Slotsholmsgade ( lit. "Slotsholm Street") is a street which runs along the rear side of Børsen on Slotsholmen in central Copenhagen , Denmark . Located next to the Danish parliament building Christiansborg , most of the buildings in the street house government offices. Several of them date from the 17th and 18th century and are listed.
111-413: The street was originally the site of a dock, Børsgraven, which was created in connection with the construction of Børsen in the beginning of the 17th century. It made it possible for ships to unload goods close to the new market building. The street that ran along the north side of the dock was called Bag Børsen ("Behind Børsen"). A row of Renaissance-style merchant houses, known as Nye Børs (New Børs) or
222-467: A pandemic . Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. The Interwar period was the period between the end of World War I in 1918 and
333-521: A broad street along a broad canal with a good quay, so resources could be brought in at low cost by barge and by road. The refinery also had to stand somewhat free from other buildings. It required wind to dry the produce and to keep it from sweating, especially in Summer. The chimneys also had to significantly stick out above the surrounding buildings. From about 1800 the Industrial Revolution changed
444-597: A clarifier at one end and is heated to 88 °C while flowing through it. This forms a flocculent precipitate of calcium phosphate , entrapping some impurities and absorbing others. This floats to the top of the tank, where it is skimmed off by paddles. Decolorization follows after both carbonatation and phosphatation, which are both ended by filtering out finely dispersed particulate matter. The filtered clarified liquor can be decolorized by several means. Bone char consists of sintered long bones of cattle. It achieves decolorization, but also removes colloidal material and
555-437: A considerable amount of ash. Activated charcoal (GAC) by itself removes only color. Both are generally used in cylindrical 20–25 feet high columns of about 10 feet diameter through which the liquor is slowly filtered. Some modern plants use somewhat smaller cylinders with ion-exchange resins . These operate much faster. The decolorized liquor is then fed to an evaporator. This is a closed vessel heated by steam and placed under
666-403: A copper tube (or trough) that ended above a filter that was placed over the cistern. This filter was a piece of cloth in a basket and caught things like egg scales, nails, pieces of wood etc. At the time, the cleared juice cistern, was simply called cistern. It also served to hold the cleared juice while the first two pans were cleaned. The third step was equal to evaporation. Small portions of
777-478: A day, costing up four guilders for 100 in the winter. Adding fresh blood of oxen could help to further clarify sugar, but it was often used when not fresh, and as an alternative to expensive eggs. This led to rotten sugar, and in Holland it led to an official, but ineffective ban of its use. The second step was to filter and store the cleared liquor. For that it was brought to the cleared juice cistern by feeding it into
888-694: A mutual defense agreement, the Tripartite Pact , and were known as the Axis Powers . Nine months later, on 22 June 1941, Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, which prompted it to join the Allies. Germany was now engaged in fighting a war on two fronts. On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor , bringing it too into the war on the side of the Allies. China also joined
999-484: A new way of perceiving the world. The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments. Historians analyze the events taking place in Modern Times, since the so-called " Middle Ages " (between Modern and Ancient Times ). The " Baroque " is a term usually applied to the history of art, architecture and music during this period. Historians sometimes define
1110-436: A night in order to dissolve. In the morning, a fire was lit under the pan or boiler. The albumen of the blood then coagulated and entangled the mechanical impurities of the sugar, forming a scum that was constantly removed. The simmering was then continued till a sample of the mixture appeared transparent. It was then rapidly boiled down till such consistency that it could form threads between one's finger and thumb. At which point
1221-608: A nineteenth century historical era stretching from 1815 (the Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (the outbreak of the First World War ); alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the " long nineteenth century " as spanning the years 1789 to 1914. During this century, the Spanish , Portuguese , and Ottoman Empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal Empires ceased. The Napoleonic era
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#17330856973111332-540: A number of impurities, including multivalent anions such as sulfate , phosphate , citrate and oxalate , which precipitate as their calcium salts and large organic molecules such as proteins , saponins and pectins , which aggregate in the presence of multivalent cations . In addition, the alkaline conditions convert the simple sugars, glucose and fructose , along with the amino acid glutamine , to chemically stable carboxylic acids . Left untreated, these sugars and amines would eventually frustrate crystallization of
1443-546: A quarter became bastard sugar, and another quarter became molasses. The Steam Congress Company Archibald & Delafield used steam power and vacuum pans. The refinery of Teaman, Tobias & Co. on Liberty street was a wealthy company established in the building known as The Old Sugar House. The refinery of Meday & Ritter was also respectable. A refinery on the French method used steam for heating, but not for evaporation. In Baltimore, there were 9 sugar refineries in 1833. In
1554-480: A refinery in Salem these processed about 2,000,000 pounds of raw sugar. Towards the west, the sugar refineries of New Orleans were rather atypical, because they had many sugar cane plantations in the surroundings. The New Orleans Sugar Refinery was a massive establishment, employing about 100 workers. It used vacuum pans and steam power. New Orleans also had a small refinery using the old methods. In Cincinnati there
1665-461: A separate factory. In 1833 an overview of the United States Sugar refineries was made. At the time, only three refineries had switched to evaporation in vacuum. The rest still relied on traditional methods. In Philadelphia there were 12 sugar refineries in 1833. These could process 14,000,000 pounds of raw sugar The refinery of Canby & Lovering used steam power and vacuum pans, but
1776-739: A ship onto a barge before reaching their destination. Sugar refineries are often located in heavy sugar-consuming regions such as North America, Europe, and Japan. Since the 1990s, many state-of-the art sugar refineries have been built in the Middle East and North Africa region, e.g. in Dubai , Saudi Arabia and Algeria . The world's largest sugar refinery company is American Sugar Refining with facilities in North America and Europe. The sugar refineries that were built from about 1500 AD to 1800 did not require purpose built buildings. Ideally, they were located on
1887-677: A successful slave revolt in Haiti , Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain in 1833, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. Slavery was then abolished in Russia in 1861, by the Emancipation Proclamation in the United States in 1863, and in Brazil in 1888. (see Abolitionism ). Following
1998-498: A threat, it was causing anti-Western and anti-American feelings in parts of the world, especially in the Middle East . English was quickly becoming the global language, with people who did not speak it becoming increasingly disadvantaged. Terrorism , dictatorship , and the spread of nuclear weapons were also issues requiring immediate attention. Dictators such as Kim Jong-il in North Korea continued to lead their nations toward
2109-542: A vacuum. The basic principle is that the juice enters the evaporator at a temperature higher than its boiling temperature under the reduced pressure, or is heated to this temperature. This results in a flash evaporation , which allows for concentration by multiple-effect evaporation . In the 1970s the American sugar refiners generally used double or triple effect evaporation. The result is "thick juice", roughly 60% sucrose by weight and similar in appearance to maple syrup . It
2220-429: Is a refinery which processes raw sugar from cane or sugar extracted from beets into white refined sugar . Cane sugar mills traditionally produce raw sugar, which is sugar that still contains molasses , giving it more colour (and impurities) than the white sugar which is normally consumed in households and used as an ingredient in soft drinks and foods. Raw cane sugar does not need refining to be palatable. It
2331-886: Is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as the fourth stage of the French Revolution , the first being the National Assembly , the second being the Legislative Assembly , and the third being the Directory . The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon's coup d'état , overthrowing the Directory and ends at the Hundred Days and his defeat at Waterloo (9 November 1799 – 28 June 1815). The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. The Industrial Revolution
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#17330856973112442-637: Is also sterilized with UV light. Thick juice can be stored in tanks for later processing, spreading the load on later steps of the crystallization plant. Thick juice is mixed with low grade crystal sugar recycled from other parts of the process in a melter and filtered giving "standard liquor". The crystallization phase starts by feeding the standard liquor to the vacuum pans, typically at 76 Brix. These pans are essentially single-effect evaporators, with their own vacuum source and condenser. The sugar solution has to be supersaturated in order to grow sugar crystals. There are three phases of supersaturation, which
2553-688: Is an approximate starting period for the modern era because many major events caused the Western world to change around that time: from the fall of Constantinople (1453), Gutenberg 's moveable type printing press (1450s), completion of the Reconquista (1492) and Christopher Columbus 's voyage to the Americas (also 1492), to the Reformation begun with Martin Luther 's Ninety-five Theses (1517). The term "modern"
2664-425: Is determined by the sucrose concentration and temperature. In the metastable phase existing crystals grow, but no new ones are formed. By using seed crystals and keeping the vacuum pan in the metastable phase, a uniform size of crystals is produced. The seed crystals are introduced, typically as a slurry of known particle size and amount, into the pan. Once the initial crystals are established, further standard liquor
2775-522: Is no separate raw sugar stage to the process; the sugar extract from the beet is, after cleaning, crystallised directly into white sugar. The origins of the art of refining sugar seem to stem from Khorasan in Persia. Next, the Venetians produced a primitive form of refined sugar, resembling sugar candy . Approaching the end of the 16th century, the art of refining sugar had spread to Germany, Fifty years later,
2886-463: Is refined for reasons such as health, color, and the requirement for a pure sugar taste. Raw sugar is stable for transport and can be from mills to locations for processing into white sugar. Cane sugar mills / factories often produce a partially refined product called 'Plantation White' for their local market, but this is inferior to white sugar made by refineries. Beet sugar factories can also produce raw sugar, but this has an unpleasant taste. There
2997-460: Is supplied to the pan as the crystals grow until they reach the desired size. The resulting sugar crystal and syrup mix is called a massecuite , from "cooked mass" in French . The syrup is called mother liquor , because the crystals grow from this liquor. The massecuite content of one pan is called a strike. The massecuite is then passed to the centrifuges , where the crystals are separated from
3108-713: Is the Chancery Building at nNo. 4, also known as the Red Mansion (Det Røde Palæ), which was built 1715–1720 to design by Johan Conrad Ernst . No. 6 is from 1783 and was designed by C. F. Harsdorff. The Storm House at No. 8, also known as the Anna Sophie Reventlow House, is from 1696 but has expanded to the west. The building later belonged to Frederick IV who used it first for his mistress Countess Schindel and later for his Morganatic wife Anne Sophie Reventlow . The Lerche House at No. 10, also known as
3219-661: The British in East Africa , and the Portuguese and Spanish at various points throughout the continent, while Leopold II of Belgium was able to retain his personal fiefdom, Congo . Electricity, steel, and petroleum fuelled a Second Industrial Revolution which enabled Germany , Japan , and the United States to become great powers that raced to create empires of their own . However, Russia and China failed to keep pace with
3330-706: The Cold War . It also saw the former British Empire lose most of its remaining political power over Commonwealth countries, most notably by the dividing of the British crown into several sovereignties by the Statute of Westminster , the patriation of constitutions by the Canada Act 1982 , and the Australia Act 1986 , as well as the independence of countries like India , Pakistan , South Africa , and Ireland . The First World War
3441-490: The European powers and later their colonies, strengthened its political, economic, and cultural colonization of the rest of the world. It also created a new modern lifestyle and has permanently changed the way people around the world live. In the 19th and early 20th century , modernist art , politics , science , and culture have come to dominate not only Western Europe and North America , but almost every area on
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3552-535: The Middle Ages , often from around the year 1500. From the 1990s, it is more common among historians to refer to the period after the Middle Ages and up to the 19th century as the early modern period . The modern period is today more often used for events from the 19th century until today. The time from the end of World War II (1945) can also be described as being part of contemporary history . The common definition of
3663-597: The Modern or New World . In each case, the identification of the change over time can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern. Starting in western countries, the modern world has seen a systematic re-evaluation of value systems , monarchical regimes, and feudal economic systems. These have often been replaced by democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics , science , psychology , sociology , and economics . Some events of modern history, though born out of context not entirely new, show
3774-491: The Nederlandsche Suikerraffinaderij . The refining process was also extensively described in 1793. In 1833 another description referred to it as 'The old, or German Method, by Blood, Eggs, Clay etc. At the time refineries produced different kinds of sugar. Loaf sugar was the highest quality. Next came lump sugar, followed by bastard sugar. Bastard sugar was made from the drainings of loaf and lump sugar. It
3885-482: The Allies, as did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time and attacked Japanese armies through guerrilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the alignment of the major combatants was as follows: the British Commonwealth, the Soviet Union, and the United States were fighting Germany and Italy; China, the British Commonwealth, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom,
3996-462: The Cold War ended and the post–Cold War era began (which includes most of the 1990s , the last decade of the 20th century). The Korean War , Vietnam War , and Soviet–Afghan War , impacted political life, while the counterculture of the 1960s and the rise of computers changed society in different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility. At the end of the twentieth century,
4107-507: The Dutch started their refineries, which soon dominated the European market. The risks involved in large refineries stimulated developments in the insurance industry. In the early modern era (AD 1500 to 1800) the sugar refinery process consisted of some standard steps. First the raw sugar was put in a copper boiler and mixed with bullock's blood and lime-water. The mixture was then left to stand for
4218-727: The European and Middle Eastern maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are sometimes referred to as the Triple Entente , and the Central Powers are sometimes referred to as the Triple Alliance . Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front , within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a " no man's land ") running from the North Sea to
4329-468: The Industrial Revolution is not exact. Eric Hobsbawm held that it "broke out" in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 (in effect the reigns of George III , The Regency , and George IV ). The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting
4440-768: The Love Lane refinery in the same city. In 1878 it opened the Thames Refinery at Silvertown in East London. Abram Lyle (1820–) became an important ship owner. In 1865 he bought part of the Glebe Sugar Refinery, but left it again in 1872. In 1883 he opened the Plaistow Refinery in London, only 1.5 miles from the Thames Refinery. In 1921 the two companies merged to become Tate & Lyle , a company that refined about 50% of
4551-752: The North Sea coast in Leith. However, the real center of the Scottish refining industry would be established in Glasgow's outport Greenock . Here, the first sugar refinery was established in 1765. Up till 1826 five others followed. By 1869 there were 14 sugar refineries in Greenock, with the two largest processing 14,000 tons of sugar per week. Four more sugar refineries were also located on the River Clyde , and two were in Leith. Glasgow
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4662-558: The Pacific Ocean, and in the air over Japan. Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany-occupied puppet state and an Allies-friendly state in the south; Germany surrendered in May 1945. Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan surrendered , marking the end of the war on 2 September 1945. It is possible that around 62 million people died in
4773-716: The Six Sisters, were built at the end of the Børs building. The residential front houses faced Børsgade while a row of associated warehouses faced the Børs Dock. The buildings were demolished in 1900 to make way for a new headquarters for Privatbanken. The Danish Africa company had established the Phønix sugar refinery at the mouth of the dock in 1657. It was taken over by De Danske Sukkerfabrikker in 1872 and remained in operations until 1888. The Italian alchemist Giuseppe Borri had his laboratory in
4884-737: The UK's sugar. After World War I, the British Sugar refining industry went downhill. The war made the government see the dangers of completely relying on cane sugar imports, and so the cultivation of sugar beet , processed in beet sugar factories was promoted. In 1973 the accession of the UK to the European Union meant that the British refining industry had to deal with European legislation, which favored production in Europe. In 2010 Tate & Lyle sold its sugar refining business to American Sugar Refining , which
4995-668: The United Kingdom, France, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, as well as British Commonwealth countries which were controlled directly by the UK, such as the Indian Empire . All of these countries declared war on Germany in September 1939. Following the lull in fighting, known as the " Phoney War ", Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940. Six weeks later, France, in the meantime attacked by Italy as well, surrendered to Germany, which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain. On 27 September, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed
5106-637: The United States, the Soviet Union, and China were referred to as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during World War II and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in the Declaration by United Nations . These four countries were considered the " Four Policemen " or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies and were the primary victors of World War II. Battles raged across all of Europe, in the north Atlantic Ocean , across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across
5217-753: The Württemberg Mansion, is from 1741–42 and was built by J. A. Soherr. It now houses the Ministry of Justice and part of the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs . The modern Tjæreborg complex (No. 12) replaced the sugar refinery in the 1960s. It was designed by Svenn Eske Kristensen and Thomas Havning and currently houses the Ministry of Environment and Food and part of the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs. 55°40′32″N 12°34′57″E / 55.6756°N 12.5825°E / 55.6756; 12.5825 Sugar refinery A sugar refinery
5328-452: The abolition of the slave trade , and propelled by economic exploitation, the Scramble for Africa was initiated formally at the Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884–1885. All the major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The French gained major ground in West Africa ,
5439-401: The actual refining took place was behind the drying house. Here were the copper boilers called pans ( ziedpannen ) where the sugar was boiled. Most of the Dutch refineries had four pans, many had three, and only a few had two. If there were four, these pans occupied a length of at least 25 feet. Each pan rested on a brick vault under which was its own stove. The location of these pans was in
5550-411: The affination process. The purpose of the affination step is to remove the molasses film / coating that still surrounds the raw sugar crystals while minimizing any dissolving of the crystals. The raw sugar is dropped into a mingler, typically a trough of about 35 feet length by 3 feet width and 4 feet depth. Here it is mixed with affination syrup to form a mixture called 'magma' of about 92 Brix. It exits
5661-426: The beginning of World War II in 1939. It included the Roaring Twenties , the Great Depression , and the rise of communism in Russia and fascism in Italy and Germany. World War II was a global military conflict that took place in 1939–1945. It was the largest and deadliest war in history, culminating in The Holocaust and ending with the dropping of the atom bomb . Although Japan had invaded China in 1937,
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#17330856973115772-491: The border of Switzerland . On the Eastern Front , the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and — for the first time — from the air. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under
5883-500: The building that contained the pans also contained the two lime cisterns. These had to be founded at least 30 feet deep and stood 4 feet above ground level. They were 9 by 6 feet and stood opposite the pans. Behind the lime boxes were the scum boxes of 8–9 feet high. Opposite the first pans (counted from the street) was the cleared juice cistern klaarselketel . It was about 4 feet above ground and could contain about 8-9000 pounds of cleared sugar. The post 1800 industrial sugar refinery
5994-410: The clarified juice were fed to the first pan, which was brought to boil by a brisk fire. In about 12–30 minutes, evaporation would lead the liquor to attain its requisite degree of viscosity. In Holland fast evaporation was obvious only for sugar candy. The test whether the liquor could form threads between one's finger and thumb determined when the sugar was 'done'. The first option to continue refining
6105-407: The connected loss of strength of traditional religious and ethical norms, have led to many reactions against modern development . Optimism and the belief in constant progress have been most recently criticized by postmodernism , while the dominance of Western Europe and North America over the rest of the world has been criticized by postcolonial theory . Eras can not easily be defined. 1500
6216-458: The conventional view is that World War II began on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Within two days, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany, even though the fighting was confined to Poland. Pursuant to a then-secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union joined Germany on 17 September 1939, to conquer Poland and divide Eastern Europe. The Allies were initially made up of Poland,
6327-410: The cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. Notably, more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities. The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war, severe overcrowding in barracks, wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings, and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become
6438-432: The fire was damped. The second step was granulation. For this, the syrup was transferred to a vessel called a cooler, where it was agitated with wooden oars till it granulated. The third step was to put the granulated sugar in molds. The first sugar refineries were located in coastal cities throughout western Europe. They did not necessarily have to be in a port city, because at the time goods were generally transloaded from
6549-406: The globe, including movements thought of as opposed to the western world and globalization . The modern era is closely associated with the development of individualism , capitalism , urbanization , and a belief in the positive possibilities of technological and political progress . The brutal wars and other conflicts of this era , many of which come from the effects of rapid change, and
6660-411: The heavy particles settle out in tanks (clarifiers). A final addition of more carbon dioxide precipitates more calcium from solution; this is filtered off, leaving a cleaner, golden light-brown sugar solution called "thin juice". If phosphatation is applied, the melted liquor is heated to 60-70 °C and a bit of phosphoric acid is added. The mixture is immediately limed to pH 7.0-8.0. It then enters
6771-430: The majority of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous and is often compared to the Neolithic Revolution , when mankind developed agriculture and gave up its nomadic lifestyle. The First Industrial Revolution gave way to the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in
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#17330856973116882-419: The mid-20th century and only gained substantial traction in the 1960s and 1970s. Nipperdey (2022) pointed to its widespread usage by American historians around 1900 already, adding: 'In the interwar years the term permeated all areas of professional activity from textbooks and graduate school seminars to conferences, research articles, and job descriptions.' The difference between "early modern" and just "modern"
6993-431: The middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization . Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration , nuclear technology , advancement in genetics , and the dawning of the Information Age . Major political developments included the Israeli–Palestinian conflict , two world wars, and
7104-403: The mingler into a mixer through a grating that catches foreign matter and hard lumps. The mixer is typically a 37.5 feet long, 3 ft 4 inches wide and 8 ft 6 inches high. Here the magma is mixed and heated at a temperature between 43 and 60 °C. At the bottom of the mixer are chutes to the centrifuges. In the centrifuges , the syrup is separated from the magma by pushing it through
7215-405: The modern period today is often associated with events like the French Revolution , the Industrial Revolution , and the transition to nationalism towards the liberal international order . The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of science , politics , warfare , and technology . It has also been an Age of Discovery and globalization . During this time,
7326-405: The nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. Following the Napoleonic Wars , the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one-quarter of the world's population and one-third of the land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica , encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following
7437-409: The other hand, would describe rather a movement in art than a period of history, and is usually applied to arts, but not to any events of the very recent history. This changed, when postmodernity was coined to describe the major changes in the 1950s and 1960s in economy, society, culture, and philosophy. These terms stem from European History; in worldwide usage, such as in China, India, and Islam,
7548-477: The other world powers, which led to massive social unrest in both empires. While earlier centuries also saw significant developments, the 20th century was distinguished by the unprecedented pace and global scale of economic, technological, and cultural changes. Still, advancing technology and medicine have had a great impact even in the Global South . Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in
7659-463: The outside of the form was scraped off and collected. The loaves were carefully ticked out of the molds. The British refining industry started in about 1544, when two sugar refineries were established in London. These were also known as 'sugar houses'. At first, their success was limited because of the strong competition from Antwerp. After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, the sugar refining industry in London expanded. The first sugar refinery in Bristol
7770-423: The pan which occupied between 33 and 40% of its circumference, and was about two feet high. After the lower part of the pan had been filled, the brace was fixed in place to allow further filling. The mixture would then be left to stand during the night to dissolve the sugar. On the morrow, the fire below the pan was lit, and the mixture was slowly heated. It was regularly stirred to prevent the sugar from attaching to
7881-401: The pan. Stirring was decreased when the sugar had completely dissolved. When the sugar had almost reached the boiling point, the fire was almost extinguished. During heating the lime bound to impurities and formed a solidified scum, which was removed with a skimmer, resembling a perforated spade , with a 6–8 feet long handle. As soon as this was done a solution of eggs in water was plunged into
7992-606: The past, these refineries used to refine 9-10 million pounds of raw sugar from Cuba and Brazil, but in 1833 the Baltimore refineries were in serious trouble, and only about 2 million pounds were processed. A large steam and vacuum factory had burned down, and had not been rebuilt. The refinery of G.W. and H. Miller on Concord Street was still doing quite well. It benefitted from an abundant supply of fresh water, and clay from nearby Federal Hill . In Boston there were three refineries owned by Mr. Doane, Mr. Andrews and Mr. White. Together with
8103-512: The process to acquire sugar from sugar beets, many sugar factories were founded to produce raw beet sugar. Near Magdeburg there were about 400 of these, one in almost every village. In 1894 these raw sugar factories founded the Hildesheim Sugar Refinery Zücker Raffinerie Hildesheim which processed their raw beet sugar. In 1913 it was estimated that 63% of German sugar beets were turned into raw sugar which
8214-467: The rear of the refinery in order to have as much light as possible, and as little draft as possible. The light came from the rear façade of the building, which ended on an open space of about 25 feet long. Here earth and coal were stored. Below the refinery was a lead tube that allowed to pump fresh water that, in Amsterdam, was brought by barge schuitwater to the rear of the building. The same part of
8325-411: The refinery for 3–4 months. Behind the storage for raw materials was the drying house, also called drying stove or oven. One or two houses were for drying the sugar loaves, two more were for making candy. These drying rooms were 10 feet long, 12 feet wide and 30 feet high. Each contained an iron stove burning on coal. It was set in brick, and fed from outside the room. The part of the refinery where
8436-422: The refinery would be on the street/canal side. It had to be at least 30 feet wide, 40 feet long and 20 feet high, with enough natural light and two 10 feet doors to let pass 2000-3000 pound barrels. The warehouse needed a windlass for vertical transport and a scale to weigh at least 1,800 pounds. Ideally, the warehouse and the refinery were separate buildings, but with the high real estate prices in Holland, this
8547-593: The refining process by introducing steam power and all kinds of machinery. It led to the construction of specialized building that could be recognized by having a large number of very shallow floors. The pre-1800 refinery was extensively described in the Netherlands, because the Dutch Republic dominated the trade in and refining of sugar for a long time. In Holland , the ideal refinery was at least 150 Rijnland feet (0.3140 m) long and 30 feet wide. The warehouse of
8658-404: The retaining screen in the centrifuge's side. This leaves the crystals in the centrifuge and also a residual syrup film that is removed by hot-water (82 °C+) washing of the crystals while still in the basket. The washed crystals are then plowed from the centrifuge. This 'affination sugar' is then brought to the melter. This typically is a round tank of 12 feet diameter and 6 feet height. Here
8769-427: The room. They were then stacked up to each other while the outer rows were supported by prefixes voorzetsels , i.e. broken molds that were not fit for any other purpose. The day after, the molds were brought to one of the upper floors. Here the stop of the forms was removed, and over a few days syrup leaked out and was gathered into collection pots. The forms were then put on top of a box, where sugar that stuck to
8880-506: The street before it moved to the so-called Garrison Hospital in Sølvgade in 1669. The dock was filled in 1866. Børsen occupies most of the south side of the street. It now serves as headquarters for the Danish Chamber of Commerce . The north side of the street (No. 4-10) is lined by a row of buildings from the late 17th to mid-18th century that are all listed. The most notable of these
8991-411: The sucrose. The most important clarification processes are carbonatation and phosphatation. If carbonatation is applied, carbon dioxide is bubbled through the alkaline sugar solution, precipitating the lime as calcium carbonate ( chalk ). The chalk particles entrap some impurities and absorb others. A recycling process builds up the size of chalk particles and a natural flocculation occurs where
9102-441: The sugar is mixed with high-purity sweetwater and agitated by paddles. This mixture is heated by steam, melting the crystals in the sweetwater to form a liquor commonly called melt liquor. The purification step consists of combinations of clarification and decolorization. All clarification treatments include mixing the melted liquor with hot milk of lime (a suspension of calcium hydroxide in water). This treatment precipitates
9213-462: The sugar mixture. This was done for the egg white or albumen, which bound more impurities. This led to more scum being scraped off. This was repeated 5-6 times, till a white slimy layer appeared on the surface instead of more scum. The solution was then called klaarsel for being cleared. Here clear also meant transparent . For purifying very rough sugar, ground water was used, and more lime and more eggs. The total use of eggs could be 400 or 500
9324-455: The syrup by centrifugal force. The crystals remain in the centrifuge, and are washed with hot water to remove any remaining syrup. The pure crystalline sugar is then removed from the centrifuge and sent to the dryer-cooler. Modern era The modern era or the modern period is considered the current historical period of human history . It was originally applied to the history of Europe and Western history for events that came after
9435-514: The terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discoveries . Changes, mostly seen as advances, in all areas of human activity— politics , industry , society , economics , commerce , transport , communication , mechanization , automation , science , medicine , technology , religion , the arts , and other aspects of culture —appear to have transformed an Old World into
9546-411: The total building, i.e. at least 30 feet. In the 16–18 feet of width that was left there were all kinds of tools, and things like baskets to move the scum. Near the first box, there was a hole in the ceiling and all the floors above, in order to transport goods vertically by rope. On the first floor, there was a storage for lime, which was the same size as the pans, so enough lime could be stored to operate
9657-606: The war ; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust ), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died. The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole")
9768-479: The war, eventually resulting in the establishment of the People's Republic of China . The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence. The Cold War between the "West" (the United States, Western Europe, and Japan) and the "East" (the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China) dominated politics from the end of World War II in 1945, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, at which point
9879-506: The world was at a major crossroads. Throughout the century, more technological advances had been made than in all of preceding history. Computers, the Internet, and other technologies radically altered daily lives. However, several problems faced the world during the Cold War period and the 1990s that followed. First of all, the gap between rich and poor nations continued to widen. Some said that this problem could not be fixed, arguing that there
9990-433: The world. Viruses such as West Nile and Avian influenza continued to spread quickly and easily. In poor nations, malaria and other diseases affected the majority of the population. Millions were infected with HIV , the virus that causes AIDS , which was becoming an epidemic in southern Africa and around the world. Increased globalization , specifically Americanization , was also occurring. While not necessarily
10101-420: Was 'done' (i.e. boiled), it was transferred to a cooling pan. when it had sufficiently cooled, the sugar would form a crust. Ideally, the next batch of boiled sugar was done at this exact moment and was then added to the cooling pan. A cooling pan could be filled with up to five batches. Also see granulation above. Filling the molds was the fifth step. Sugar candy was made by drying the sugar by heat. For this it
10212-755: Was a world conflict , ranging from July 1914 to the final Armistice on 11 November 1918. The Allied Powers , led by the British Empire , France , Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire , Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire . The war caused the disintegration of four empires — the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones — as well as radical change in
10323-530: Was a set amount of wealth and it could only be shared by so many. Others claimed that powerful nations with large economies were not doing enough to help improve the rapidly evolving economies of the Third World . Developing countries faced many challenges, including the scale of the task to be surmounted, rapidly growing populations, and the need to protect the environment, along with the associated costs. Secondly, disease threatened to destabilize many regions of
10434-595: Was a struggling sugar refinery which relied on raw sugar from New Orleans. In 1974 there were 29 sugar refineries in the USA. Raw sugar may be stored for months at both the sugar mill and the sugar refinery. While stored, the raw sugar crystals are still surrounded by a fine film of molasses left by the final crystallization step at the sugar mill. This film of molasses offers an incubator for microbial growth, leading to quality loss related to storage. Nowadays many sugar refineries buy such high pol sugar, that they can do without
10545-470: Was about to be joined by another. The refinery of J.G. Smith & Son on Vine street was spacious and clean. The refinery of Paul Lajus & Co. on Bread Street had switched to the French method. This involved bascule pans hung on chains, which were far more effective than fixed pans, when open fire was used for evaporation. In New York, the sugar refineries could process about 9,000,000 pounds of raw sugar. Slightly more than half would become refined sugar,
10656-630: Was also allowed to use the name for these activities. In Germany, Hamburg was an early center of sugar refineries, rivalling the importance of Amsterdam. By 1727 there were about 200 refineries (known as Zuckersiederei ) in Hamburg, dominating the German market. From 1830 to 1850 this Hamburg industry was almost completely annihilated. Hamburg's last cane sugar refinery was the Dampfzuckersiederei von 1848, which closed down in 1885. After discovery of
10767-454: Was an important center for the production of the very heavy machinery required for cane sugar mills. This probably contributed to the growth of Greenock as a center for sugar refining, which required lighter, but comparable machinery. In 1859 Henry Tate (1819–1899) became a partner in a sugar refinery in Liverpool, which he soon came to control. In 1872 his company Henry Tate & Sons opened
10878-439: Was brought to the drying house by transport bucket. Here the sugar was put in candy pots. The operation to put the sugar in the transport buckets and to fill the pots could take about two-three minutes. Ideally, the second pan was by then ready to fill the transport buckets. If candy sugar was made, the drying room could contain about 150 pots of candy made from the raw sugar of four pans after about 6 hours of work. The drying room
10989-679: Was characterized by using gravity to transport sugar downwards through the building as it went through several refining steps. In combination with some other features, this led a recognizable type of 19th century sugar refinery building. Examples were buildings of: the Domino Sugar Refinery , the Boston Sugar Refinery , the Amsterdamsche Stoom Suikerraffinaderij , the Wester Suikerraffinaderij and
11100-463: Was coined shortly before 1585 to describe the beginning of a new era. The term "early modern" was introduced in the English language by American historians at the turn of the 20th century (around 1900). It was long thought that the concept was invented either in the 1930s to distinguish the time between the Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800), or that "early modern" was not coined until
11211-586: Was defined by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution . Sometimes distinct from the modern periods themselves, the terms " modernity " and " modernism " refer to a new way of thinking, distinct, from previous ways of thinking such as medieval thinking. The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630) is an important transition period beginning between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times, which started in Italy. " Postmodernism ", coined 1949, on
11322-464: Was enabled by the introduction of canals , improved roads , and then railways . The introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal ) and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing ) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The date of
11433-401: Was generally ground and sold as powder sugar. Sugar candy consisted of very large crystals formed around threads. It was either white or brown, depending on the quality of the sugar that was used. The first step, roughly equal to purification, was to fill the pans with fresh water and some lime water. Next raw sugar was put into the pan. The pans had a brace, which was a part of the front of
11544-511: Was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Western Europe later aligned as NATO , and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact . There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War . In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization . China's civil war continued through and after
11655-412: Was rare. The refinery was often directly behind the warehouse in the same building. Closest to the warehouse was the storage for raw materials. Here, there were 4 rooms/boxes to store different kinds of raw sugar, which was fed into the boxes from the first floor. These were each 6 feet long and 12–14 feet wide, making that the raw sugar storage part of the refinery was about 30 feet long, and as wide as
11766-576: Was started in 1607, when Robert Aldworth founded a single pan refinery. Sugar trade and refining would become the main source of prosperity for Bristol in the 18th century. At one time, there were some 20 refineries in Bristol. In Liverpool, the first sugar refinery was established in 1667. The sugar refinery industry in Scotland started in 1667. By 1715 there were refineries on the Atlantic coast in Glasgow and on
11877-639: Was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" groups during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as during Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans. After World War II, Europe
11988-476: Was the major technological , socioeconomic , and cultural change in late 18th and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. During that time, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery . It began with the mechanisation of the textile industries and the development of iron -making techniques, and trade expansion
12099-405: Was then cleaned, shut off, and the fire in its stove was lit. If sugar loaves or lump sugar was made, the sugar was brought to the filling room, see image: Filling molds in 1793. Here, the molds were filled. These had a conical shape with a hole in the tip, which was stopped by a piece of cloth. In the filling room, the molds were filled and then placed on their pointy end, starting in a corner of
12210-607: Was then processed in a separate sugar refinery. In the United States this percentage was zero. This caused a lot of confusion. In 1938 the Hildesheim Sugar Refinery acquired the Zuckerraffinerie Braunschweig and closed it down the next year. Eventually the concentration of raw sugar factories meant that (central) refineries became superfluous. The raw (beet) sugar factories became so big that it became sensible to process raw beet sugar on-site instead of at
12321-447: Was to drain off the remaining water by using gravity, which would result in loaf, lump or bastard sugar. The other option was to evaporate the remaining water by heat, resulting in Sugar candy . The fourth step cooling, was not applicable to sugar candy. For loaf sugar the third or fourth pan were used as cooling pans. For lump sugar three pans were used for cooling. As soon as a pan of sugar
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