featuring Exeggutor as part of a tourism collaboration with Miyazaki City and The Pokémon Company , during which Exeggutor became Miyazaki's mascot in the collaboration. The aircraft's maiden flight under
658-417: Is a morphophonological phenomenon in Japanese where the second (or non-initial) portion of a compound or prefixed word starts with a voiced consonant, even though the same morpheme starts with a voiceless consonant sound when used independently or as the first part of a compound. For example, kami ( 紙 , paper) starts with the voiceless consonant /k/ when used as an independent word, but this
705-503: Is a type of company ( 会社 , kaisha ) defined under the Companies Act of Japan . The term is often translated as "stock company", " joint-stock company " or "stock corporation". The term kabushiki gaisha in Japan refers to any joint-stock company regardless of country of origin or incorporation; however, outside Japan the term refers specifically to joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan. In Latin script, kabushiki kaisha , with
752-593: Is also combined into one Unicode character at code point U+337F ㍿ SQUARE CORPORATION , while the parenthesized form can also be represented with a single character, U+3231 ㈱ PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK as well as parentheses around U+682A 株 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-682A and its romanization U+33CD ㏍ SQUARE KK . These forms, however, only exist for backward compatibility with older Japanese character encodings and Unicode and should be avoided when possible in new text. The first kabushiki gaisha
799-506: Is not found consistently in all compound words: if some compounds were originally formed with no or ni , but others were formed with simple juxtaposition of two roots, then rendaku would be expected to have arisen only in the first category of compounds, but not in the second. (Whatever its origin, by the Old Japanese period rendaku had already become a grammatical process distinct from constructions with no or ni , as shown by
846-453: Is really a re-discovery. The Edo period linguists Kamo no Mabuchi (1765) and Motoori Norinaga (1767–1798) separately and independently identified the law during the 18th century. Similar to Lyman's law, it has been found that for some lexical items, rendaku does not manifest if there is a voiced obstruent near the morphemic boundary, including preceding the boundary. Rendaku also tends not to manifest in compounds which have
893-629: Is referred to as a company with a board of statutory auditors ( 監査役会設置会社 , kansayaku-kai setchi-gaisha ) . Close K.K.s may also have a single person serving as director and statutory auditor, regardless of capital or liabilities. A statutory auditor may be any person who is not an employee or director of the company. In practice, the position is often filled by a very senior employee close to retirement, or by an outside attorney or accountant. Japanese law does not designate any corporate officer positions. Most Japanese-owned kabushiki gaisha do not have "officers" per se , but are directly managed by
940-479: Is replaced with the voiced consonant /ɡ/ when this morpheme is used as the second portion of the compound word origami . In modern Japanese, rendaku is common but at times unpredictable, with certain words unaffected by it. While kanji do not indicate rendaku , it is marked in kana with dakuten (voicing mark). The voiced obstruent consonants of modern Japanese go back to prenasalized voiced obstruents of Old Japanese . Rendaku may have originated from
987-592: The semantic value of "X and Y" (so-called dvandva or copulative compounds): Compare this to yama + kawa > yamagawa "mountain river". Rendaku is also blocked by what is called a "branching constraint". In a right-branching compound, the process is blocked in the left-branching elements: but The branching constraint analysis could be considered a violation of the Atom Condition, which states that "in lexical derivations from X, only features realized on X are accessible." An alternative view proposes that
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#17330934058891034-565: The Illinois Business Corporation Act of 1933, giving kabushiki gaisha many traits of American corporations , and to be more exact, Illinois corporations. Over time, Japanese and U.S. corporate law diverged, and K.K. assumed many characteristics not found in U.S. corporations. For instance, a K.K. could not repurchase its own stock (a restriction lifted by the amendment of the Commercial Code in 2001), issue stock for
1081-469: The Legal Affairs Bureau in the jurisdiction where the company will have its head office. In a direct incorporation, each incorporator receives a specified amount of stock as designated in the articles of incorporation. Each incorporator must then promptly pay its share of the starting capital of the company, and if no directors have been designated in the articles of incorporation, meet to determine
1128-462: The Ministry of Finance. Under the new Company Law, public and other non-close K.K.s may either have a statutory auditor, or a nominating committee ( 指名委員会 , shimei-iin-kai ) , auditing committee ( 監査委員会 , kansa-iin-kai ) and compensation committee ( 報酬委員会 , hōshū-iin kai ) structure similar to that of American public corporations. If the company has an auditing committee, it
1175-622: The airline's corporate name was changed to "Skynet Asia Airways Co., Ltd." before operations commenced in July 2002. The airline rebranded as "Solaseed Air" in July 2011, and the change of its legal corporate name to "Solaseed Air Inc." followed in December 2015. In May 2021, Solaseed Air and Air Do announced their intentions to merge as a result of operating difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic . The new holding company for both airlines, RegionalPlus Wings,
1222-614: The amount of damages being claimed, shareholders rarely had the motivation to sue on the company's behalf. In 1993, the Commercial Code was amended to reduce the filing fee for all shareholder derivative suits to ¥8,200 per claim. This led to a rise in the number of derivative suits heard by Japanese courts, from 31 pending cases in 1992 to 286 in 1999, and to a number of very high-profile shareholder actions, such as those against Daiwa Bank and Nomura Securities Rendaku Rendaku ( 連濁 , Japanese pronunciation: [ɾendakɯᵝ] , lit. ' sequential voicing ' )
1269-425: The decision-making power of the directors is relatively limited. As soon as a third director is designated such companies must form a board. At least one director is designated as a Representative Director ( 代表取締役 , daihyō-torishimariyaku ) , holds the corporate seal and is empowered to represent the company in transactions. The Representative Director must "report" to the board of directors every three months;
1316-415: The directors on the corporation's behalf is granted to the statutory auditor. Historically, derivative suits by shareholders were rare in Japan. Shareholders have been permitted to sue on the corporation's behalf since the postwar Americanization of the Commercial Code; however, this power was severely limited by the nature of court costs in Japan. Because the cost to file a civil action is proportional to
1363-618: The directors, one of whom generally has the title of president ( 社長 , sha-chō ) . The Japanese equivalent of a corporate vice president is a department chief ( 部長 , bu-chō ) . Traditionally, under the lifetime employment system, directors and department chiefs begin their careers as line employees of the company and work their way up the management hierarchy over time. This is not the case in most foreign-owned companies in Japan, and some native companies have also abandoned this system in recent years in favor of encouraging more lateral movement in management. Corporate officers often have
1410-417: The exact meaning of this statutory provision is unclear, but some legal scholars interpret it to mean that the board must meet every three months. In 2015, the requirement that at least one director and one Representative Director must be a resident of Japan was changed. It is not required to have a resident Representative Director although it can be convenient to do so. Directors are mandatories ( agents ) of
1457-552: The following destinations in Japan: Solaseed Air has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: In addition to the aforementioned codeshare partners, Solaseed Air has interlining agreements with the following airlines: As of February 2024, the Solaseed Air fleet consists of the following aircraft: In September 2014, Solaseed Air retired its last remaining Boeing 737-400 aircraft after previously operating
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1504-872: The following words: In some cases, rendaku varies depending on syntax. For instance, the suffix tōri ( 〜通り , "road, following") , from tōru ( 通る , "to go, to follow") , is pronounced as -tōri ( 〜とおり ) following the perfective verb , as in omotta-tōri ( 思った通り , "as I thought") , but is pronounced as -dōri ( 〜どおり , with rendaku ) when following a noun, as in yotei-dōri ( 予定通り , "as planned, according to schedule") or, semantically differently – more concretely – Muromachi-dōri ( 室町通 , " Muromachi Street ") . Rendaku occurs not only on single-root elements, but also "multi-root" elements, those that are themselves composed of smaller elements. These morphemes may be of Chinese origin (see kango ) or more recent loanwords (see gairaigo ) rather than strictly native. For certain morphemes that begin with
1551-447: The form of prenasalized voicing. This prenasalized sound production was not uniform at all, and depending on the speakers and the words pronounced, significant variations were observed. There was a relationship between the rate of prenasalized voicing and the speakers’ age: older individuals display it at a higher rate than younger individuals. On the other hand, differences in the speakers’ gender and socioeconomic status did not affect
1598-411: The fusion of consonants with preceding nasal sounds derived from reduction of the genitive postpositional particle no ( の ) or the dative postpositional particle ni ( に ) : for example, according to this hypothesis, a form such as yamadori ( やまどり , copper pheasant) might go back to an original yama-no-tori "mountain- GEN bird". This explanation could help account for why rendaku
1645-404: The incorporator, and then make payment for his or her shares by a date specified by the incorporator(s). Capital must be received in a commercial bank account designated by the incorporator(s), and the bank must provide certification that payment has been made. Once the capital has been received and certified, the incorporation may be registered at the Legal Affairs Bureau. Under present law,
1692-470: The initial directors and other officers. The other method is an "incorporation by offering," in which each incorporator becomes the stock underwriter of a specified number of shares (at least one each), and the other shares are offered to other investors. As in a direct incorporation, the incorporators must then hold an organizational meeting to appoint the initial directors and other officers. Any person wishing to receive shares must submit an application to
1739-437: The legal title of shihainin , which makes them authorized representatives of the corporation at a particular place of business, in addition to a common-use title. Kabushiki gaisha are subject to double taxation of profits and dividends, as are corporations in most countries. In contrast to many other countries, however, Japan also levies double taxes on close corporations ( yugen gaisha and gōdō gaisha ). This makes taxation
1786-585: The morae chi ( ち ) and tsu ( つ ), their rendaku forms begin with the morae ji and zu , spelled in hiragana as ぢ and づ , which explains the use of these kana in contrast to the identically pronounced じ and ず (see yotsugana ). This is not a strict rule, however, and is relaxed in certain older compounds or names, especially those that are not easily recognized as compounds. Rendaku occurs not only in compound nouns, but also in compounds with adjectives, verbs or continuative/nominal forms of verbs. In many Tohoku dialects , rendaku can be expressed in
1833-757: The occurrence of forms such as nadori "your bird", where a phrase with no would be ungrammatical, since the genitive of the pronoun na "you" was always formed with the particle ga . ) Native Japanese words do not begin with a voiced obstruent or sibilant (b, d, g, z, etc.). However, after the 4th century, Japan started borrowing words and characters from Chinese. Since many Chinese words begin with voiced consonants, applying rendaku to those words would cause ambiguity (compare 試験 shiken "examination" with 事件 jiken "incident"). Compound words consisting of purely Chinese words tend not to exhibit rendaku, unlike compounds consisting of native Japanese words, but there are many exceptions. Rendaku can be seen in
1880-422: The old Commercial Code, a K.K. required starting capital of ¥10 million (about US$ 105,000); a lower capital requirement was later instituted, but corporations with under ¥3 million in assets were barred from issuing dividends , and companies were required to increase their capital to ¥10 million within five years of formation. The main steps in incorporation are the following: The incorporation of
1927-544: The process applies cyclically. This could be seen as the voicing between hashi and ire staying unrealized but still activating Lyman's Law. Despite a number of rules which have been formulated to help explain the distribution of the effect of rendaku , there still remain many examples of words in which rendaku manifests in ways currently unpredictable. Some instances are linked with a lexical property as noted above but others may obey laws yet to be discovered. Rendaku thus remains partially unpredictable, sometimes presenting
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1974-509: The promotional livery traveled from Miyazaki to Tokyo. The livery was removed in September 2022. In March 2023, the airline reintroduced the Pokémon themed livery featuring Exeggutor again on another Boeing 737-800 registered (JA803X). The livery is expected to stay with the aircraft for three years. Solaseed Air's Boeing 737-800 aircraft are configured with 174 or 176 economy class seats, with
2021-593: The rate of prenasalized voicing. For example, “[kata] ‘shoulder’ and [haka] ‘tomb’ are pronounced [kada] and [haga]” in Tohoku dialect. The extensive examples of allophonic variation in the Tohoku dialect are as follows: Research into defining the range of situations affected by rendaku has largely been limited to finding circumstances (outlined below) which cause the phenomenon not to manifest. Lyman's law states that there can be no more than one voiced obstruent (a consonant sound formed by obstructing airflow) within
2068-722: The shareholders, and the Representative Director is a mandatory of the board. Any action outside of these mandates is considered a breach of mandatory duty. Every K.K. with multiple directors must have at least one statutory auditor ( 監査役 , kansayaku ) . Statutory auditors report to the shareholders, and are empowered to demand financial and operational reports from the directors. K.K.s with capital of over ¥500m, liabilities of over ¥2bn and/or publicly traded securities are required to have three statutory auditors, and must also have an annual audit performed by an outside CPA . Public K.K.s must also file securities law reports with
2115-401: The two are not precisely the same. The Japanese government once endorsed "business corporation" as an official translation but now uses the more literal translation "stock company." Japanese often abbreviate " 株式会社 " in a company name on signage (including the sides of their vehicles) to 株 in parentheses , as, for example, " ABC㈱ ." The full, formal name would then be " ABC株式会社 ". 株式会社
2162-820: Was officially established on October 3, 2022. Solaseed Air's head office is on the second floor of the Miyazaki Airport Building ( 宮崎空港ビル , Miyazaki Kūkō Biru ) in Miyazaki , Miyazaki Prefecture , Japan. Its headquarters previously occupied different facilities in Miyazaki City, including the SNA Center (SNAセンター SNA Sentā ) in the Again Building ( アゲインビル , Agein Biru ) in Miyazaki. As of May 2021, Solaseed Air operates or has operated scheduled services to
2209-604: Was the Dai-Ichi Bank , incorporated in 1873. Rules regarding kabushiki gaisha were set out in the Commercial Code of Japan , and was originally based on laws regulating German Aktiengesellschaft (which also means share company). However, during the United States-led Allied Occupation of Japan following World War II, the occupation authorities introduced revisions to the Commercial Code based on
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