At large ( before a noun : at-large ) is a description for members of a governing body who are elected or appointed to represent a whole membership or population (notably a city, county, state, province, nation, club or association), rather than a subset. In multi-hierarchical bodies, the term rarely extends to a tier beneath the highest division. A contrast is implied, with certain electoral districts or narrower divisions. It can be given to the associated territory, if any, to denote its undivided nature, in a specific context. Unambiguous synonyms are the prefixes of cross-, all- or whole-, such as cross-membership, or all-state.
29-519: The Social Circle City School District is a public school district in Walton County , Georgia , United States, based in Social Circle . It serves the city of Social Circle, which extends into Newton County . The Social Circle City School District has two elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school. Schools: Walton County, Georgia Walton County is a county located in
58-486: A crucial role in both President Truman ’s commitment to civil rights legislation and the ensuing modern civil rights movement. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 330 square miles (850 km ), of which 326 square miles (840 km ) is land and 4.3 square miles (11 km ) (1.3%) is water. The county is located in the Piedmont region of the state. The western half of Walton County, in
87-652: A half circle from Social Circle through Monroe to northeast of Loganville , is located in the Upper Ocmulgee River sub-basin of the Altamaha River basin. The eastern part of the county, east of that curve, is located in the Upper Oconee River sub-basin of the same Altamaha River basin. There was a noted decline in the African American population from 1900 to 1960 as thousands left rural areas in
116-466: A small number of members are elected by the entire European Union at large from Union-wide party lists. This is among a number of proposed reforms to deepen European integration . In Israel , elections for the Knesset (the national parliament ) are conducted at large by proportional representation from party lists. Election of municipal and town (but not regional) councils are on the same basis. In
145-1086: Is named for George Walton , one of the three men from Georgia who signed the United States Declaration of Independence . The other two were Button Gwinnett and Lyman Hall . A Supreme Court ruling in April 1946 had ruled that white primaries were unconstitutional, enabling some black citizens in Georgia to cast ballots for the first time during the primary race later that summer. This increased social tensions in many areas, as whites continued to oppose voting by blacks. In addition, many whites resisted black veterans' efforts to gain expanded freedoms following their service during World War II. In July 1946, four African Americans were lynched in Walton County, Georgia. The victims were two married couples: George and Mae Murray Dorsey, and Roger and Dorothy Dorsey Malcom (reportedly pregnant). A historical highway marker erected by
174-535: Is over-representation. They have high apportionment but are ethnically diverse and of exceptional geographical size. Provinces are divided to make up the other 335 electoral districts (ridings or comtés). Canada's 102 senators are appointed to serve a large region within a province or a city.) The Conference on the Future of Europe has proposed adding "transnational lists" to the European Parliament , in which
203-670: Is the local school district for all sections except those in Social Circle. Areas in Social Circle are in the Social Circle City School District . Walton County doesn't have any pedestrian trails. However, there are trails in neighboring Gwinnett and Rockdale county such as the Arabia Mountain Path , Conyers Trail and Cedar Creek Trail Loop. 33°47′N 83°44′W / 33.78°N 83.74°W / 33.78; -83.74 At-large The term
232-490: Is used as a suffix referring to specific members (such as the U.S. congressional Representative/the Member/Rep. for Wyoming at large ). It figures as a generic prefix of its subject matter (such as Wyoming is an at-large U.S. congressional district, at present). It is commonly used when making or highlighting a direct contrast with subdivided equivalents that may be past or present, or seen in exotic comparators. It indicates that
261-662: The Netherlands , elections for the House of Representatives (the lower house of the States-General , the national parliament ) are conducted at large by proportional representation from party lists. This manner of election applies to the Senate . All voters can cast twelve votes to refresh half of the Senate, namely twelve senators, from a longer list of candidates. The simple tally determines
290-451: The state has a single representative, that will be a representative at large. This is a table of every such instance. It shows the situation applied to a small, varying group of states in three periods. The 33rd Congress began in 1853; it ended two years later. The 38th began in 1863; the 50th ended in 1889. The 53rd began in 1893; the 89th ended in January 1967, the final such period. This
319-614: The 1990s. After the 2010 United States redistricting cycle , Nevada eliminated their two remaining multi-member senate districts and implemented single-winner districts in both houses. In 2018, West Virginia passed a law switching all remaining multi-winner House of Delegates seats to single-winner districts following the 2020 United States Census . Since passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and lessening of some historic barriers to voter registration and voting, legal challenges have been made based on at-large election schemes at
SECTION 10
#1732890767816348-540: The Middle Georgia portion of the U.S. - State of Georgia . As of the 2020 census , the population was 96,673. It is located about 30 miles east of the state capital, the city of Atlanta. Monroe is the county seat ; Loganville is another major city. Walton County is part of the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA metropolitan statistical area . Walton County was created on December 15, 1818. It
377-641: The South during the Great Migration to the North, Midwest and West Coast to escape social oppression and to gain better jobs and opportunities. With dramatic new growth related to the rise of Atlanta as a corporate city, the demographics have changed and the county is majority white in the 21st century. The area has been developed for suburban housing and retail. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 96,673 people, 33,350 households, and 25,736 families residing in
406-633: The black minority makes up more than one-third of the population. In another instance, in 2013 Fayette County, Georgia , which had an estimated 70% white majority and 20% black minority, was ordered by a federal district court to develop single-member districts for election of members to its county council and its school board. Due to at-large voting, African Americans had been unable to elect any candidate of their choice to either of these boards for decades. Such local election systems have become subject to litigation since enabling more representative elections can create entry points for minorities and women into
435-563: The city council from single-member districts. The town of Islip, New York was sued by four residents in 2018 for violating the Voting Rights Act by maintaining a discriminatory at-large council system. One-third of Islip's population is Hispanic, but only one person of color has ever been elected to a town seat. As part of the settlement reached in 2020, the at-large system will be abolished and replaced by four council districts by 2023. Some states have passed laws that further discourage
464-560: The city or province may be split into as many as seven districts, and each then elects at least two members. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for direct election of members of the House of Representatives . The Uniform Congressional District Act , enacted in 1967 and codified as 2 U.S.C. § 2c , dictates that representatives must be elected from geographical districts and that these must be single-member districts . Indeed it confirms when
493-464: The county or city level, including in school board elections, in numerous jurisdictions where minorities had been effectively excluded from representation on local councils or boards. An example is Charleston County, South Carolina , which was sued in 2001 and reached a settlement in 2004. Its county commission changed to nine members elected from single-member districts; in 2015 they included six white Republicans and three African-American Democrats, where
522-440: The county. Walton County has a six-member commission elected from single-member districts . This legislative body can pass laws for the county and tax bills. The county chairman is elected at-large to serve as the leader. If a seat becomes vacant during the term, the governor can appoint someone to fill the seat, based on recommendations. In 2015, two of the six positions were filled by appointees. Walton County School District
551-416: The described zone has no further subsets used for the same representative purpose. An exception is a nil-exceptions arrangement of overlapping tiers (resembling or being district and regional representatives, one set of which is at large ) for return to the very same chamber, and consequent issue of multiple ballots for plural voting to every voter. This avoids plural voting competing with single voting in
580-536: The jurisdiction, an inherent different level of democratic power . Examples of a democratic power disparity were found in a small number of states at certain U.S. Congresses, between 1853 and 1967, and in the old lower houses of the United Kingdom and Ireland , whereby certain voters could vote for (and lobby) at-large (whole-state/County) and district(-based) representatives to them, giving zones of plural voting and thus representation contrasting with zones, for
609-477: The mayor is elected at large as well. Municipal election at large is widespread in small towns to avoid " them and us " cultural dissociation produced by partition of voters into wards and their representatives thus being seen to represent only a specific part of the city. It is also used in many large cities in Canada. The voting method in all such elections and multi-member wards today is plurality block voting . (In
SECTION 20
#1732890767816638-581: The other members. It follows that such true or quasi- local government units do not in the purest sense elect members at large when their geography is analysed, as each member co-exists with the others who have territorial overlap, as representing greater or lower-rank districts. The members are by law chosen by the public directly or indirectly. Members chosen by the City Council or the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Board) are elected such that
667-553: The past, single transferable voting (STV) was used in 20 Canadian municipalities, either in at-large contests or multi-member wards.) Notable larger instances are, from west to east: (As well, the three territories - Yukon , Nunavut , and the Northwest Territories - are federally served in the Parliament of Canada by one Member of Parliament and Senator each. These are so sparsely populated that even one member each
696-511: The political system and provide more representative government. In the late 1980s, several major cities in Tennessee reached settlement in court cases to adopt single-member districts to enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice to city councils, who had previously been excluded by at-large voting favoring the majority population. By 2015, voters in two of these cities had elected women mayors who had gotten their start in being elected to
725-505: The same national assembly, of single voting and representation. In 1964 the U.S. Supreme Court banned such plural voting for the U.S. Congress (thus banning at-large, whole-state congressional districts which overlap state subdivision congressional districts). Universal principles apply regardless whether election(s) are for a member at large, or not. Many municipalities in Canada elect part or all of their city councils at large. In most,
754-478: The state in the 21st century reads: 2.4 miles east, at Moore’s Ford Bridge on the Apalachee River , four African-Americans - George and Mae Murray Dorsey and Roger and Dorothy Dorsey Malcom (reportedly 7 months pregnant) - were brutally beaten and shot by an unmasked mob on the afternoon of July 25, 1946. The lynching followed an argument between Roger Malcom and a local white farmer. These unsolved murders played
783-497: The use of at-large districts. For example, the California Voting Rights Act removes one of the criteria required for a successful federal Voting Rights Act challenge, which has thus resulted in hundreds of cities, school districts, and special districts moving to single member area-based elections. Some jurisdictions have kept at-large city councils and boards. The solution adopted by Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1941
812-610: The winners ( plurality-at-large voting ). Provinces with smaller populations elect their House representative at large. Some cities that has its own congressional district also elect its representatives this way. Most other provinces and a few cities are divided into two or more districts. Party-list elections are elected nationwide at-large. Likewise, the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Councils), Sangguniang Barangay (Village Councils), Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Councils) and some Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Councils) elect
841-532: Was due to the 1964 case of Reynolds v. Sims : the United States Supreme Court determined that the general basis of apportionment must be " one person, one vote ." As of 2021, ten U.S. states have at least one legislative chamber which uses multi-winner at-large districts: In the 1980s, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, South Carolina, and Virginia all moved entirely from multi-winner districts in either chamber, followed by Alaska, Georgia, and Indiana in
#815184