46-419: Smith Inlet may refer to: Smith Inlet (Palmer Land) , Antarctica Smith Inlet (Victoria Land) , Antarctica Smith Inlet (British Columbia) , Canada [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
92-675: A contractor or grantee; copyrighted material assigned to the U.S. Government; or copyrighted information from other sources. Further, the copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States is governed by its own set of laws. The first Federal statute concerning copyright in government publications was the Printing Law enacted in 1895 . Section 52 of that Act provided that copies of "Government Publications" could not be copyrighted. Prior to 1895, no court decision had occasion to consider any claim of copyright on behalf of
138-536: A government-published set of Presidential proclamations. Section 7 of the Copyright Act of 1909 (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof ..." Section 7 also contained a "savings clause", which stated that "The publication or republication by
184-653: A small bare rock bluff, located just S of Croom Glacier on the NW side of Smith Inlet. Mapped by USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN for Richard Moe, USARP biologist at Palmer Station in 1974. Shabica Glacier 70°21'S, 62°45'W A northern tributary glacier to the Clifford Glacier, joining it near its terminus just E of Mount Tenniel. Mapped by USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN for Stephen V. Shabica, USARP biologist and Station Scientific Leader at Palmer Station in 1970. Mount Tennie, 70°20'S, 62°48'W A mountain, 1,625 m, standing 7 mi WNW of
230-499: A state or local government may be subject to copyright. Some states have placed much of their work into the public domain by waiving some or all of their rights under copyright law. For example, the constitution and laws of Florida have placed its government's works in the public domain. Unorganized territories (such as American Samoa and the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ) are treated, for copyright purposes, as
276-601: Is an ice-filled inlet receding 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) in a westerly direction between Cape Boggs and Cape Collier, along the east coast of Palmer Land , Antarctica. Download coordinates as: The Smith Inlet is in the Wilkins Coast of Palmer Land , beside the Weddell Sea to the east. The Hughes Ice Piedmont is to the north and the Eielson Peninsula is to the south. The Eland Mountains are to
322-408: Is not required to assert claim to copyright. Whenever the contractor asserts claim to copyright in works other than computer software, the government, and others acting on its behalf, are granted a license to reproduce, prepare derivative works , distribute, perform and display the copyrighted work. For computer software produced under FAR contract, the scope of the government's license does not include
368-466: Is printed", with the proviso "that no publication reprinted from such stereotype or electrotype plates and no other Government publication shall be copyrighted". The provision in the Printing Act concerning copyright of government works was probably the result of the "Richardson Affair" , which involved an effort in the late 1890s by Representative James D. Richardson (1843–1914) to privately copyright
414-432: Is published or republished commercially, it has frequently been the practice to add some "new matter" in the form of an introduction, editing, illustrations, etc., and to include a general copyright notice in the name of the commercial publisher. This in no way suggests to the public that the bulk of the work is uncopyrightable and therefore free for use. "To make the notice meaningful rather than misleading", section 403 of
460-619: The Department of Commerce under the Standard Reference Data Act. National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), FY2020, granted civilian members of the faculty at twelve federal government institutions the authority to retain and own copyright of works produced in the course of employment for publication by a scholarly press or journal. The lack of copyright protection for works of the United States government does not apply to works of U.S. subnational governments. Thus, works created by
506-669: The United States Geological Survey . Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States A work of the United States government is defined by the United States copyright law , as "a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties". Under section 105 of the Copyright Act of 1976 , such works are not entitled to domestic copyright protection under U.S. law and are therefore in
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#1733093515500552-535: The United States Postal Service are typically subject to normal copyright. Most USPS materials, artwork, and design and all postage stamps as of January 1, 1978, or after are subject to copyright laws. Works of the former United States Post Office Department are in the public domain (due to its former position as a cabinet department). 15 U.S.C. § 290e authorizes U.S. Secretary of Commerce to secure copyright for works produced by
598-571: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute . Croom Glacier 70°18'S, 62°25'W A steep, broad glacier flowing to the head of Smith Inlet between Moe Point and Hughes Ice Piedmont, on the E coast of Palmer Land. Mapped by USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN for John M. Croom, USARP biologist at Palmer Station in 1968-69. He was U.S. Exchange Scientist at the Soviet's Bellingshausen Station in 1970. Moe Point 70°19'S, 62°23'W A point consisting of
644-567: The military may differ significantly from civilian agency contracts. Civilian agencies and NASA are guided by the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). There are a number of FAR provisions that can affect the ownership of the copyright. FAR Subpart 27.4—Rights in Data and Copyright provides copyright guidance for the civilian agencies and NASA. Additionally, some agencies may have their own FAR Supplements that they follow. Under
690-401: The public domain . This act only applies to U.S. domestic copyright as that is the extent of U.S. federal law. The U.S. government asserts that it can still hold the copyright to those works in other countries. Publication of an otherwise protected work by the U.S. government does not put that work in the public domain. For example, government publications may include works copyrighted by
736-557: The 1969-70 and 1970-71 seasons. Mikus Hill 70°27'S, 63°50'W A hill with a number of bare rock exposures, surmounting the SW wall of Richardson Glacier in Palmer Land. Mapped by USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN for Edward J. Mikus, PH3, USN, photographer of the cartographic aerial mapping crew in LC-130 aircraft of Squadron VXE-6, 1968-69. Richardson Glacier 70°28'S, 63°42'W The broad NW tributary to
782-454: The 1976 Act required that, when the copies consist " 'preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government', the copyright notice (if any) identify those parts of the work in which copyright is claimed. A failure to meet this requirement would be treated as an omission of the notice", resulting, absent the application of some exception, in the loss of copyright protection. The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended
828-777: The Clifford Glacier, entering it just SE of Mikus Hill. Mapped by the USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN after Harriet Richardson, French zoologist, author of a number of reports on the Crustacea (Isopoda) collected by the French Antarctic Expeditions of 1903-05 and 1908-10. Benson Hills 70°28'S, 62°17'W A cluster of coastal hills near the head of Smith Inlet, 3 mi E of Berry Massif. Mapped by USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN for Lt. Arthur K. Benson, USN, Medical Officer at Palmer Station in 1969. Berry Massif 70°27'S, 62°30'W A compact, roughly circular and mostly snow-covered massif located at
874-508: The Clifford Glacier, joining it just east of Mount Samsel. Mapped by USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN for J.T. Kubitza, BUG, USN, Chief Builder in the construction detachment at Palmer Station in 1969-70. Samsel, Mount 70°24'S, 63815'W A mountain along the N side of Clifford Glacier, just W of the juncture of the Kubitza Glacier, in Palmer Land. Mapped by USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN for Gene L. Samsel, USARP biologist at Palmer Station in
920-474: The Copyright Act that now govern U.S. Government work were enacted in 1976 as part of the Copyright Act of 1976 . The House Report to the enacted legislation stated that "the basic premise of section 105 of the bill is the same" as section 8 of the former title 17. Section 403 of the 1976 Act introduced a new provision concerning documents consisting preponderantly of one or more government works. In essence, such works would be denied copyright protection unless
966-477: The FAR general data rights clause (FAR 52.227-14), the government has unlimited rights in all data first produced in performance of or delivered under a contract, unless the contractor asserts a claim to copyright or the contract provides otherwise. Unless provided otherwise by an Agency FAR Supplement, a contractor may assert claim to copyright in scientific and technical articles based on or containing data first produced in
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#17330935155001012-583: The Federal Government had no right to claim copyright in a work prepared by him for the Government. Other decisions had held that individuals could not have copyright in books consisting of the text of Federal or State court decisions, statutes, rules of judicial procedures, etc., i.e., governmental edicts and rulings. Copyright was denied on the grounds of public policy: such material as the laws and governmental rules and decisions must be freely available to
1058-445: The Government itself. Courts had, however, considered whether copyright could be asserted as to the text of laws, court decisions, governmental rules, etc., and concluded that such material were not subject to copyright as a matter of public policy. But other material prepared for State Governments by their employees, notably the headnotes, syllabi, annotations, etc. prepared by court reporters, had been held copyrightable on behalf of
1104-457: The Government, either separately or in a public document, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgment or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the copyright proprietor." The committee report on the bill that became the Act of 1909 explains that the savings clause was inserted "for
1150-496: The S side of the terminus of Clifford Glacier, where the latter enters Smith Inlet. Mapped by USGS in 1974. Named by US-ACAN for Dale L. Berry, USARP biologist who was Station Scientific Leader at Palmer Station in 1971. Clifford Glacier 70°23'S, 62°30'W Broad glacier, about 40 mi long, flowing in an ENE direction to the gap between Mount Tenniel and the Eland Mountains, and then E to Smith Inlet. The upper part of this glacier
1196-493: The State. Such copyrights for the benefit of the State were sustained by the courts. Two cases before 1895 may also be noted with regard to the question of the rights of individual authors (or their successors) in material prepared for, or acquired by, the United States Government. In Heine v. Appleton , an artist was held to have no right to secure copyright in drawings prepared by him as a member of Commodore Perry's expedition, since
1242-525: The States. The Copyright Act of 1909 was the first copyright statute to address government publications. Section 7 of the Act (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof". Prior to the Printing Act of 1895, no statute governed copyright of U.S. government works. Court decisions had established that an employee of
1288-520: The U.S. government. Their works therefore fall under § 105 and lack copyright protection. Certain works, particularly logos and emblems of government agencies, while not copyrightable, are still protected by other laws that are similar in effect to trademark laws. Such laws are intended to protect indicators of source or quality. For example, some uses of the Central Intelligence Agency logo, name, and initialism are regulated under
1334-399: The copies or phonorecords embodying any work or works protected under this title". Unlike works of the U.S. government, works produced by contractors under government contracts are protected under U.S. copyright law . The holdership of the copyright depends on the terms of the contract and the type of work undertaken. Contract terms and conditions vary between agencies; contracts to NASA and
1380-467: The court decisions. These cases may be said to have established the principle that material prepared by a government employee outside of the scope of the public policy rule was copyrightable; and that the employee who prepared such material on his own could secure copyright therein. There appears to be no court decision before 1895 dealing directly with the question of whether the United States Government might obtain or hold copyright in material not within
1426-425: The drawings belonged to the Government. In Folsom v. Marsh , where a collection of letters and other private writings of George Washington had been published and copyrighted by his successors, the purchase of the manuscripts by the United States Government was held not to affect the copyright. The contention of the defendant that the Government's ownership of the manuscripts made them available for publication by anyone
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1472-444: The federal government purchased former U.S. President James Madison 's manuscripts from his widow, Dolley Madison , for $ 30,000. If this is construed as covering copyright as well as the physical papers, it would be an example of such a transfer. Works by certain independent agencies, corporations and federal subsidiaries may not be considered "government works" and may, therefore, be copyrightable. For instance, material produced by
1518-405: The law to make the use of a copyright notice optional on copies of works published on and after March 1, 1989 and also revised Section 403. After the adoption of this act, a copyright notice was no longer necessary to secure copyright protection. Including the notice, however, does continue to confer certain benefits, notably in the challenging a defendant's claim of innocent infringement, where
1564-531: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smith_Inlet&oldid=933133411 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Smith Inlet (Palmer Land) Smith Inlet ( 70°25′S 62°0′W / 70.417°S 62.000°W / -70.417; -62.000 ( Smith Inlet ) )
1610-632: The mouth of Clifford Glacier. Discovered in 1936 by a BGLE sledge party under Rymill. During 1947 it was photographed from the air by the RARE under Ronne, who in conjunction with the FIDS charted it from the ground. Named in 1952 by Sir Miles Clifford, Governor of the Falkland Islands, for his great-uncle Sir John Tenniel, 1820-1914, noted English illustrating artist, humorist, and political cartoonist. Kubitza Glacier 70°24'S, 63°11'W A northern tributary glacier to
1656-480: The performance of a contract and published in academic, technical or professional journals, symposia proceedings, or the like. The express written permission of the Contracting Officer is required before the contractor may assert or enforce the copyright in all other works first produced in the performance of a contract. However, if a contract includes Alternate IV of the clause, the Contracting Officer's approval
1702-408: The public and made known as widely as possible; hence there must be no restriction on the reproduction and dissemination of such documents. While copyright was denied in the text of court decisions, material added by a court reporter on his own – such as leadnotes, syllabi, annotations, indexes, etc. – was deemed copyrightable by him, although he was employed by the government to take down and compile
1748-592: The public policy rule. But the question did arise with respect to State Governments. In the nineteenth century much of the public printing for the States was done under contract by private publishers. The publisher would not bear the expense of printing and publishing, however, unless he could be given exclusive rights. To enable the State to give exclusive rights to a publisher, a number of States enacted statutes providing that court reporters or other State officials who prepared copyrightable material in their official capacity should secure copyright in trust for or on behalf of
1794-442: The question of proper notice may be a factor in assessing damages in infringement actions. Under the revised Section 403, these benefits are denied to a work consisting predominantly U.S. Government works "unless the notice of copyright appearing on the published copies or phonorecords to which a defendant in the copyright infringement suit had access includes a statement identifying, either affirmatively or negatively, those portions of
1840-426: The reason that the Government often desires to make use in its publications of copyrighted material, with the consent of the owner of the copyright, and it has been regarded heretofore as necessary to pass a special act every time this was done, providing that such use by the Government should not be taken to give to anyone the right to use the copyrighted material found in the Government publication". The Sections of
1886-461: The required copyright notice included a statement specifically identifying those parts of the work that were not U.S. Government work, and therefore subject to copyright protection. According to the House Report, this provision was aimed at a publishing practice that, while technically justified under the present law, has been the object of considerable criticism. In cases where a Government work
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1932-401: The right to distribute to the public, but for " commercial off the shelf software", the government typically obtains no better license than would any other customer. The federal government can hold copyrights that are transferred to it. Copyright law's definition of work of the United States government does not include work that the government owns but did not create. For example, in 1837,
1978-622: The southwest and the Columbia Mountains are to the northwest. The Clifford Glacier, which is fed from the north by the Richardson Glacier, drains into the Smith Inlet from the west. Features to the north include Croom Glacier, Moe Point, Shabica Glacier, Mount Tenniel, Kubitza Glacier, Mount Samsel and Mikus Hill. Features to the south include Cape Boggs , Elder Bluff , Benson Hills, Berry Massif and Peters Bastion . Smith Inlet inlet
2024-549: Was charted in 1936 by the BGLE under Rymill; the seaward side by the USAS survey party which explored along this coast in 1940. During 1947 it was photographed from the air by the RARE under Ronne, who in conjunction with the FIDS charted it from the ground. Named in 1952 by the FIDS for Sir G. Miles Clifford, then Gov. of the Falkland Islands. [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of
2070-535: Was denied. The Printing Law of 1895, which was designed to centralize in the Government Printing Office, the printing, binding, and distribution of Government documents, contained the first statutory prohibition of copyright in Government publications. Section 52 of that Law provides for the sale by the Public Printer of "duplicate stereotype or electrotype plates from which any Government publication
2116-746: Was discovered and charted in 1940 by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), but it was later erroneously shown on charts as Stefansson Inlet . During 1947 the inlet was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) under Finn Ronne , who in conjunction with the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) charted it from the ground. It was named by Ronne for Rear Admiral Edward H. Smith , USCG , noted Arctic oceanographer and explorer, leader of and later Director of
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