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69-457: Socken, in old Swedish sokn (compare: Danish and bokmål sogn , nynorsk sokn ) is an archaic name for the original country church parishes, kyrksocken . It also describes a secular area, a sockenkommun ("rural area locality") or a taxation area, a jordbokssocken . In the Nordic countries a socken was an administrative area consisting of several villages or localities in much the same way as

138-586: A samanera (novice). Novices often ordain at a young age, but generally no younger than eight. Samaneras live according to the Ten Precepts , but are not responsible for living by the full set of monastic rules. Higher ordination, conferring the status of a full bhikkhu, is given only to men who are aged 20 or older. Bhikkhunis follow a similar progression, but are required to live as samaneras for longer periods of time, typically five years. The disciplinary regulations for bhikkhus and bhikkhunis are intended to create

207-582: A vowel shift , so that in the 16th century the language resembled modern Swedish more than before. The printing of the New Testament in Swedish in 1526 marked the starting point for modern Swedish. In this period Old Swedish had taken in a large amount of new vocabulary primarily from Latin, Low German and Dutch. When the country became part of the Kalmar Union in 1397, many Danish scribes brought Danicisms into

276-868: A Jewish sect that flourished from the second century BC to AD 100 which some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests. Being much fewer in number than the Pharisees and the Sadducees (the other two major sects at the time), the Essenes lived in various cities but congregated in communal life dedicated to asceticism , voluntary poverty , daily immersion (in mikvah), and abstinence from worldly pleasures, including (for some groups) marriage . Many separate but related religious groups of that era shared similar mystic , eschatological , messianic , and ascetic beliefs. These groups are collectively referred to by various scholars as

345-489: A Nazirite vow was for a specified time period and not permanent. In Modern Hebrew, the term "Nazir" is most often used to refer to non-Jewish monastics. Unique among Jewish communities is the monasticism of the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, a practice believed to date to the 15th century. A form of asceticism was practiced by some individuals in pre– World War II European Ashkenazi Jewish communities. Its principal expression

414-450: A commitment to a life of prayer, contemplation, and service to others. Teachings from Shenoute of Atripe, an influential figure in the development of the monastic tradition in Egypt and for his writings on monastic life were also implemented throughout monasteries. Sometimes written in the masculine gender as if exclusively applicable to the male congregations, despite the fact Shenoute commanded

483-703: A common form and a genitive (some dialects retain distinct dative forms). There were also three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), still retained in many dialects today, but now reduced to two in the standard language, where the masculine and feminine have merged. These features of Old Swedish are still found in modern Icelandic and Faroese ; the noun declensions are almost identical. Noun declensions fell under two categories: weak and strong. The weak masculine, feminine and neuter nouns had their own declensions and at least three groups of strong masculine nouns, three groups of strong feminine nouns and one group of strong neuter nouns can be identified. Below

552-505: A conference of the DIMMID in 1995, there are three significant similarities between Muslim and monastic spirituality. Firstly, the central place of obedience in the monastic tradition parallels the importance of surrender or submission in Islam. Secondly, similar to monastic communities which come together several times a day for prayer, Muslims practices ritual prayer (salāt) five times a day. Finally,

621-491: A crucial role in promoting and financing the monastic movement. Monasteries served as a space for communal living for monks and nuns many operated under different ranges of severity for rules and punishment of disobedience towards practices that largely originated from the Desert Fathers, these parameters were administer by a superior (Father/Mother). While the practices of female monastic communities varied, they were united by

690-532: A federation that included both male and female congregations. Later, during 379 CE the first monastery for women was founded in Jerusalem by Saint Melania the Elder. This was a significant moment in history: before then, female monasteries were solely adjunct to male monasteries, although the history of female ascetics predates even the earliest recognized female ascetic pioneers, such as Saint Mary of Egypt, who lived during

759-479: A few dialects well into the 20th century. Other major changes include the loss of a separate inflectional system for masculine and feminine nouns, pronouns and adjectives in the course of the 15th century, leaving only two genders in the standard Swedish language, although three genders are still common in many of the dialects. The old dative forms of the personal pronouns became the object forms ( honom , henne , dem ; him, her, them) and -s became more common as

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828-537: A life that is simple and focused, rather than one of deprivation or severe asceticism. However, celibacy is a fundamental part of this form of monastic discipline. Monasticism in Christianity, which provides the origins of the words "monk" and "monastery", comprises several diverse forms of religious living. It began to develop early in the history of the Church, but is not mentioned in the scriptures. The precise origins of

897-437: A living example for the laity, and to serve as a "field of merit" for lay followers—providing laymen and women with the opportunity to earn merit by giving gifts and support to the bhikkhus. In return for the support of the laity, bhikkhus and bhikkhunis are expected to live an austere life focused on the study of Buddhist doctrine, the practice of meditation, and the observance of good moral character. A bhikkhu first ordains as

966-586: A means to "serve God with joy" (Deut. 28:47). However, until the Destruction of the Second Temple , about two thousand years ago, taking Nazirite vows was a common feature of the religion. Nazirite Jews (in Hebrew : נזיר ) abstained from grape products, haircuts, and contact with the dead. However, they did not withdraw from general society, and they were permitted to marry and own property; moreover, in most cases

1035-607: A message to some companions who wanted to put an end to their sexual life, pray all night long or fast continuously, Muhammad said: "Do not do that! Fast on some days and eat on others. Sleep part of the night, and stand in prayer another part. For your body has rights upon you, your eyes have a right upon you, your wife has a right upon you, your guest has a right upon you." Muhammad once exclaimed, repeating it three times: "Woe to those who exaggerate [who are too strict]!" And, on another occasion, Muhammad said: "Moderation, moderation! For only with moderation will you succeed." Monasticism

1104-431: A monastic life are generally called nuns, religious sisters or, rarely, canonesses, while monastic men are called monks, friars or brothers. During the fourth and fifth century monasticism allowed women to be removed from traditional lifestyles such as marriage and childbearing to live a life devoted to God. Guided by daily rules and lifestyle guidelines, monasticism afforded women great spiritual autonomy. Women also played

1173-427: A permanent home nor any possessions, wandering barefoot from place to place except during the months of Chaturmas . The quality of life they lead is difficult because of the many constraints placed on them. They don't use a vehicle for commuting and always commute barefoot from one place to another, irrespective of the distance. They don't possess any materialistic things and also don't use the basic services like that of

1242-504: A phone, electricity etc. They don't prepare food and live only on what people offer them. Judaism does not encourage the monastic ideal of celibacy and poverty. To the contrary—all of the Torah 's commandments are a means of sanctifying the physical world. As further disseminated through the teachings of the Yisrael Ba'al Shem Tov , the pursuit of permitted physical pleasures is encouraged as

1311-450: A small patch of hair on the back of the head, while Saivite monks let their hair and beard grow uncut. A sādhu's vow of renunciation typically forbids him from: Islam forbids the practice of monasticism. In Sunni Islam , one example is Uthman bin Maz'oon ; one of the companions of Muhammad . He was married to Khawlah bint Hakim , both being two of the earliest converts to Islam. There

1380-543: A vocation from God. His objective is to imitate the life of Christ as far as possible in preparation for attaining eternal life after death. Titles for monastics differ between the Christian denominations. In Roman Catholicism and Anglicanism, monks and nuns are addressed as Brother (or Father, if ordained to the priesthood) or Mother, Sister, while in Eastern Orthodoxy, they are addressed as Father or Mother. Women pursuing

1449-574: Is a Sunni narration that, out of religious devotion, Uthman bin Maz'oon decided to dedicate himself to night prayers and take a vow of chastity from his wife. His wife got upset and spoke to Muhammad about this. Muhammad reminded Uthman that he himself, as the Prophet, also had a family life, and that Uthman had a responsibility to his family and should not adopt monasticism as a form of religious practice. Muhammad told his companions to ease their burden and avoid excess. According to some Sunni hadiths , in

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1518-591: Is also mentioned in the following verse of Qur'an : Then We caused Our messengers to follow in their footsteps; and We caused Isa(A.S.), son of Mariam, to follow, and gave him the Injil, and placed compassion and mercy in the hearts of those who followed him. But monasticism they invented – We ordained it not for them – only seeking Allah's pleasure, and they observed it not with right observance. So We give those of them who believe their reward, but many of them are evil-livers. Nevertheless, as Christian de Chergé laid out in

1587-484: Is an overview of the noun declension system: The noun declension system Some noun paradigms of the words fisker (fish), sun (son), siang (bed), skip (ship), biti (bit) and vika (week): By the year 1500 the number of cases in Old Swedish had been reduced from four ( nominative , genitive , dative and accusative ) to two (nominative and genitive). The dative case, however, lived on in

1656-539: Is called a sanyāsī , sādhu , or swāmi . A nun is called a sanyāsini , sādhvi , or swāmini . Such renunciates are accorded high respect in Hindu society, because their outward renunciation of selfishness and worldliness serves as an inspiration to householders who strive for mental renunciation. Some monastics live in monasteries, while others wander from place to place, trusting in God alone to provide for their physical needs. It

1725-430: Is considered a highly meritorious act for a lay devotee to provide sadhus with food or other necessaries. Sādhus are expected to treat all with respect and compassion, whether a person may be poor or rich, good or wicked. They are also expected to be indifferent to praise, blame, pleasure, and pain. A sādhu can typically be recognized by his ochre-colored clothing. Generally, Vaisnava monks shave their heads except for

1794-415: Is in the way the past tense ( preterite ) is formed: strong verbs form it with a vowel shift in the root of the verb, while weak verbs form it with a dental suffix (þ, d or t). The verbs in the table below are bīta (bite), biūþa (offer), wærþa (become), stiæla (steal), mæta (measure) and fara (go). Weak verbs are grouped into four classes: Inside the conjugation classes

1863-758: Is regarded by many historians and theologians as the "cradle of the Reformation ", as it is where Martin Luther lived as a monk from 1505 to 1511. Today new expressions of Christian monasticism , many of which are ecumenical , are developing in various places such as the Bose Monastic Community in Italy, the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem throughout Europe, the Anglo-Celtic Society of Nativitists,

1932-488: Is the name for two distinct stages of the Swedish language that were spoken in the Middle Ages : Early Old Swedish ( Klassisk fornsvenska ), spoken from about 1225 until about 1375, and Late Old Swedish ( Yngre fornsvenska ), spoken from about 1375 until about 1526. Old Swedish developed from Old East Norse , the eastern dialect of Old Norse . The earliest forms of the Swedish and Danish languages , spoken between

2001-408: Is the word vindöga (window). Many words related to seafaring were borrowed from Dutch. It is speculated that the influence of Low German was so strong that it helped break down the inflectional system of Old Swedish. In contrast to the stable Early Old Swedish, Late Old Swedish ( yngre fornsvenska ; 1375–1526) experienced many changes, including a simplification of the grammatical system and

2070-522: The parinibbāna (Final Passing) of the Buddha, the Buddhist monastic order developed into a primarily cenobitic or communal movement. The practice of living communally during the rainy vassa season, prescribed by the Buddha, gradually grew to encompass a settled monastic life centered on life in a community of practitioners. Most of the modern disciplinary rules followed by bhikkhus and bhikkhunis—as encoded in

2139-866: The Catholic , Orthodox and Anglican traditions as well as in other faiths such as Buddhism , Hinduism , and Jainism . In other religions, monasticism is generally criticized and not practiced, as in Islam and Zoroastrianism , or plays a marginal role, as in modern Judaism . Many monastics live in abbeys , convents , monasteries , or priories to separate themselves from the secular world, unless they are in mendicant or missionary orders . The Sangha or community of ordained Buddhist bhikkhus ( Pali bhikkhu , like Sanskrit bhikṣuts , means 'simag; one who lives by alms ' ), and original bhikkhunīs (nuns) were founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime over 2500 years ago. This communal monastic lifestyle grew out of

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2208-577: The Codex Bureanus , a collection of Old Swedish manuscripts from the mid-14th century. Translation: Monasticism Monasticism (from Ancient Greek μοναχός ( monakhós )  'solitary, monastic'; from μόνος ( mónos )  'alone'), also called monachism or monkhood , is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches, especially in

2277-555: The Fastighetsdatareformen ("Reform for registration of real property") 1976–1995 was complete. No further alterations to the sockens was made after this. On 1   January 2016, a new administrative division and area for statistics , registration districts or simply districts, was introduced in Sweden. Geographically, the districts correspond with the parishes of the Church of Sweden as of 31   December 1999. About 85% of

2346-538: The Hebrew Bible which were untouched from as early as 300 years before Christ until their discovery in 1946. Some scholars, however, dispute the notion that the Essenes wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls. Rachel Elior , a prominent Israeli scholar, even questions the existence of the Essenes. While Sikhism treats lust as a sin, it at the same time points out that man must share the moral responsibility by leading

2415-569: The Lectio Divina , the meditative reading of Sacred Scripture interpreted as God's word directed to the reader is echoed by the Muslim conviction that in and through the Qur'ān, God speaks to each individual. Islam does encourage one to abstain from pursuing the life of the world solely, but it does not obligate that believers must abandon the worldly life entirely, and this is known as zuhd in Islam. At best,

2484-509: The Patimokkha —relate to such an existence, prescribing in great detail proper methods for living and relating in a community of bhikkhus or bhikkhunis. The number of rules observed varies with the order; Theravada bhikkhus follow around 227 rules, the Vinaya . There are a larger number of rules specified for bhikkhunis (nuns). The Buddhist monastic order consists of the male bhikkhu assembly and

2553-574: The Taizé Community in France, the Eastern Orthodox monasteries of New Skete , New York, and the mainly Evangelical Protestant New Monasticism . In their quest to attain the spiritual goal of life, some Hindus choose the path of monasticism ( Sannyasa ). Monastics commit themselves to a life of simplicity , celibacy , detachment from worldly pursuits, and the contemplation of God. A Hindu monk

2622-448: The Westro- and North Bothnian tongues in northern Sweden. The most defining difference between Old Swedish and modern Swedish was the more complex grammatical system of the former. In Old Swedish nouns, adjectives, pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases ( nominative , genitive , dative and accusative ), whereas modern standard Swedish has reduced the case system to

2691-488: The civil parishes in England , but the concept is not used in reference to towns. A socken had a socken church, it was governed by a socken council and it was the predecessor to modern municipalities In 1862, the kyrksockens ("church socken") and the sockenkommuns ("rural area locality") in Sweden were abolished as administrative areas during municipality reforms. The jordbrukssocken ("taxation area") remained in use until

2760-651: The phonemes /i/ and /j/ (e.g. siæl (soul), själ in modern Swedish). The graphemes ⟨u⟩ , ⟨v⟩ , and ⟨w⟩ were used interchangeably with the phonemes /w/ ~ /v/ and /u/ (e.g. vtan (without), utan in modern Swedish), and ⟨w⟩ could also sometimes stand for the consonant-vowel combinations /vu/ and /uv/ : dwa ( duva or dove). Certain abbreviations were used in writing, such as mꝫ for meþ (modern med , with). The letter combinations ⟨aa⟩ , ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ were often written so that one of

2829-498: The "Essenes". Josephus records that Essenes existed in large numbers, and thousands lived throughout Roman Judaea . The Essenes have gained fame in modern times as a result of the discovery of an extensive group of religious documents known as the Dead Sea Scrolls , which are commonly believed to be the Essenes' library—although there is no proof that the Essenes wrote them. These documents include multiple preserved copies of

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2898-525: The 5th century CE. In fourth century Egypt, Christians felt called to a more reclusive or eremitic form of living (in the spirit of the "Desert Theology" for the purpose of spiritual renewal and return to God). Saint Anthony the Great is cited by Athanasius as one of the early "Hermit monks". Especially in the Middle East, eremitic monasticism continued to be common until the decline of Syriac Christianity in

2967-522: The beginning of modern Swedish words came from the Low German be- , ge- and vor- . Some words were replaced with new ones: the native word for window, vindøgha , was replaced with fönster , eldhus (kitchen) was replaced with kök and gælda (to pay) with betala . Some of these words still exist in Modern Swedish but are often considered archaic or dialectal; one example

3036-399: The ending for the genitive singular. Adjectives and certain numerals were inflected according to the gender and case the noun they modified was in. Below is a table of the inflection of weak adjectives. Verbs in Old Swedish were conjugated according to person and number. There were four weak verb conjugations and six groups of strong verbs . The difference between weak and strong verbs

3105-445: The female bhikkhunī assembly. Initially consisting only of males, it grew to include females after the Buddha's stepmother, Mahaprajapati , asked for and received permission to live as an ordained practitioner. Bhikkhus and bhikkhunis are expected to fulfill a variety of roles in the Buddhist community. First and foremost, they are expected to preserve the doctrine and discipline now known as Buddhism. They are also expected to provide

3174-479: The following way: ēn ( twēr , þrīr , etc.) ok tiughu , ēn ok þrǣtighi , etc. This is an extract from the Westrogothic law ( Västgötalagen ), which is the oldest continuous text written in the Swedish language, and was compiled during the early 13th century. The text marks the beginning of Old Swedish. Modern Swedish : English : This text about Eric IX (ca. 1120–1160) can be found in

3243-611: The late Middle Ages. Around 318 Saint Pachomius started to organize his many followers in what was to become the first Christian cenobitic or communal monastery . Soon, similar institutions were established throughout the Egyptian desert as well as the rest of the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Notable monasteries in the East include: In the West, the most significant development occurred when

3312-495: The letters stood above the other as a smaller letter, ⟨aͣ⟩ , ⟨aͤ⟩ and ⟨oͤ⟩ , which led to the development of the modern letters ⟨å⟩ , ⟨ä⟩ , and ⟨ö⟩ . The root syllable length in Old Swedish could be short ( VC ), long ( VːC , VCː ) or overlong ( VːCː ). During the Late Old Swedish period the short root syllables ( VC ) were lengthened and

3381-416: The life of a householder. According to Sikhism , being God-centred while being a householder is better than being an ascetic. According to Sikhism, ascetics are not on the right path. When Guru Nanak visited Gorakhmata , he discussed the true meaning of asceticism with some yogis. Asceticism doesn't lie in ascetic robes, or in walking staff, nor in the ashes. Asceticism doesn't lie in the earring, nor in

3450-425: The lifestyle of earlier sects of wandering ascetics , some of whom the Buddha had studied under. It was initially fairly eremitic or reclusive in nature. Bhikkhus and bhikkunis were expected to live with a minimum of possessions, which were to be voluntarily provided by the lay community. Lay followers also provided the daily food that bhikkhus required, and provided shelter for bhikkhus when they needed it. After

3519-704: The most common rule throughout the Middle Ages and is still in use today. The Augustinian Rule , due to its brevity, has been adopted by various communities, chiefly the Canons Regular . Around the 12th century, the Franciscan , Carmelite , Dominican , Servite Order (see Servants of Mary ) and Augustinian mendicant orders chose to live in city convents among the people instead of being secluded in monasteries. St. Augustine's Monastery , founded in 1277 in Erfurt , Germany

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3588-447: The movement are obscure but it seems that it originated in more than one place with Egypt and Syria as important early centres. It has come to be regulated by religious rules (e.g. the Rule of St Basil, the Rule of St Benedict) and, in modern times, the Church law of the respective apostolic Christian churches that have forms of monastic living. The Christian monk embraces the monastic life as

3657-474: The old sockens corresponds with the new districts. Even though the term socken is no longer used administratively in Sweden, it is still used for cataloging and registering historical archives ( Swedish National Heritage Board ), botany , dialect research, toponymy and by local historical societies. Socken is a convenient parameter for these purposes since it does not change with time. Old Swedish Old Swedish ( Modern Swedish : fornsvenska )

3726-560: The only monasticism of Islam is Jihad, as mentioned by Hadith and Tafsir. Imam Ahmad recorded that Anas bin Malik said that the Prophet said, "Every Prophet has Rahbaniyyah (monasticism); Jihad in the cause of Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored, is the Rahbaniyyah of this Ummah." In Jainism , monasticism is encouraged and respected. Rules for monasticism are rather strict. A Jain ascetic has neither

3795-504: The overlong root syllables ( VːCː ) were shortened, so modern Swedish only has the combinations VːC and VCː . Unlike in modern Swedish, a short vowel in Old Swedish did not entail a long consonant. There were eight vowels in Early Old Swedish: /iː, yː, uː, oː, eː, aː, øː, ɛː/ . A vowel shift ( stora vokaldansen ) occurred during the Late Old Swedish period, which had the following effects: The consonant sounds were largely

3864-637: The rules for monastic communities were written down, the Rule of St Basil being credited with having been the first. The precise dating of the Rule of the Master is problematic. It has been argued that it antedates the Rule of Saint Benedict created by Benedict of Nursia for his monastery in Monte Cassino , Italy (c. 529), and the other Benedictine monasteries he had founded as part of the Order of St Benedict . It would become

3933-556: The same as in modern Swedish, with the notable exceptions of / ð / and / θ / , which do not exist in modern Swedish (although the former is preserved in Elfdalian and to some extent also the latter). The Modern Swedish tje-sound ([ɕ]) and sje-sound ([ɧ]) were probably [t͡ʃ] and [ʃ] , respectively, similar to their values in modern Finland Swedish . A similar change can be seen from Old Spanish [t͡s/d͡z] and [ʃ/ʒ] to Modern Spanish [s/θ] and [x] . The Proto-Germanic phoneme / w /

4002-503: The shaven head, nor blowing a conch. Asceticism lies in remaining pure amidst impurities. Asceticism doesn't lie in mere words; He is an ascetic who treats everyone alike. Asceticism doesn't lie in visiting burial places, It lies not in wandering about, nor in bathing at places of pilgrimage. Asceticism is to remain pure amidst impurities. Throughout the centuries, Taoism especially Quanzhen School , have developed their own extensive monastic traditions and practices. Particularly well-known

4071-482: The use of mor din (mother yours) has been common. Below is a table of the Old Swedish personal pronouns : The Old Swedish cardinal numbers are as follows. Numbers from one to four decline in the nominative, genitive, dative and accusative cases and in all three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter); here the nominative forms are given. Numbers above four are indeclinable. The higher numbers are as follows. The numbers 21–29, 31–39, and so on are formed in

4140-446: The weak verbs are also categorised into further three classes: Word order was less restricted in Old Swedish than modern Swedish due to complex verbal morphology. Both referential and nonreferential subjects could be left out as verbal structures already conveyed the necessary information, in much the same way as in languages such as Spanish and Latin . In nominal phrases the genitive attribute could stand both before and after

4209-655: The word it modified, i.e. one could say his house or house his . The same was true for pronouns and adjectives ( that house or house that ; green pasture or pasture green ). During the Late Old Swedish period the usage of the genitive attribute became increasingly more restricted, and it nearly always came to be placed before the word it modified, so in modern Swedish one would usually only say hans hus (his house), or in some dialects or manners of emphasis, huset hans , but almost never hus hans . However, this too has lived on in some dialects, like in Västgötska , where

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4278-496: The written language. The Middle Low German language also influenced Old Swedish due to the economic and political power of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries. Accordingly, loanwords relating to warfare, trade, crafts and bureaucracy entered the Swedish language directly from Low German, along with some grammatical suffixes and conjunctions. The prefixes be- , ge- and för- that can be found in

4347-515: The written language. Old Swedish used some letters that are no longer found in modern Swedish: ⟨ æ ⟩ and ⟨ ø ⟩ were used for modern ⟨ ä ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ respectively, and ⟨ þ ⟩ could stand for both / ð / ( th as in that) and / θ / ( th as in thing). In the latter part of the 14th century ⟨þ⟩ was replaced with ⟨th⟩ and ⟨dh⟩ . The grapheme ⟨i⟩ could stand for both

4416-442: The years 800 and 1100, were dialects of Old East Norse and are referred to as Runic Swedish and Runic Danish because at the time all texts were written in the runic alphabet . The differences were only minute, however, and the dialects truly began to diverge around the 12th century, becoming Old Swedish and Old Danish in the 13th century. It is not known when exactly Elfdalian began to diverge from Swedish. Early Old Swedish

4485-564: Was prishut , the practice of a married Talmud student going into self-imposed exile from his home and family to study in the kollel of a different city or town. This practice was associated with, but not exclusive to, the Perushim . The Essenes (in Modern but not in Ancient Hebrew : אִסִּיִים ‎, Isiyim ; Greek : Εσσηνοι, Εσσαιοι, or Οσσαιοι; Essēnoi , Essaioi , or Ossaioi ) were

4554-500: Was markedly different from modern Swedish in that it had a more complex case structure and had not yet experienced a reduction of the gender system and thus had three genders. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases: nominative , genitive , dative and accusative . The writing of the Westrogothic law marked the beginning of Early Old Swedish ( klassisk fornsvenska or äldre fornsvenska ; 1225–1375), which had developed from Old East Norse. It

4623-502: Was preserved in initial sounds in Old Swedish (w-) and did survive in rural Swedish dialects in the provinces of Skåne , Halland , Västergötland and south of Bohuslän into the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. It is still preserved in the Dalecarlian dialects in the province of Dalarna , Sweden. The / w / -phoneme did also occur after consonants (kw-, tw- etc.) in Old Swedish and did so into modern times in said dialects, as well as in

4692-525: Was the first Swedish language document written in the Latin alphabet , and its oldest fragments have been dated to around the year 1225. Old Swedish was relatively stable during this period. The phonological and grammatical systems inherited from Old Norse were relatively well preserved and did not experience any major changes. Most of the texts from the Early Old Swedish period were written in Latin , as it

4761-584: Was the language of knowledge and the Church . However, Old Swedish was used as a literary language as well, and laws especially were written in it; of the 28 surviving manuscripts from this period, 24 contain law texts. Much of the knowledge of Old Swedish comes from these law texts. In addition to laws, some religious and poetic texts were also written in Old Swedish. The Catholic Church and its various monastic orders introduced many new Greek and Latin loanwords into Old Swedish. Latin especially had an influence on

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