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51-589: The Slocum massacre was the killing of Black residents by Whites on July 29–30, 1910, in Slocum , an unincorporated community in Anderson County near Palestine in East Texas . Only seven deaths were officially confirmed, but some 22 were reported by major newspapers. This is the official count, but it is estimated that as many as one hundred African Americans were killed. Historians have offered several explanations for

102-479: A good harvest season. Given the turmoil between races, black people felt threatened if they tried to advance economically. The Slocum massacre was originally said to have been sparked by two separate events. First, there was an argument over a promissory note between Marsh Holley, a black businessman, and Reddin Alford, a disabled white farmer. Holley had not thought it was a serious argument. But whites heard that Holley

153-457: A group of black teenagers. Most of the teenagers escaped, but one was murdered by the mob. Soon after, mobs of up to 50 white men were formed throughout Anderson County; these groups raided black neighborhoods and attempted to kill any black person they encountered. Some mobs shot African Americans as they tried to flee through the forest. The Slocum massacre lasted through the night, for a total of 16 hours. Though only five casualties were confirmed,

204-420: A multi- jurisdictional dispute. It may be a final order (one that concludes the court action), or an interim order (one during the action). Most orders are written, and are signed by the judge. Some orders, however, are spoken orally by the judge in open court, and are only reduced to writing in the transcript of the proceedings. The following represents a small sampling of matters that are commonly dictated by

255-553: A place of refuge for those running from mobs. Elvie Ewell, a black girl, said that her father, uncles, and cousins were outside at the beginning of the riot, and were warned that white men were forming mobs and killing any African Americans that they could. Her father escaped, and their family moved out of Anderson County. Lastly, the Sadlers recalled the Barnett family, who were African American, coming to their farm to seek help. The men from

306-478: A population of 198 in 2018. It is located within the Palestine, Texas micropolitan area. Slocum is notable as the site of what is known as the Slocum massacre , an unprovoked attack by a large mob of whites on what was then a majority-black community on July 29–30, 1910. Some twenty-two Blacks were documented as killed; other estimates are that up to ten times that number may have been murdered. The community's name

357-477: A race riot. Hollie-Jawaid then applied directly to the Texas Historical Commission , which approved the marker on January 29, 2015. On January 16, 2016, a historical marker telling the story of the massacre was dedicated; it is located one-half mile (0.80 km) south of Slocum, on FM 2022. The marker identifies, by name, several men who were killed in the riot. The most comprehensive treatment of

408-633: A result, the African-American population in Slocum declined drastically, as many left in fear for their lives. Long before the Slocum massacre occurred, racial tensions had been part of the state's history. In East Texas , where the majority of blacks had lived since before the American Civil War , enslaved African Americans had been brought by planters and traders to develop and work cotton plantations. Several counties had enslaved black majorities. In

459-511: A suspect. In August 2014, Constance Hollie-Jawaid, a Dallas Independent School District administrator whose great-grandfather, Jack Holley, was among victims of the Slocum massacre, enlisted historian Bills to help apply for a Texas state historical marker commemorating the massacre. Members of the Anderson County Historical Commission opposed the application, claiming a lack of evidence and stating that there had not been

510-533: A white road crew, which upset whites. Sometime after the massacre, some people wondered if Spurger was worried about African Americans flirting with his daughters. Another reported cause of the Slocum massacre was the defeat of James J. Jeffries , a white boxer, by Jack Johnson , a black boxer, in what was billed as the "Fight of the Century". Resentful whites caused more than one race riot in 1910 after Jeffries's defeat. Though these stories most likely contributed to

561-473: Is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing , a trial , an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case. A court order must be signed by a judge ; some jurisdictions may also require it to be notarized . A court order governs each case throughout its entirety. If an individual violates

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612-499: Is thought to have originated with E.T. McDaniel, the first shopkeeper and postmaster, who had long sought to get a post office for the community. When the town was authorized a US post office in 1898, the residents called it a "slow come." Other reported reasons for the name Slocum include slow-coming fortunes being made, or town growth being slow. It developed as a place of majority black settlement, by freedmen and their descendants. They established families, businesses, and farms. After

663-544: Is unknown whether Siddon even received a response. A group of local black ministers also appealed for federal help in a letter to President Taft . They wanted a "Doctrine of Fairness" and suffrage granted to them by the government, with no loopholes and under the protection of the law. Taft sent this letter to Wickersham, and he responded to the ministers by saying that the federal government could not fulfill their requests or become involved because no constitutional rights were being violated in any of these instances. However,

714-575: The 1910 Slocum Massacre", by Norris White Jr., a Stephen F. Austin State University student; and "Racial Disorder in East Texas: The 1910 Slocum Incident" by Linda Sue Stuard, a University of Texas at Tyler student. Slocum, Texas Slocum is an unincorporated community in southeastern Anderson County , Texas , United States. According to the Handbook of Texas , the community had

765-408: The 1910 massacre described below, many surviving blacks left the area for good to save their lives. In 1914, the community had two general stores and 45 people; by 1927 the population increased to 200. By 1939 the community had rebuilt and had eight new businesses and 160 inhabitants. The discovery of oil in nearby fields caused the community's economy to receive a boost in the late 1950s, and by 1964,

816-475: The 1920 census, at least one-half of the black population had left Slocum. Black resident Jack Holley survived the massacre; he fled the area with his family. He left the granary, dairy, and general store that he had built up as a freedman . Other Holley family survivors included Wilustus "Lusk" Holley, who witnessed his brother, Alex, being murdered. He escaped by playing dead and soon moved to Fort Worth . Reagan and Marshall Holley stayed in Anderson County for

867-545: The Sadler and Barnett families were armed in an attempt to fight off the mob. The mob made its way to the Sadler farm and were warned that the best shot in town, "Deaf and Dumb Gus" was stationed in the barn with a gun on them (Gus had many health issues and disabilities but was known to both the Blacks and whites for being a great shot who rarely missed). The mob ultimately went elsewhere in the face of this threat. The Sadlers believed that

918-478: The Slocum massacre is the book The 1910 Slocum Massacre: An Act of Genocide in East Texas ( ISBN   978-1540209580 ) written by E. R. Bills and published in 2014. In 2020, Bills and Hollie-Jawaid co-authored Ghosts of Slocum ( ISBN   978-0578787473 ), an illustrated screenplay "as told by its victims." The massacre and its backstory are also the subjects of unpublished essays: "Bad Saturday: Revisiting

969-614: The Slocum massacre, locally white people in Anderson County believed rumors that a black uprising was being planned in retaliation for the recent lynching of a black man in the area. Whites put out a call to white men from nearby counties to come to their aid. As a precaution, the whites hid their women and children in schools and churches before setting out to hunt down blacks. White men stocked up on guns and ammunition and drank alcohol. District Judge Benjamin Howard Gardner realized that

1020-491: The aftermath of the war, whites resented the emancipation and enfranchisement of former slaves. In the post- Reconstruction era , conservative white Democrats regained control of county and state governments, and passed laws at the turn of the century to disenfranchise African Americans. By the turn of the century, there had already been at least 335 lynchings , of which 261 victims were black. Most of these lynchings were based on allegations of whites against blacks. Even though

1071-591: The blacks did not. Deputy Sheriff Stubblefield was also called to the scene. Whites in Anderson County warned him of a threat of assassination by an African American. This shows that whites were still fearful and willing to kill. Because of the fear in both the white and black population, governor Thomas Mitchell Campbell ordered Texas Rangers and the State Militia to Anderson County. The Texas Rangers began their work by helping black women and children. On their search, black neighborhoods were empty. Blacks' property

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1122-428: The casualty amount was likely much higher. Sheriff William H. Black said that "Men were going about killing Negroes as fast as they could find them, and, so far as I was able to ascertain, without any real cause". He also described it as “There was just a hot-headed gang hunting them down and killing them.…They were just hunting the negroes down like sheep." After the bloodshed ended, Sheriff Black and Sheriff Lacy from

1173-411: The cause of the massacre. It was said that the burial site of African Americans was on Abe Wilson's land. Some say that there were six deaths total, and the deceased were wrapped in blankets, put in pine boxes, and buried in a trench. Others say that bodies were thrown in the ditch. Others reported seeing bodies abandoned in woods, fields and canebrakes . The final death toll was never determined. But by

1224-418: The combination of alcohol, guns, and rumors about black uprisings could create a dangerous and potentially deadly outcome. Before the bloodshed began, he tried to counteract it by imposing a court order that closed all saloons, gun stores, and hardware stores, but he was too late. White men involved in the massacre had already obtained their weapons. The violence began on July 29, when six white men confronted

1275-525: The community's population grew to 200 residents. Afterward, the community declined to 110 people in 1970. It grew to 125 in 1974, holding there until 1990. The community had four businesses, two churches, and a few homes in the mid-1980s. It doubled to 250 in 2000 but declined to 175 in 2014. On July 29–30, 1910, a mob of 200 to 300 armed white men, most on horseback, started attacking Slocum, where they killed an unknown number of African Americans . Historians have offered several explanations for what sparked

1326-420: The court order, the judge may hold that person in contempt. The content and provisions of a court order depend on the type of proceeding, the phase of the proceedings in which they are issued, and the procedural and evidentiary rules that govern the proceedings. An order can be as simple as setting a date for trial or as complex as restructuring contractual relationships by and between many corporations in

1377-422: The event. Contemporary newspapers, including The New York Times , originally reported 8 to 22 deaths among blacks. But evidence indicates more, and survivors' stories say that the actual death toll may have reached upward of 200 victims. Bodies were found across a wide area, including in fields and canebrakes . Before the massacre, the majority of Slocum's several hundred residents were black. During and after

1428-423: The face, and Gardner had to pull a pistol on Kirkwood. His desire for justice was never fulfilled: both Spurger and Kirkwood remained free for the rest of their lives. Historian E. R. Bills has collected oral histories of the massacre, among them accounts from Mable Willis and Annie Mae Killgo. Mable Willis was a young girl at the time. She remembers her parents helping African Americans by opening their house as

1479-513: The federal government did become involved when a Mexican American was lynched in Texas. In the early 21st century, the Slocum massacre is considered by some to be forgotten, because it is not taught in Texas public schools. Some have even said that it didn't happen. In 2011, the 82nd Texas Legislature adopted Resolution 865, officially acknowledging that the massacre occurred. It stated the murders were unjust and wrongfully committed, but did not commit

1530-495: The investigations and arrests, law enforcement was unable to conclude how many people had died at the hands of the mobs. Judge Gardner knew that whites would have the majority even if a crime was committed, so he asked the jurors to excuse themselves if it was impossible to complete a fair trial. On August 5, S.C. Jenkins was arrested, and Ferguson and Bishop were released. On August 14, Lusk Holley and Charlie Wilson were summoned as witnesses, and Curtis Spurger (Jim Spurger's brother)

1581-620: The justice system discriminated against African Americans, most lynching victims never received a trial. Several lynchings of African Americans in Texas had taken place in the time before the Slocum massacre. African Americans had struggled to gain social equality, as well as economic equality. They were frequently assigned only old, overworked plots for growing crops as tenant farmers or sharecroppers . They kept their farming land to smaller sizes to avoid trouble with jealous whites. The combination of unfruitful land and small farms made blacks more susceptible to falling into debt when they didn't have

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1632-494: The legislature to conduct an investigation. During the early 1900s, indictments and prosecutions tended to side with white mobs when it came to crimes against African Americans. Anderson County District Court Judge Benjamin H. Gardner released a statement that said that law enforcement would start turning away and shooting to kill (if necessary) those who sympathized with the mobs or participated in them. He also said that he would no longer tolerate law enforcement officers who favored

1683-634: The massacre, the federal government remained largely uninterested in investigating the murders or bringing criminal prosecutions. John A. Siddon, a Volga postmaster, sent a letter to Cecil A. Lyons, chairman of the Texas Republican State Executive Committee in Sherman , asking for his help in securing a federal investigation. Lyons forwarded the letter to the United States Attorney General , George W. Wickersham . It

1734-433: The mid-1980s. The Slocum Independent School District serves area students who attend Slocum High School and Slocum Elementary School. It is a very small school system: as of 2016–2017, there were around 300 students in grades K 12. It is registered as a 1A by UIL. Slocum ISD recently completed construction of the new Slocum High School, which opened for the 2016–2017 school year. The high school's track team has competed at

1785-403: The mob's retreat from their farm was the end of the Slocum massacre. Annie Mae Killgo, a young white woman, said that in the weeks leading up to the massacre, there were local rumors that a Black uprising would take place. A group of white men found a Black girl near a creek and dunked her head until she admitted that an uprising was being planned. She said African Americans were waiting until all

1836-460: The mobs. Gardner called a grand jury to identify suspects in the case and intended to prosecute men indicted as a result. After investigations and arrests began, Texas Rangers arrested Josh Bishop, Isom Garner, and Walter Ferguson. Anderson County Deputy Sheriff Riley Reeves arrested Jim Spurger, who was involved in one of the initial conflicts. G. W. Bailey, Morgan Henrey, Frank Bridge, Andrew Kirkwood, and B.J. Jenkins were arrested as well. Despite

1887-487: The rest of their lives. Besides the Holleys, seven other men who died in the massacre were Cleveland "Cleve" Larkin, Sam Baker, Dick and Jeff Wilson, Ben Dancer, John Hays, and Will Burly. Newspapers including Palestine Daily Herald , Fort Worth Star-Telegram , Greenville Morning Herald , Fort Worth Record , The Galveston Daily , New-York Tribune , and Abilene Daily News all mentioned that conflict in Anderson County

1938-540: The riot, many black residents fled the town to save their lives. They were forced to abandon real estate, homes, and other assets. Their property was seized, and the victims never received compensation from the county or state. A historical marker about the massacre, dedicated in January 2016, is located one-half mile (0.80 km) south of Slocum, on FM 2022. A tornado demolished Slocum in 1929, causing eight deaths and 150 injuries. Only two houses were left standing in

1989-411: The settlement. A mule was swept up into a tree during the tornado, and rescuers had to cut the tree down to bring it back to safety. One of the saws from the sawmill was also stuck in a tree. A woman named Vic Lively said her cousin's house was picked up and set down to face another direction. Other accounts said that a local door was found across the river. A wagon with a team still attached by harnesses

2040-407: The sparking of the riot and massacre by whites. At the time, rumors placed responsibility on the blacks, saying that whites had armed in response to accounts of blacks planning a race war. The whites from the mob did their best to destroy any local evidence against them. African Americans appealed to higher levels of government for a fair investigation, but little to nothing was done on their behalf. As

2091-406: The state level, although the school had no track. They trained by running through pastures. F. Ernest Day was a teacher and coach at the school. He had been the star pitcher of the community's baseball team in the early 1900s. During the 1929 tornado, school superintendent Thomas Gatlin ordered students to hide under their desks. Although the two-story frame school building was destroyed, none of

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2142-458: The students was injured or killed. Slocum has one volunteer fire department. The VFD holds an annual BBQ and school reunion to raise money to provide for the needs of the fire department. There is also a community-wide reunion held at the school's cafeteria on the Sunday before Mother's Day . Women who live in the community bring homemade cakes and other goodies. Court order A court order

2193-405: The surrounding area arrived in Anderson County to address and investigate the killings of African Americans. When they arrived, they said everyone was afraid, and all white males were armed. Sheriff Black and Godfrey Rees Fowler went to the scene to complete a thorough investigation of the events. Sheriff Black ruled that whites did not have a legitimate reason to kill since whites attacked even when

2244-445: The tornado. A little girl carried her little brother's dead body two miles from her home in search of help. Her birthday gifts from a party the day before blew away during the tornado; none was found again. Farm to Market Road 2022 intersects at Texas State Highway 294 at Slocum, located 12 mi (19 km) southeast of Palestine . It is in the southeastern part of Anderson County in East Texas. Slocum had its own school in

2295-443: The whites were in church to begin an attack. She said that, in an attempt to provoke the attack before it began, white men placed women and children in churches and schools. Killgo's father, Robert Duke Killgo, was assigned to protect the church. She said that he and the other white men guarding the church shot sixteen to eighteen Black people who approached the church. Afterward, Robert Killgo fled to Georgia to avoid being arrested as

2346-428: The wrongful killings of African Americans and the poor reasons behind the massacre. Twenty years after the massacre, a man named Hayes owned land in Slocum that the town needed. In exchange for the land, he requested that the city establish a historical marker to remember those who were killed. His request was denied. The town said it no longer needed the land. Despite efforts by African Americans to draw attention to

2397-555: Was arrested. On August 17, the murder charges were released. No indictments were made for the murders of Alex Holley or John H. Hay, or the attempted murders of Charlie Wilson and Lusk Holley. Of the indictments, two cases moved forward, but they did not make it to court. By the time the cases were ready for trial, Judge Gardner had been replaced. The new judge released all suspects for $ 1,500 bail. Gardner still wanted these men behind bars. He knew they were dangerous because he encountered Jim Spurger and Kirkwood in public. Spurger hit him in

2448-404: Was found in a pasture after it was swept away by the tornado. One of the horses had a 2x4 sticking out of its back but survived. Another resident saw cars rushing to the scene to see the damage caused by the tornado. Clothes from a nearby store destroyed by the tornado were found stuck in trees as if they decorated the town. Survivors tore up available clothes to use as bandages for people wounded in

2499-402: Was frequently stolen. Deaths of an elderly couple were unrelated. The rangers confirmed that black people believed that white people were hunting them. Even with the rumor of a black uprising against whites proven false, Marsh Holley, a witness to murders and one of the reasons that the Slocum massacre began in the first place, was put in jail as protection. He denied that the promissory note was

2550-481: Was started by African Americans or race riots which put partial blame on African Americans. This caused violence towards African Americans to increase significantly. However, The Palestine Daily Herald told some parts of the truth about how white people thought that African Americans were plotting against them. The title of the article in The New York Times was "Score of Negroes Killed by Whites" and discussed

2601-404: Was trying to cheat a disabled farmer, or Alford had lied and said that Holley was threatening him. Secondly, black farmer Abe Wilson was sent to inform people of road maintenance in the area. A white farmer, Jim Spurger, got upset because he thought it was a violation of white supremacy to have a black man helping the community. Again, rumors distorted events. Wilson was rumored to be supervising

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