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63-463: Sir John Soane's Museum is a house museum , located next to Lincoln's Inn Fields in Holborn , London, which was formerly the home of neo-classical architect John Soane . It holds many drawings and architectural models of Soane's projects and a large collection of paintings, sculptures, drawings, and antiquities that he acquired over many years. The museum was established during Soane's own lifetime by

126-405: A private Act of Parliament in 1833, which took effect on his death in 1837. Soane engaged in this lengthy parliamentary campaign in order to disinherit his son, whom he disliked intensely. The act stipulated that on Soane's death, his house and collections would pass into the care of a board of trustees acting on behalf of the nation, and that they would be preserved as nearly as possible exactly in

189-798: A Robert Adam Study Centre where Soane's collection of 9,000 Robert Adam drawings is housed in purpose-designed new cabinets by Senior and Carmichael. The acquisition of No. 14 enabled the museum under its new director Tim Knox to complete the restoration of the museum's historic spaces, for about £7 million, funded by the Monument Trust, the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Soane Foundation in New York, and other private trusts. The museum's architects are Julian Harrap Architects. Phase 1 began in March 2011 and

252-669: A collection consistent with the historical structure. Some museums choose to collect pieces original to the period, while not original to the house. Others, fill the home with replicas of the original pieces, reconstructed with the help of historic records. Still other museums adopt a more aesthetic approach and use the homes to display the architecture and artistic objects. Because historic homes have often existed through different generations and have been passed on from one family to another, volunteers and professionals also must decide which historical narrative to tell their visitors. Some museums grapple with this issue by displaying different eras in

315-466: A collection of the traces of memory of the people who once lived there. It is often made up of the inhabitants' belongings and objects – this approach is mostly concerned with authenticity . Some museums are organised around the person who lived there or the social role the house had. Other historic house museums may be partially or completely reconstructed in order to tell the story of a particular area, social-class or historical period. The " narrative " of

378-639: A large number of Italian drawings, including an early 16th-century bound volume by Nicolette da Modena; the Codex Coner early 16th century of Roman buildings; 213 mid-16th century drawings by Giorgio Vasari ; 3 volumes of 16th to 17th-century drawings by Giovanni Battista Montano ; 17th-century drawings by Giovanni Battista Gisleni ; two volumes of 18th-century drawings by Carlo Fontana ; Drawings of Paestum dated 1768 by Thomas Major ; Margaret Chinnery 's volume of miscellaneous drawings; plus six other volumes of various drawings. The 252 architectural models in

441-500: A lengthy parliamentary campaign to disinherit his son via a private Act, setting out to "reverse the fundamental laws of hereditary succession" according to some. The Soane Museum Act was passed in April 1833 and stipulated that on Soane's death his house and collections would pass into the care of a board of trustees, on behalf of the nation, and that they should be preserved as nearly as possible exactly as they were left at his death. Towards

504-506: A living direct male heir, his son George , with whom he had had a "lifelong feud" due to George's debts, refusal to engage in a trade, and his marriage, of which Sir John disapproved. He also wrote an "anonymous, defamatory piece for the Sunday papers about Sir John, calling him a cheat, a charlatan and a copyist". Since under contemporary inheritance law George would have been able to lay claim to Sir John's property on his death, Sir John engaged in

567-591: A plastercast of the Sulis Minerva sculpture found in Bath. Soane's paintings include: works by Canaletto entitled View of the Riva degli Schiavoni painted (1736) purchased in 1806 from William Thomas Beckford for 150 Guineas plus three other works by the artist, and paintings by Hogarth : the eight canvases of the A Rake's Progress , purchased from the collection of William Thomas Beckford, at auction for 570 Guineas in 1801,

630-486: A professor of history and political science, further adds to social history and its relationship to locations by saying – Following this historical movement, the concept of " open-air museums " became prominent. These particular types of museums had interpreters in costume re-enact the lives of communities in earlier eras, which would then be performed to modern audiences. They often occupied large wooden architecture buildings or outdoor sites and landscapes, that were true to

693-565: A space of this size could normally accommodate (the original hang in this room was reinstated in January 2011). When visiting, it is necessary to request the planes to be opened and wait for a group to gather before this is done. The more domestic rooms of No. 13 are at the front of the house, many of them highly unusual, but often in subtle ways. The domed ceiling of the Breakfast Room, inset with convex mirrors, has influenced architects from around

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756-570: A table, believed to be made in Murshidabad for Tipu Sultan 's palace at Srirangapatna . Francis Leggatt Chantrey carved a white marble bust of Soane that is still in the museum, in the 'Dome' overlooking the Seti sarcophagus. Soane also acquired Sir Richard Westmacott 's plaster model for Nymph unclasping her Zone , displayed at the back of the recess in the Picture Room. Other acquisitions include:

819-718: A three quarter length portrait of Soane, it is hung over the Dining Room fireplace in the museum. Soane also has a painting by Antoine Watteau , a fête champêtre . Soane owned one oil painting by Joshua Reynolds , entitled Love and Beauty , which hangs in the dining room over the sideboard . Soane commissioned an oil painting from Augustus Wall Callcott c.1830, entitled The Passage Point -Italian Composition . Other paintings include The Count of Revenna by Henry Fuseli , and The Landing of Richard II at Milford Haven by William Hamilton . Soane acquired 15 drawings by Giovanni Battista Piranesi , many of which are framed and displayed in

882-400: A year, more than fifty percent of historic house museums received fewer than 5,000 visitors per year. These museums are also unique in that the actual structure belongs to the museum collection as a historical object. While some historic home museums are fortunate to possess a collection containing many of the original furnishings once present in the home, many face the challenge of displaying

945-604: Is a proposed law which would apply to everyone within its jurisdiction . A private bill is a proposal for a law affecting only a single person, group, or area, such as a bill granting a named person citizenship or, previously, granting named persons a legislative divorce . Private law can afford relief from another law, grant a unique benefit or powers not available under the general law, or relieve someone from legal responsibility for some allegedly wrongful act. There are many examples of such private law in democratic countries, although its use has changed over time. A private bill

1008-561: Is being created primarily to give effect to rights and powers being exercised by a private (even if largely state owned) entity. There is another classification known as a hybrid instrument which shares characteristics of both public and private bills. Hybrid bills become public acts. Divorce in Canada prior to the passage of the Divorce Act of 1968 was sometimes handled by private laws. If unavailable by administrative or judicial means, it

1071-472: Is discreet; there is no information desk or café. In the year ended March 2023, the museum received a record 133,785 visitors. The Museum annually awards the Soane Medal for architecture. Soane demolished and rebuilt three houses in succession on the north side of Lincoln's Inn Fields . He began with No. 12 (between 1792 and 1794), externally a plain brick house. After becoming Professor of Architecture at

1134-535: Is not only associated with the individual but is a shared experience. It also focused on the way individual memory is influenced by social structures, as a way of continuing socialisation by producing memory as collective experience. An example of a site that utilizes collective memory is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Japan. It was restored and is based on the dialectics of memory, however it also has

1197-585: Is not to be confused with a private member's bill , which is a bill introduced by a "private member" of the legislature rather than by the ministry . In modern practice, private bills are mixed and have both private and public aspects. In such cases the proposed legislation is called a hybrid bill . Some public laws set out such narrow terms of applicability that they apply to only one person or organization, making them de facto private laws. This may be used (successfully or unsuccessfully) to get around prohibitions on certain kinds of public laws. Public bills are

1260-485: The Royal Academy in 1806, Soane purchased No. 13, the house next door, today the museum, and rebuilt it in two phases in 1808–09 and 1812. In 1808–09, Soane constructed his drawing office and "museum" on the site of the former stable block at the back, using primarily top lighting. In 1812, he rebuilt the front part of the site, adding a projecting Portland stone façade to the basement, ground and first floor levels and

1323-514: The Victoria and Albert Museum to take up the post. Thornton retired in 1995, and was followed by Margaret Richardson, the first woman to hold the title of curator. She had succeeded Stroud as inspectress in 1985, and served as curator until 2005, with Helen Dorey as inspectress). From 2005 the director of the museum was Tim Knox , previously head curator of the National Trust , under whose leadership

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1386-538: The 1970s and 1980s, as the Revolutionary War's bicentennial set off a wave of patriotism and alerted Americans to the destruction of their physical heritage. The tradition of restoring homes of the past and designating them as museums draws on the English custom of preserving ancient buildings and monuments. Initially homes were considered worthy of saving because of their associations with important individuals, usually of

1449-811: The Monument Court with its central column or 'pasticcio' representing Architecture and Gothic in the Monk's Yard, filled with medieval stonework from the Palace of Westminster. As his practice prospered, Soane was able to collect objects worthy of the British Museum , including the Sarcophagus of Seti I , covered in Egyptian hieroglyphs , discovered by Giovanni Battista Belzoni , bought on 12 May 1824 for £2000 (equivalent to £222,000 in 2023)—Soane's most expensive art work. After

1512-828: The Seti sarcophagus arrived at his house in March 1825, Soane held a three-day party, to which 890 people were invited, the basement where the sarcophagus was housed was lit by over one hundred lamps and candelabra, refreshments were laid on and the exterior of the house was hung with lamps. Among the guests were the then Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool and his wife, Robert Peel , Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , J.M.W. Turner, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Charles Long, 1st Baron Farnborough , Benjamin Haydon as well as many foreign dignitaries. Other antiquities include: Greek and Roman bronzes, including ones from Pompeii , cinerary urns , fragments of Roman mosaics , Greek vases many displayed above

1575-505: The Winds , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , Pantheon, Rome , Temple of Vesta, Tivoli , Temple of Antoninus and Faustina and the Temple of Portunus , the buildings are depicted as reconstructions not in their current ruined state. To this day only 90 visitors are allowed at a time, which often means a queue outside. Labels are few and lighting is discreet; there is no information desk or café. In 2010,

1638-476: The Younger's 1,303 surviving drawings from his son, which were housed in the museum in a specially designed cabinet; Sir William Chambers 789 drawings; James Playfair 286 drawings; other architects and artists with drawings in the collection include: Matthew Brettingham , Thomas Sandby , Humphry Repton , Joseph Nollekens , Peter Scheemakers , John Michael Rysbrack , and others, in total 1,635 drawings. There are

1701-517: The bookcases in the library, Greek and Roman busts, heads from statues and fragments of sculpture and architectural decoration, examples of Roman glass . Medieval objects include: architectural fragments, mainly from the Old Palace of Westminster (acquired after the 1834 fire), tiles and stained glass . Soane acquired 44 examples of 18th-century Chinese ceramics as well as 12 examples of Peruvian pottery . Soane also purchased four ivory chairs and

1764-589: The catacombs beneath it. The final Phase 3 of the programme was completed in summer 2016. The most famous spaces in the house are those at the rear of the museum – the dome area, colonnade and museum corridor. These are mostly toplit and provide some idea in miniature form of the ingenious lighting contrived by Soane for the toplit banking halls at the Bank of England . The ingeniously designed Picture Gallery has walls composed of large 'moveable planes' (like large cupboard doors) that allow it to house three times as many items as

1827-465: The centre bay of the second floor. Originally, this formed three open loggias , but Soane glazed the arches during his lifetime. Once he had moved into No. 13, Soane rented out his former home at No. 12 (on his death it was left to the nation along with No. 13, the intention being that the rental income would fund the running of the museum). After completing No.13, Soane set about treating the building as an architectural laboratory, continually remodelling

1890-507: The collection are: 118 of Soane's own buildings including 44 of the Bank of England, covering details, façades, rooms as well as complete buildings, models of ancient Roman and Greek buildings, 20 made from plaster and 14 of cork . There are in addition 100 models of architectural details and ornaments. The 20 plaster models are the work of Jean-Pierre Fouquet of Paris and were acquired by Soane in 1834 for £100, these include: Erechtheion , Tower of

1953-403: The elite classes, like former presidents, authors, or businessmen. Increasingly, Americans have fought to preserve structures characteristic of a more typical American past that represents the lives of everyday people. Historic house museums usually operate with small staffs and on limited budgets. Many are run entirely by volunteers and often do not meet the professional standards established by

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2016-614: The end of the 19th century (1889–90) a break-through was made to re-connect the rear rooms of No. 12 (north of the courtyard) through to the museum in No. 13 and since 1969 No. 12 has been run by the trustees as part of the museum, housing the research library (until 2009), offices and, since 1995, the Eva Jiřičná -designed 'Soane Gallery' for temporary exhibitions (until Summer 2011). The museum's trustees remained completely independent, relying only on Soane's original endowment, until 1947. Since that date

2079-420: The era, adding to authenticity. Collective memory is sometimes used in the resurrection of historic house museums; however, not all historic house museums use this approach. The notion of collective memory originated from philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs , in "La Memoire Collective" ("On Collective Memory", 1950). This extended thesis examines the role of people and place, and how collective memory

2142-502: The first time. Phase 2 saw the restoration of Soane's private apartments on the second floor (bedroom, book room, model room, oratory and Mrs Soane's morning room) and opened to public tours in summer 2015. Lost rooms recreated include Soane's own bedroom and bathroom, which he showed to the public in his lifetime. Phase 3 provided a new Study Room at the back of No. 12 for the public to learn more about Soane, and restoration of Soane's ground-floor Ante Room with almost 200 works of art and

2205-498: The home's history within different rooms or sections of the structure. Others choose one particular narrative, usually the one deemed most historically significant, and restore the home to that particular period. There are a number of organizations around the world that dedicate themselves to the preservation, restoration, or promotion of historic house museums. They include: Private act Proposed bills are often categorized into public bills and private bills . A public bill

2268-446: The inclusion of joyous festivals to mask the turmoil. The Hiroshima Traces (1999) text takes a look at the importance of collective memory and how it is embedded in culture and place. Thus, collective memory does not only reside in a house or building, but it also resonates in outdoor space – particularly when a monumental event has occurred, such as war. Problematic creation of collective memory occurs within historic house museums when

2331-399: The interiors. In 1823, when he was over 70, he purchased a third house, No. 14, which he rebuilt in 1823–24. This project allowed him to construct a picture gallery, linked to No.13, on the former stable block of No. 14. The front main part of this third house was treated as a separate dwelling and let as an investment; it was not internally connected to the other buildings. When he died, No. 14

2394-534: The monument court at the heart of the museum. (Much of the cost of the work was financed by the Sir John Soane's Museum Foundation, in New York.) In 1997, the trustees purchased the main house at No. 14 with the help of the Heritage Lottery Fund . The house was restored (2006–09) and has enabled the museum to expand its educational activities, to re-locate its Research Library into that house, and to create

2457-701: The monument court at the heart of the museum. In 1997, the trustees purchased the main house at No. 14 with the help of the Heritage Lottery Fund . The house was restored and has enabled the museum to expand its educational activities, to re-locate its research library, and create a Robert Adam Study Centre where Soane's collection of 9,000 Robert Adam drawings is housed. Some of Soane's paintings include works by Canaletto , Hogarth , three works by his friend J. M. W. Turner , Thomas Lawrence , Antoine Watteau , Joshua Reynolds , Augustus Wall Callcott , Henry Fuseli , William Hamilton and 15 drawings by Giovanni Battista Piranesi , many of which are framed and displayed in

2520-674: The most common bills introduced in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . If they are enacted, they become public general acts (in contrast with local and personal acts ). Private bills create two types of act of Parliament in the United Kingdom. The first are acts for the benefit of individuals (known as private or personal acts) which have historically often dealt with divorces or granting British nationality to foreigners, but in modern times are generally limited to authorising marriages which would otherwise not be legal. The most recent such act

2583-436: The museum attracted 110,000 visitors. Soane's will provided for there to be a curator, and an inspectress (the post was created for Soane's housekeeper and close family friend Mrs Sarah Conduitt). The architectural historian Sir John Summerson was curator of the museum from 1945 to 1984. He was assisted by Dorothy Stroud , who served as inspectress from 1945 to 1985. Summerson was succeeded by Peter Thornton who moved from

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2646-544: The museum has embarked on the ambitious 'Opening up the Soane' project combining the restoration of Nos. 12 and 13, including a number of lost historic features, with improved visitor and conservation facilities. The 'Opening up the Soane' project also includes a programme of audience development, a new website and on-line catalogues of the collections. In 2013, the Victoria and Albert Museum's design and architecture curator Abraham Thomas

2709-820: The museum has received an annual Grant-in-Aid from the British Government (this now comes via the Department for Digital, Culture, Media, and Sport). The Soane Museum is now a national centre for the study of architecture. From 1988 to 2005, a programme of restoration within the museum was carried out under Peter Thornton and then Margaret Richardson with spaces such as the drawing rooms, picture room, study and dressing room, picture room recess and others being put back to their original colour schemes and in most cases having their original sequences of objects reinstated; Soane's three courtyards were also restored with his pasticcio (a column of architectural fragments) being reinstated in

2772-553: The museum industry. An independent survey conducted by Peggy Coats in 1990 revealed that sixty-five percent of historic house museums did not have a full-time staff, and 19 to 27 percent of historic homes employed only one full-time employee. Furthermore, the majority of these museums operated on less than $ 50,000 annually. The survey also revealed a significant disparity in the number of visitors between local house museums and national sites. While museums like Mount Vernon and Colonial Williamsburg were visited by over one million tourists

2835-564: The museum walls, and the rest are 601 covering the Bank of England, 6,266 of his other works, and 1,080 prepared for the Royal Academy lectures. In 1817 George Dance the Younger gave Soane a gift of a book containing architectural drawings by Christopher Wren , including Hampton Court Palace & Royal Naval Hospital . A major coup for Soane's collection was the purchase of the 57 volumes of 8,856 drawings by Robert Adam and James Adam in 1821 for £200. Another important architectural book

2898-464: The museum. Soane's friend John Flaxman , sketched Soane's wife, this is framed and displayed in the museum. The collection also includes twenty-two works in gouache and bodycolour by Charles-Louis Clérisseau . There are over 30,000 architectural drawings in the collection. Of Soane's drawings of his own designs (many are by his assistants and pupils, most notably Joseph Gandy ), covering his entire career, most are bound in 37 volumes, 97 are framed on

2961-413: The museum. There are over 30,000 architectural drawings in the collection, along with various Egyptian, Greek and Roman antiquities, including the Sarcophagus of Seti I . Owing to the narrow passages in the house, all decked with Soane's extensive collections, only 90 visitors are allowed in the museum at any given time, and a formation of queue outside for entry is not unusual. Labels are few and lighting

3024-403: The narrative of all people who lived there is dangerous. While some plantation museum narratives have changed following an outcry from the public and the academy, "plantation museums reflect, create, and contribute to racialized ways of understanding and organizing the world" by limiting or eliminating the narrative of the enslaved inhabitants. A degree of authenticity is also to be considered in

3087-537: The narrative of non-family members is dismissed, ignored, or completely rejected. Within the Southern United States, plantation museums (the former homes of enslavers) constitute a significant portion of the museum community and contribute to the racialized collective memory of the United States. Because museums are responsible for "the building of identity, cultural memory and community", neglecting to include

3150-652: The other Hogarth paintings Soane purchased were the four canvases of the Humours of an Election bought at auction at Christie's from David Garrick 's widow for £1,732, 10s in June 1823. Soane acquired three works by his friend J. M. W. Turner : the oil paintings Admiral Van Tromp's Barge entering the Texel and St Hugues Denouncing Vegeance on the Shepherd of Cormayer Val D'Aoust and the watercolour Kirkstall Abbey . Thomas Lawrence painted

3213-424: The people who lived there guides this approach, and dictates the manner in which it is completed. Another alternative approach, deployed by nonprofit organization House Museum , includes contemporary art integration, where artists are invited to respond to the physical and conceptual history of a site, thus injecting contemporary perspectives and value into historic places. In each kind of museum, visitors learn about

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3276-697: The plaster model of John Flaxman 's memorial sculpture of William Pitt the Younger . The model of Thomas Banks's monument to Penelope Boothby . Of ancient sculptures a miniature copy of the famous sculpture of Diana of Ephesus is one of the most important in the collection. After the death of his teacher Henry Holland , Soane bought part of his collection of ancient marble fragments of architectural decoration, these were purchased by Charles Heathcote Tatham for Holland in Rome in 1794–96. Plastercasts of famous antique sculptures include: Aphrodite of Cnidus , Hercules Hesperides & Apollo Belvedere . Soane also acquired

3339-472: The previous inhabitants through an explanation and exploration of social history . The idea of a historic house museum derives from a branch of history called social history that is solely based on people and their way of living. It became very popular in the mid-twentieth century among scholars who were interested in the history of people, as opposed to political and economical issues. Social history remains an influential branch of history. Philip J. Ethington,

3402-412: The public good and the preservation of American history, especially centered on the first U.S. president, General George Washington. Since the establishment of the country's first historic site in 1850, Washington's Revolutionary headquarters in New York, Americans have found a penchant for preserving similar historical structures. The establishment of historic house museums increased in popularity through

3465-405: The restoration and creation of a historic house museum. The space must be authentic in terms of truly replicating and representing the way it once stood in its original form and appear to be untouched and left in time. There are three steps when declaring if a space is authentic: The earliest projects for preserving historic homes began in the 1850s under the direction of individuals concerned with

3528-745: The state they were at his death. The museum's trustees remained completely independent, relying only on Soane's original endowment, until 1947. Since then, the museum has received an annual Grant-in-Aid from the British Government via the Department for Culture, Media and Sport . From 1988 onwards, a programme of restoration was carried out, with spaces such as the drawing rooms, picture room, study and dressing room, picture room recess and others, restored to their original colour schemes and in most cases having their original sequences of objects reinstated. Soane's three courtyards were also restored with his pasticcio (a column of architectural fragments) being reinstated in

3591-403: The world. The Library-Dining Room reflects the influence of Etruscan tombs and perhaps even gothic design in its repertoire of small pendants like those in fan vaulting. It is decorated in a rich 'Pompeian' red. The Study contains a collection of Roman architectural fragments and the two external courtyards, the Monument Court and Monk's Yard contain an array of architectural fragments, Classical in

3654-451: Was John Thorpe 's book of architecture, purchased at an auction held at Christie's on 3 April 1810 and costing Soane 27 + 1 ⁄ 2 Guineas ; the book contains nearly 300 plans and elevations of Elizabethan architecture and Jacobean architecture , mainly large mansions. George Dance the Younger died in 1825, and in 1836 Soane purchased both George Dance the Elder 's 293 and George Dance

3717-430: Was bequeathed to his family and passed out of the museum's ownership. The museum was established during Soane's own lifetime by a private Act of Parliament ( 3 & 4 Will. 4 . c. 4 ) in 1833, which took effect on Soane's death in 1837. The act required that No. 13 be maintained "as nearly as possible" as it was left at the time of Soane's death, and that has largely been done. The act was necessary because Sir John had

3780-453: Was completed in 2013. It included the re-configuration of No. 12, moving the temporary exhibition gallery up to the first floor (with new showcases etc. designed by Caruso St John ), and new reception facilities and a shop on the ground floor. It also included new conservation studios, named the John and Cynthia Fry Gunn Conservation Centre, and the installation of lifts to provide disabled access for

3843-405: Was made in 1987. The second type are public acts for the benefit of organisations, or authorising major projects such as railways or canals, or granting extra powers to local authorities (known as local acts). Private bills were used in the nineteenth century to create corporations and grant monopolies . They are still used in relation to large infrastructure projects, such as HS2 , where law

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3906-468: Was named director of the Sir John Soane's Museum. Thomas was succeeded in the post in 2016 by Bruce Boucher, former director of the Fralin Museum of Art . It was announced on 4 August 2023 that Will Gompertz will take over as Director from January 2024. Historic house museum Historic house museums are sometimes known as a "memory museum", which is a term used to suggest that the museum contains

3969-645: Was possible to obtain a legislative divorce by application to the Senate of Canada , which reviewed and investigated petitions for divorce, which would then be voted upon by the Senate and subsequently made into law. Public bills are the most common type of law in the United States. The Constitution of the United States prohibits bills of attainder in both state and federal legislatures, meaning private laws cannot be used to punish any specific individual or organization. This does not prohibit private laws which are favorable to

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