99-620: The Solør Line ( Norwegian : Solørbanen ) is a 93.6-kilometer (58.2 mi) railway line that runs through district of Solør in Innlandet county, Norway . The line connects the Kongsvinger Line at Kongsvinger Station with the Røros Line at Elverum Station , running through the municipalities of Kongsvinger , Grue , Åsnes , Våler and Elverum . The standard gauge line lacks electrification and centralized traffic control ; it
198-419: A 5,490-meter (18,010 ft) section at Grinder. Large parts of the line is rated for 130 kilometers per hour (81 mph). The line could, if it received centralized traffic control and all level crossings were removed, be rated for 160 kilometers per hour (99 mph) without further modification. The rationale for building a railway through Solør was first and foremost tied to the large lumber resources in
297-542: A broad public and private ownership. The line was built as Class II, or "light standard gauge", using 25 instead of 30 kilograms per meter (50 vs. 60 lb/yd) as on the Kongsvinger Line. Preliminary work was carried out through the latter part of 1890 and early 1891, while expropriation was conducted from August 1891 and the following months. Construction proper on the section from Kongsvinger to Flisa commenced on 16 September 1891, led by Alfred Kielland. The work
396-435: A distinct dialect at the level of farm clusters. Dialects are in some cases so dissimilar as to be unintelligible to unfamiliar listeners. Many linguists note a trend toward regionalization of dialects that diminishes the differences at such local levels; there is, however, a renewed interest in preserving dialects. Norwegian nouns are inflected for number (singular/plural) and for definiteness (indefinite/definite). In
495-574: A during the 1930s. The bridges at Nor and Braskereidfoss were blasted during the German invasion of Norway in 1940, delaying the Wehrmacht from advancing northwards by rail. The country's energy needs throughout the Second World War switched to dependence on wood – large and frequent firewood trains were therefore sent from Solør to the capital area and the total freight traffic on the line tripled during
594-539: A few dialects, definite nouns are also inflected for the dative case . Norwegian nouns belong to three noun classes (genders): masculine, feminine and neuter. All feminine nouns can optionally be inflected using masculine noun class morphology in Bokmål due to its Danish heritage. In comparison, the use of all three genders (including the feminine) is mandatory in Nynorsk. All Norwegian dialects have traditionally retained all
693-415: A major impact on the area, leading to industrialization. Communities such as Flisa, Kirkenær and Roverud grew rapidly because they received stations. Diesel multiple units were introduced from the 1930s. Passenger services were reduced in 1963 and were finally abolished in 1994. The line received upgrades to its permanent way in 1964 and 1993, and three lumber terminals were opened in 1987. Since 2012
792-480: A minority was willing to support the line. Several trunk lines were being proposed, and there was political struggling for various parliamentarians to gather support for "their" line. This resulted in the Great Railway Compromise of 1894. The Solør Line was the most popular, receiving 105 against 5 votes on 1 March. The same day four other major railway lines were passed. Although the line was passed, there
891-441: A new Norwegian language at the age of 22. He traveled around the country collecting words and examples of grammar from the dialects and comparing the dialects among the different regions. He examined the development of Icelandic , which had largely escaped the influences under which Norwegian had come. He called his work, which was published in several books from 1848 to 1873, Landsmål , meaning 'national language'. The name Landsmål
990-494: A noun, unlike English which has a separate article, the , to indicate the same. In general, almost all nouns in Bokmål follow these patterns (like the words in the examples above): In contrast, almost all nouns in Nynorsk follow these patterns (the noun gender system is more pronounced than in Bokmål): There is in general no way to infer what grammatical gender a specific noun has, but there are some patterns of nouns where
1089-413: Is Bokmål will study Nynorsk as a mandatory subject throughout both elementary and high school. A 2005 poll indicates that 86.3% use primarily Bokmål as their daily written language, 5.5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7.5% use primarily Nynorsk. Thus, 13% are frequently writing Nynorsk, though the majority speak dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål. Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing
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#17328989982921188-440: Is a pitch-accent language with two distinct pitch patterns, like Swedish. They are used to differentiate two-syllable words with otherwise identical pronunciation. For example, in many East Norwegian dialects, the word bønder ('farmers') is pronounced using the simpler tone 1, while bønner ('beans' or 'prayers') uses the more complex tone 2. Though spelling differences occasionally differentiate written words, in most cases
1287-411: Is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The now-abandoned official policy to merge Bokmål and Nynorsk into one common language called Samnorsk through a series of spelling reforms has created a wide spectrum of varieties of both Bokmål and Nynorsk. The unofficial form known as Riksmål is considered more conservative than Bokmål and is far closer to Danish while
1386-712: Is comparable with that of French on English after the Norman conquest . In the late Middle Ages, dialects began to develop in Scandinavia because the population was rural and little travel occurred. When the Reformation came from Germany, Martin Luther 's High German translation of the Bible was quickly translated into Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic. Norway entered a union with Denmark in 1397 and Danish, over time, replaced Middle Norwegian as
1485-423: Is necessary. There are three lumber terminals on the line, Norsenga, Braskereidfoss and Vestmo. The line is—for its era—built with a slack 400-meter (1,300 ft) minimum curve radius and a maximum gradient of 0.6 percent (1:154). The Solør Line can boast with the two longest straight sections of track in the country not located in tunnels. The longest is a 8,195-meter (26,886 ft) section at Namnå, followed by
1584-423: Is now considered their classic forms after a reform in 1917. Riksmål was, in 1929, officially renamed Bokmål (literally 'book language'), and Landsmål to Nynorsk (literally 'new Norwegian'). A proposition to substitute Danish-Norwegian ( dansk-norsk ) for Bokmål lost in parliament by a single vote. The name Nynorsk , the linguistic term for modern Norwegian , was chosen to contrast with Danish and emphasise
1683-597: Is regulated by the Norwegian Academy , which determines acceptable spelling, grammar, and vocabulary. There is also an unofficial form of Nynorsk, called Høgnorsk , discarding the post-1917 reforms, and thus close to Ivar Aasen's original Landsmål. It is supported by Ivar Aasen-sambandet , but has found no widespread use. In 2010, 86.5% of the pupils in the primary and lower secondary schools in Norway receive education in Bokmål, while 13.0% receive education in Nynorsk. From
1782-744: Is rising in the first syllable and falling in the second syllable or somewhere around the syllable boundary. The pitch accents (as well as the peculiar phrase accent in the low-tone dialects) give the Norwegian language a "singing" quality that makes it easy to distinguish from other languages. Accent 1 generally occurs in words that were monosyllabic in Old Norse , and accent 2 in words that were polysyllabic. The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters. The letters c , q , w , x and z are only used in loanwords . As loanwords are assimilated into Norwegian, their spelling might change to reflect Norwegian pronunciation and
1881-498: Is solely used by freight trains , mostly hauling lumber and wood chippings. Proposals for a railway through Solør were first launched in 1857, but was not approved until 1890. Work commenced the following year on the section from Kongsvinger to Flisa , opening on 3 November 1893. The section from Flisa Station to Elverum was approved in 1894, but a dispute concerning the route postponed construction for thirteen years. The northern section opened on 4 December 1910. The Solør Line had
1980-522: Is sometimes interpreted as 'rural language' or 'country language', but this was clearly not Aasen's intended meaning. The name of the Danish language in Norway was a topic of hot dispute throughout the 19th century. Its proponents claimed that it was a language common to Norway and Denmark, and no more Danish than Norwegian. The proponents of Landsmål thought that the Danish character of the language should not be concealed. In 1899, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson proposed
2079-459: Is to write in dialect for informal use. When writing an SMS, Facebook update, or fridge note, many people, especially young ones, write approximations of the way they talk rather than using Bokmål or Nynorsk. There is general agreement that a wide range of differences makes it difficult to estimate the number of different Norwegian dialects. Variations in grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation cut across geographical boundaries and can create
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#17328989982922178-534: Is today to a large extent the same language as Bokmål though somewhat closer to the Danish language. It is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy , which translates the name as 'Standard Norwegian'. The other is Høgnorsk ('High Norwegian'), a more purist form of Nynorsk, which maintains the language in an original form as given by Ivar Aasen and rejects most of the reforms from the 20th century; this form has limited use. Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, but not for how to speak
2277-490: Is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, and also in the upper parts of mountain valleys in the southern and eastern parts of Norway. Examples are Setesdal , the western part of Telemark county ( fylke ) and several municipalities in Hallingdal , Valdres , and Gudbrandsdalen . It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago, it also had strongholds in many rural parts of Trøndelag (mid-Norway) and
2376-619: The British Isles , France ( Normandy ), North America, and Kievan Rus . In all of these places except Iceland and the Faroes, Old Norse speakers went extinct or were absorbed into the local population. Around 1030, Christianity came to Scandinavia , bringing with it an influx of Latin borrowings and the Roman alphabet . These new words were related to church practices and ceremonies, although many other loanwords related to general culture also entered
2475-595: The Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . Today there are two official forms of written Norwegian, Bokmål (Riksmål) and Nynorsk (Landsmål), each with its own variants. Bokmål developed from the Dano-Norwegian language that replaced Middle Norwegian as the elite language after the union of Denmark–Norway in the 16th and 17th centuries and then evolved in Norway, while Nynorsk
2574-534: The Indo-European language family spoken mainly in Norway , where it is an official language. Along with Swedish and Danish , Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects , in particular, are very close. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages , constitute
2673-554: The Norwegian National Rail Administration . The line branches off from the Kongsvinger Line at 100.28 kilometers (62.31 mi) from Oslo Central Station , at an elevation of 148 meters (486 ft) above mean sea level . Elverum Station, located 194.60 kilometers (120.92 mi) from Oslo, is at en elevation of 187 meters (614 ft). There are three passing loops , located at Kirkenær , Flisa and Braskereidfoss Stations. These are staffed when passing
2772-562: The 17th century, the so-called Skogfinner/"Forest Finns" . The core area of Finnskogen lies in the eastern part of a small region known as Solør , on the border with Sweden . It consists of a forested belt of land, about 32 km (20 mi) wide. It is adjacent to the Swedish region with similar Finnish immigration, named Finnskogarna . There are also similar forested areas in other parts of eastern Norway, Brandval , Vinger Finnskog of Kongsvinger (Austmarka), Søre Osen, Finnemarka near
2871-567: The 1959 standard. Therefore, a small minority of Nynorsk enthusiasts use a more conservative standard called Høgnorsk . The Samnorsk policy had little influence after 1960, and was officially abandoned in 2002. While the sound systems of Norwegian and Swedish are similar, considerable variation exists among the dialects. The retroflex consonants only appear in East Norwegian dialects as a result of sandhi , combining / ɾ / with / d / , / l / , / n / , / s / , and / t / . The realization of
2970-475: The 20th century, being used by large newspapers, encyclopedias, and a significant proportion of the population of the capital Oslo, surrounding areas, and other urban areas, as well as much of the literary tradition. Since the reforms of 1981 and 2003 (effective in 2005), the official Bokmål can be adapted to be almost identical with modern Riksmål. The differences between written Riksmål and Bokmål are comparable to American and British English differences . Riksmål
3069-494: The Dano-Norwegian koiné , known as "cultivated everyday speech." A small adjustment in this direction was implemented in the first official reform of the Danish language in Norway in 1862 and more extensively after his death in two official reforms in 1907 and 1917. Meanwhile, a nationalistic movement strove for the development of a new written Norwegian. Ivar Aasen , a botanist and self-taught linguist, began his work to create
Solør Line - Misplaced Pages Continue
3168-761: The Finns. Most moved across the Norwegian border into Solør , forming a colony at Grue . The 1686 census indicates many there were born in Finland, but had been living in Sweden before eventually settling in Norway. Their loyalties during the Hannibal War (1643–1645) were with Sweden and some were caught spying on Norwegian troops. In 1709, the Danish-Norwegian general Hausmann so distrusted them that he ordered they all be evacuated from Solør. The bailiff declined to evict them on
3267-567: The Kongsvinger Line being built in standard gauge, a deviating gauge in Solør with require transshipment . Pihl argued for narrow gauge, but standard gauge was ultimately chosen. An 1886 plan discarded the Solør Line, instead wanting to focus on trunk lines. By 1888 the economy had begun to grow again and the Sverdrup's Cabinet therefore proposed that three new railways be built, including the first part of
3366-492: The Kongsvinger–Flisa Line was the first railway built by NSB in over a decade, the design of the stations was granted to Paul Due as his début railway project. The stations were characterized by Swiss chalet style , although it was the first steps towards the larger popular Dragon Style . As the first line in Norway, the stations received a through waiting room. Because of the prominence of lumber traffic, each station
3465-450: The Ministry of Culture, official spelling, grammar, and vocabulary for the Norwegian language. The board's work has been subject to considerable controversy throughout the years. Both Nynorsk and Bokmål have a great variety of optional forms. The Bokmål that uses the forms that are close to Riksmål is called moderate or conservative , depending on one's viewpoint, while the Bokmål that uses
3564-472: The North Germanic languages. Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them. While the two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers, English and German, have close similarities with Norwegian, neither is mutually intelligible with it. Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of
3663-585: The Røros Line. There is also one train per week with northbound to Norske Skog Skogn . Due to the lack of electric traction the line is not used for intermodule trains. The density of forest in Hedmark along both the Solør and Røros Lines is amongst the most productive in the country, and these lines see an unprecedented amount of lumber trains compared to elsewhere in the country. Norsenga Lumber Terminal has an annual loading of 536,546 tonnes of lumber in 2013, making it
3762-500: The Solør Line – electrification and installation of centralized traffic control . The latter is scheduled to take place as part of nationwide implementation of European Train Control System , which is scheduled to be completed within 2021. The National Rail Administration is considering the possibilities of electrifying the Solør Line along with all its other diesel lines. If a go-head was given, it would probably be in conjunction with
3861-587: The Solør Line, from Kongsvinger to Flisa. The following year the Railway Committee of 1889 included the Solør Line with a high priority in its recommendation. Construction was approved by Parliament on 8 July 1890, with 91 against 20 votes. The line was built as a state railway by the Norwegian State Railways . As was common at the time, a local contribution was required, constituting 1 million Norwegian krone funded through an investment company with
3960-590: The Solør/Røros Line and southbound via the Dovre Line. There have been political initiatives in Hedmark to re-establish passenger traffic on the line. Both the track and stations hold sufficient standard, but a concern is that some level crossings may need removing to allow for increased traffic. A 2012 report estimated that passenger services calling at four stations would allow a travel time between Kongsvinger and Elverum of 1 hour and 20 minutes, 35 minutes less than
4059-402: The amount transported by rail tripled in a few years, a large portion of which ran along the Solør Line. The Solør Line is exclusively used for freight trains. As of 2012 the line saw an average ten to eleven weekly southbound trainloads of lumber and wood choppings, although this number has since increased. These have their origins at various lumber terminals either along the Solør Line or along
Solør Line - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-447: The area immediately adjacent to the border with Denmark-Norway . More were encouraged to come to Sweden during the reign of Gustavus Adolphus (1611–1632). The local Swedish peasants did not appreciate the immigrants, who lived by slash-burn agriculture ( svedjebruk ), and tensions led to persecution. In 1636, a Swedish decree evicted all Finns who were not registered as taxpayers, which in practice amounted to an expulsion of most of
4257-536: The area, especially in Finnskogen . Engebret Soot proposed in 1851 that Glomma be connected to the Swedish canal network. It was mostly technical difficulties which resulted in the plans being shelved. Glomma would need to receive several parallel canals and locks. The river is iced half the year and there are shifting sandbanks. The interest for a railway arose with the construction of the Kongsvinger Line, approved in 1857 and completed in 1862. A local planning committee
4356-457: The busiest such terminal in Norway. It was followed by Vestmo, with 470,292 tonnes. Braskereidsfoss is the fifth-busiest, with 66,863 tonnes. Train operators include Hector Rail , TX Logistik and Tågåkeriet i Bergslagen . The largest customer is Stora Enso , which mostly imports the lumber for use at its plant in Karlstad , Sweden. Lesser quantities are transported to Gävle and Sundsvall . As
4455-712: The city of Drammen and in Nordmarka just outside Oslo . Finns, or Finnish people, were encouraged to migrate from the Finnish part of the Kingdom of Sweden to Sweden proper , where they were initially well received by the Duke of Södermanland (who became King Karl IX (1604–1611). At the time, the kingdom of Sweden covered both Sweden and Finland , as we know them today. The migrants were settled on crown lands in Värmland and Dalsland to occupy
4554-499: The congested cargo lines through Oslo . Intermodule cargo trains operate from Oslo to Trondheim via the Dovre Line , despite its higher elevation, because of the electric traction. If the Solør and Røros Lines were electrified, they could act as a reserve for the Dovre Line. This is not a possibility today because the train companies lack diesel locomotives. Further traffic increase could be handled through operating northbound trains along
4653-401: The congestion of the Dovre Line could be cut. After considerable political discussion, Hedmark County Council approved a new bus service between Kongsvinger and Elverum and onwards to Hamar. Local train services were thereby terminated from 1 June 1986, the same day a daily day train and a daily night trains to run. The service was a trade-off, as the longer distance via Solør added an hour to
4752-420: The current bus service. It recommended that the line be electrified and receive centralized traffic control first, which would allow for direct train services onwards to Oslo. 60°36′48″N 11°57′16″E / 60.6133°N 11.9544°E / 60.6133; 11.9544 Norwegian language Norwegian ( endonym : norsk [ˈnɔʂːk] ) is a North Germanic language from
4851-422: The east bank of the river Glomma, except the northernmost 7 kilometers (4.3 mi), which runs on the west bank. The Solør Line is, by Norwegian standards, exceptionally straight and flat. The line has single track and standard gauge , but is not electrified and lacks centralized traffic control and automatic train control . It is equipped with GSM-R train radio. The railway line is owned and maintained by
4950-644: The eighth grade onwards, pupils are required to learn both. Out of the 431 municipalities in Norway, 161 have declared that they wish to communicate with the central authorities in Bokmål, 116 (representing 12% of the population) in Nynorsk, while 156 are neutral. Of 4,549 state publications in 2000, 8% were in Nynorsk, and 92% in Bokmål. The large national newspapers ( Aftenposten , Dagbladet , and VG ) are published in Bokmål or Riksmål. Some major regional newspapers (including Bergens Tidende and Stavanger Aftenblad ), many political journals, and many local newspapers use both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A newer trend
5049-496: The electrification of the Røros Line. The primary impact of electrification would be a severe cut in operating costs of the railway companies, and thus better margins for forest owners, who could increase their export. A secondary impact would allow the Solør Line to also handle intermodule transport. Cargo trains could run directly from Gothenburg to Trondheim , via the Norway/Vänern , Värmland , Solør and Røros Lines, bypassing
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#17328989982925148-478: The first centuries AD in what is today Southern Sweden. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the Elder Futhark inscriptions, the oldest form of the runic alphabets . A number of inscriptions are memorials to the dead, while others are magical in content. The oldest are carved on loose objects, while later ones are chiseled in runestones . They are
5247-448: The forest industry terminated its log floating operations in the late 1960s. NSB again considered terminating passenger transport in 1972, leading to a major local political protest. The closing proposals died down, but returned in 1984. This resulted in a proposal to instead operate the long-distance trains between Trondheim and Oslo on the Røros Line via Solør instead of via Hamar . The sleek curvature would allow for high speeds, and
5346-496: The forms that are close to Nynorsk is called radical . Nynorsk has forms that are close to the original Landsmål and forms that are close to Bokmål. Opponents of the spelling reforms aimed at bringing Bokmål closer to Nynorsk have retained the name Riksmål and employ spelling and grammar that predate the Samnorsk movement. Riksmål and conservative versions of Bokmål have been the de facto standard written language of Norway for most of
5445-498: The gender can be inferred. For instance, all nouns ending in - nad will be masculine in both Bokmål and Nynorsk (for instance the noun jobbsøknad , which means 'job application'). Most nouns ending in - ing will be feminine, like the noun forventning ('expectation'). Finnskogen Finnskogen ("Forest of the Finns") is an area of Norway and Sweden situated in the counties of Innlandet and Värmland respectively, so named because of immigration of Finnish people in
5544-416: The heavier Di 3 diesel locomotives, the southern part of the line needed to be upgraded to the same standard as the northern. Sturdier 30 kilogram per meter (60 lb/yd) tracks were laid on top of an improved layer of ballast, allowing the line speed to increase from 65 to 95 kilometers per hour (40 to 59 mph). The work allowed NSB to capture a significant amount of the lumber transport after
5643-417: The historical connection to Old Norwegian. Today, this meaning is often lost, and it is commonly mistaken as a "new" Norwegian in contrast to the "real" Norwegian Bokmål. Bokmål and Nynorsk were made closer by a reform in 1938. This was a result of a state policy to merge Nynorsk and Bokmål into a single language, to be called Samnorsk . A 1946 poll showed that this policy was supported by 79% of Norwegians at
5742-467: The language of the elite, the church, literature, and the law. When the union with Denmark ended in 1814, the Dano-Norwegian koiné had become the mother tongue of around 1% of the population. From the 1840s, some writers experimented with a Norwegianised Danish by incorporating words that were descriptive of Norwegian scenery and folk life, and adopting a more Norwegian syntax. Knud Knudsen proposed to change spelling and inflection in accordance with
5841-596: The language. The Scandinavian languages at this time are not considered to be separate languages, although there were minor differences among what are customarily called Old Icelandic, Old Norwegian , Old Gutnish , Old Danish, and Old Swedish . The economic and political dominance of the Hanseatic League between 1250 and 1450 in the main Scandinavian cities brought large Middle Low German –speaking populations to Norway. The influence of their language on Scandinavian
5940-555: The language. No standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most Norwegians speak their own dialects in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in many other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect, whether it coincides with the written norms or not, is accepted as correct spoken Norwegian. However, in areas where East Norwegian dialects are used, a tendency exists to accept a de facto spoken standard for this particular regional dialect, Urban East Norwegian or Standard East Norwegian (Norwegian: Standard østnorsk ), in which
6039-520: The languages in Europe, Norwegian derives from Proto-Indo-European . As early Indo-Europeans spread across Europe, they became isolated from each other and new languages developed. In northwest Europe, the Germanic languages evolved, further branching off into the North Germanic languages , of which Norwegian is one. Proto-Norse is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic during
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#17328989982926138-583: The laying of concrete sleepers , 49-kilogram-per-meter (98 lb/yd) continuously welded rails and increasing the permitted axle load to 22.5 tonnes (22.1 long tons; 24.8 short tons). The final chapter for passenger trains took place on 29 August 1994, when all passenger train services were terminated. Lumber traffic increased steadily through the 1990s and 2000s. A dramatic increase of export lumber took place after 2012, when three major pulp and paper mills were closed in rapid succession – Norske Skog Follum , Peterson Moss and Södra Cell Tofte . Nationally
6237-406: The limited traffic along the Solør Line, the stations have not been subject to repeated expansions and changes like many other lines. They therefore represent a unique heritage of authentic Swiss chalet style buildings from a period with heavy construction of railways. Roverud, Nor, Grinder, and Flisa have all been listed, as has the water tower at Jømna. Two major developments have been proposed for
6336-411: The line had three daily trains run from Elverum via Kongsvinger to Oslo, increasing to four after a few years. Travel time varied between departures, but was around three hours on the full line, calling at fifteen stations. The municipality of Brandval was similar to other places effected by the new line. The station was placed at Roverud , while the village of Brandval was not given a station, despite
6435-444: The line has seen a dramatic increase in lumber traffic. There are proposals to electrify and centralize traffic control along the line. The 93.6-kilometer (58.2 mi) Solør Line connects the Kongsvinger Line at Kongsvinger Station to the Røros Line at Elverum Station. The line runs through the traditional district of Solør , through the municipalities of Kongsvinger, Grue, Åsnes, Våler and Elverum. The line predominantly runs along
6534-487: The line, NSB abandoned the system. Construction was quick, largely due to the flat landscape and the limited amount of bedrock which needed to be negotiated. There were only a few, short cuttings . There were ten bridges, of which the longest and most complicated was 66.7 meters (219 ft) and ran over Flisa , at the time the longest railway bridge span in the country. A further five overpasses, nine underpasses and 260 level crossings were built for roads. Construction of
6633-414: The line. Two route proposals were made, one across Gjelsåsen and one following Glomma. Parliament dismissed approving the line in 1877. By then the country had fallen into an economic decline and Parliament did not want to issue further funding to railways not already under construction. A government commission came in 1882 with recommendations for future railway construction. They placed the Solør Line at
6732-546: The lowest kilometer price of any mainline railway ever built in Norway. The 44.4-kilometer (27.6 mi) segment was officially opened on 3 December 1910 and regular traffic commenced the following day. Work on a new station in Elverum did not commence until 1910, and the new station was opened on 1 May 1913. As the Rorøs Line was narrow gauge, Elverum Station featured break-of-gauge and a transshipment facility until 1919. Initially
6831-502: The minimal pairs are written alike, since written Norwegian has no explicit accent marks. In most eastern low-tone dialects, accent 1 uses a low flat pitch in the first syllable, while accent 2 uses a high, sharply falling pitch in the first syllable and a low pitch in the beginning of the second syllable. In both accents, these pitch movements are followed by a rise of intonational nature (phrase accent)—the size (and presence) of which signals emphasis or focus, and corresponds in function to
6930-430: The neutral name Riksmål , meaning 'national language' like Landsmål , and this was officially adopted along with the 1907 spelling reform. The name Riksmål is sometimes interpreted as 'state language', but this meaning is secondary at best. (Compare to Danish rigsmål from where the name was borrowed.) After the personal union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, both languages were developed further and reached what
7029-414: The normal accent in languages that lack lexical tone , such as English. That rise culminates in the final syllable of an accentual phrase, while the utterance-final fall common in most languages is either very small or absent. There are significant variations in pitch accent between dialects. Thus, in most of western and northern Norway (the so-called high-pitch dialects) accent 1 is falling, while accent 2
7128-570: The oldest written record of any Germanic language. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish Around 800 AD, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark , and inscriptions became more abundant. At the same time, the beginning of the Viking Age led to the spread of Old Norse to Iceland , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands . Viking colonies also existed in parts of
7227-442: The principles of Norwegian orthography, e.g. zebra in Norwegian is written sebra . Due to historical reasons, some otherwise Norwegian family names are also written using these letters. Some letters may be modified by diacritics : é , è , ê , ó , ò , and ô . In Nynorsk, ì and ù and ỳ are occasionally seen as well. The diacritics are not compulsory, but may in a few cases distinguish between different meanings of
7326-437: The railway passing right by. The issue was resolved through Brandval Station being privately funded, opening on 22 January 1912. The railway never made an operating profit and from the 1920s there have regularly been proposals to close the railway. These never gained widespread support, and instead there were numerous proposals for various branch lines. NSB conducted trials with multiple units in 1927, and they entered service
7425-464: The railways was popular and became a stabilizing force in the economy, as well as a good tax income for the municipalities. Manny of the navvies working on the construction settled in the area and became the foundation of the workforce used in the growing industrialization. The postal service was prior to the railway walked by foot either from Elverum or Kongsvinger, and the railway allowed for rapid communication. The railway were sufficient efficient that
7524-515: The rhotic / ɾ / depends on the dialect. In Eastern, Central, and Northern Norwegian dialects, it is a flap [ ɾ ] , whereas in Western and Southern Norway, and for some speakers also in Eastern Norway, it is uvular [ ʁ ] or [ χ ] . And in the dialects of North-Western Norway, it is realized as [ r ] , much like the trilled ⟨rr⟩ of Spanish. Norwegian
7623-555: The river and then the Gjesåsen alternative. The route disagreement persisted for thirteen years, hindering the line from being built. It was not until a visit by the Standing Committee on Railways in 1907 that a decision was finally made in favor of the river alternative. They also decided to cross Glomma at Haugsfoss, discarding a military preference of a more southerly crossing of the river. Construction began on 20 January 1908 and
7722-414: The road was of insufficient standard to allow the buses to operate without difficulties. The road was closed because of frost heaving every spring and three overpasses were too small for the buses. NSB retained three daily train services in each direction, using a single multiple unit. Steam locomotives remained in regular use on freight trains until 1965 and were used sporadically until 1969. To allow for
7821-606: The southern part of northern Norway ( Nordland county). Today, Nynorsk is the official language of not only four of the nineteen Norwegian counties but also various municipalities in five other counties. NRK , the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all written publications, and Nynorsk in 8% (2000). Like some other European countries, Norway has an official "advisory board"— Språkrådet (Norwegian Language Council)— that determines, after approval from
7920-424: The station buildings was subcontracted to Johan Heinrich Günther Schüzler. Brandval was the only station to not receive a building. The 49.2 kilometers (30.6 mi) from Kongsvinger to Flisa were officially opened on 1 November 1893, and regular services commenced two days later. Construction cost 2.9 million Norwegian krone . As long as the line ran to Flisa it served two daily train in each direction. Travel time
8019-441: The steamships went out of business. Flisa grew rapidly following the opening of the line, and soon had three hotels. It was soon the population and commercial center for all of Solør. With a major station at Kirkenær, the population and commercial center of Grue gradually moved from Tjura , with the administration center following suit. The least affected municipality was Hof , where the commercial and political center remained on
8118-401: The three grammatical genders from Old Norse to some extent. The only exceptions are the dialect of Bergen and a few upper class sociolects at the west end of Oslo that have completely lost the feminine gender. According to Marit Westergaard , approximately 80% of nouns in Norwegian are masculine. Norwegian and other Scandinavian languages use a suffix to indicate definiteness of
8217-722: The time the Flisa–Elverum Line was built, the style preferences had changed. Harald Kaas was the head architect for the project, although Due designed Elverum Station . As it was a transfer station, a new stone building was built in Neo-baroque style with elements of Jugendstil . By the 1910s the Swiss style was too controversial to be reused and so the remaining buildings received a much plainer design. Second-class stations were built at Våler and Heradsbygd , while third-class stations were built at Braskereidfoss and Jømna . Because of
8316-442: The time. However, opponents of the official policy still managed to create a massive protest movement against Samnorsk in the 1950s, fighting in particular the use of "radical" forms in Bokmål text books in schools. In the reform in 1959, the 1938 reform was partially reversed in Bokmål, but Nynorsk was changed further towards Bokmål. Since then Bokmål has reverted even further toward traditional Riksmål, while Nynorsk still adheres to
8415-433: The top of their priority list. In addition to it being perceived as having a good return on investment, the limited amount of funding available cautioned the commission to recommend trunk routes which would largely be futile unless completed to their intended termini. During this period there was a major controversy concerning rail gauge in Norway. Some lines were being built in standard gauge , others in narrow gauge . With
8514-421: The travel time for passengers from Østerdalen . In exchange, people from Solør and Kongsvinger received a direct service to both Oslo and Trondheim. Passengers from Østerdalen used the train less, among other things because of the lack of a direct service to Hamar. After a three-year trial, the long-distance trains moved back to Hamar and two daily local services were reintroduced through Solør. A break-through in
8613-426: The unofficial Høgnorsk is more conservative than Nynorsk and is far closer to Faroese , Icelandic and Old Norse . Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. Each student gets assigned a native form based on which school they go to, whence the other form (known as Sidemål ) will be a mandatory school subject from elementary school through high school. For instance, a Norwegian whose main language form
8712-434: The use as a lumber line came in 1987, when Borregaard decided to require all lumber to be sent by train or truck. NSB built three lumber terminals along the Solør Line, at Elverum, Brakereidfoss and at Kongsvinger, and started transporting 300,000 cubic meters (11,000,000 cu ft) of lumber the first year. This spurred a need for further upgrades to the line. NOK 110 million was invested in 1992 and 1993, involving
8811-447: The vocabulary coincides with Bokmål. Outside Eastern Norway , this spoken variation is not used. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the standard written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to nationalism , rural versus urban discourse, and Norway's literary history. Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk
8910-430: The war. The Kongsvinger Line was electrified in 1951, and there were proposals to quickly electrify the Solør Line, but these never materialized. The opening of a military base at Haslemoen in the 1950s had increased the patronage significantly and by 1961 it had 141,000 annual passengers, between thirteen daily services. From 1963 the number of passenger trains were decimated and instead bus services established. However,
9009-459: The west shore of the river. Several places processing industries, especially wood-based, were established as the railway allowed for easy export of the products. Political work to extend the line to Elverum started even before the opening of the southern half, and was debated in Parliament in 1893. Railways were in the wind and there were many projects competing for political support. Initially only
9108-560: The word, e.g.: for ('for/to'), fór ('went'), fòr ('furrow') and fôr ('fodder'). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably ï, ü , á and à . The two legally recognized forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål (literally 'book tongue') and Nynorsk ('new Norwegian'), which are regulated by the Language Council of Norway ( Språkrådet ). Two other written forms without official status also exist. One, called Riksmål ('national language'),
9207-736: Was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects. Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway, along with Sámi , a Finno-Ugric language spoken by less than one percent of the population. Norwegian is one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries who speak Norwegian have the opportunity to use it when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs. Like most of
9306-422: Was established in 1857 to look into the possibilities of a branch from the Kongsvinger Line to serve Solør. For a while a combined rail and canal project was considered, but eventually discarded. Work accelerated in 1869 when the municipal councils teamed up to support the project. Two years later Railway Director Carl Abraham Pihl led a survey group. Their work concluded in 1875, ending in a recommendation to build
9405-421: Was just short of two hours. Although popular for carrying passengers and cargo, the lumber industry was never an early adopter of timber trains, instead remaining loyal to log floating . Still, the railway was important for the commercial development in the area and supported the lumber industry through supplies. With the railway came a stable, waged workforce, a segment which was quite limited previously. Work on
9504-419: Was led by J. T. Mæhre. There were similar good building conditions, allowing for rapid construction. The line's only tunnel was built, as were six bridges. The two longest were built to cross Glomma. With a span of 84 meters (276 ft), Haugsfoss Bridge was the longest in the country at the time and work was subcontracted to a German company. Five stations were built. Construction cost NOK 2,869,750, giving
9603-441: Was not agreement as to which route it should follow. From Flisa the line could continue along Glomma past Åsnes Church and Haslemoen to the village of Våler . Alternatively, the line could run further north through the parish of Gjesåsen . The Gjesåsen alternative was supported unanimously in Åsnes Municipal Council, while Våler Municipal Council unanimously supporter the river alternative. Hedmark County Council first supported
9702-506: Was set up with the station building on the one side and a lumber terminal on the other. Each platform was 90 meters (300 ft) long, with the station building in the center and the outhouse and cargo house placed at each end. The latter was built in a dominant Dragon Style. The centerpiece was Flisa , the only first-class station. Kirkenær and Roverud were mid-sized second-class stations, and small, standardized third-class stations were built at Arneberg , Grinder , Namnå and Nor . By
9801-406: Was split in two sections. The southern subcontracted the groundwork to P. T. Melby and S. Sørensen, while the railway did this itself on the northern part. The permanent way was built by the railway for the entire line. The northern part was built below budget, while the latter matched it. The subcontracting was an experiment to see if savings could be made this way, but based on the experiences from
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