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102-607: Their tribal name was derived from the name of the mountain and the river, which most likely came from the old Polish word Ślagwa , meaning "humid", which refers to the climate of the area. The name of the region in turn, Silesia , comes from their language and tribal name. Along with the Opolans , the Ślężanie comprised one of the two major tribes in Silesia. They bordered the Dziadoszanie to their north. The Biezunczanie 's territory lay to

204-406: A Vandal tribe). The mountain Ślęża was also a place of pilgrimage for other Slavic tribes of that era. According to legend, the peak was created as a result of a battle between angels and demons , when after a struggle, the angels used the mountain to bury the entrance to hell . Old Polish The Old Polish language ( Polish : język staropolski, staropolszczyzna ) was a period in

306-520: A ghost (tukap) who would haunt the living, to come to fulfillment from which it was excluded during life. Judaism does not have a specific doctrine about the afterlife, but it does have a mystical/Orthodox tradition of describing Gehinnom . Gehinnom is not hell, but originally a grave and in later times a sort of Purgatory where one is judged based on one's life's deeds, or rather, where one becomes fully aware of one's own shortcomings and negative actions during one's life. The Kabbalah explains it as

408-504: A linear divine history often depict hells as eternal destinations, the biggest examples of which are Christianity and Islam , whereas religions with reincarnation usually depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations , as is the case in the Indian religions . Religions typically locate hell in another dimension or under Earth 's surface. Other afterlife destinations include heaven , paradise , purgatory , limbo , and

510-675: A location and goddess-like being in Norse mythology ), Old Frisian helle , Old Saxon hellia , Old High German hella , and Gothic halja . All forms ultimately derive from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic feminine noun * xaljō or * haljō ('concealed place, the underworld'). In turn, the Proto-Germanic form derives from the o-grade form of the Proto-Indo-European root * kel- , * kol -: 'to cover, conceal, save'. Indo-European cognates include Latin cēlāre ("to hide", related to

612-540: A mixture of saved and condemned people being raised from the dead and judged. Adventists reject the traditional doctrine of hell as a state of everlasting conscious torment, believing instead that the wicked will be permanently destroyed after the millennium by the lake of fire , which is called 'the second death ' in Revelation 20:14. Those Adventist doctrines about death and hell reflect an underlying belief in: (a) conditional immortality (or conditionalism), as opposed to

714-547: A "waiting room" (commonly translated as an "entry way") for all souls (not just the wicked). The overwhelming majority of rabbinic thought maintains that people are not in Gehinnom forever; the longest that one can be there is said to be 12 months, however, there has been the occasional noted exception. Some consider it a spiritual forge where the soul is purified for its eventual ascent to Olam Habah ( heb. עולם הבא; lit. "The world to come", often viewed as analogous to heaven). This

816-433: A /f/ phoneme. In the 12th and 13th century in the dialects of Lesser Poland and Masovia the initial clusters /xv/ and /xvʲ/ were simplified to /f/ and /fʲ/ (e.g. chwatać > fatać , chwała > fała , chwila > fila ). This enlarged their consonantal inventory by two. This change did not make it to the literary language , and was ultimately reversed also in those dialects. But before that, in

918-560: A frozen lake of blood and guilt. But cold also played a part in earlier Christian depictions of hell or purgatory, beginning with the Apocalypse of Paul , originally from the early third century; the " Vision of Dryhthelm " by the Venerable Bede from the seventh century; " St Patrick's Purgatory ", "The Vision of Tundale" or " Visio Tnugdali ", and the "Vision of the Monk of Eynsham ", all from

1020-458: A life in conformance with the precepts of the goddess Maat , who represented truth and right living, the person was welcomed into the heavenly reed fields . If found guilty the person was thrown to Ammit , the "devourer of the dead" and would be condemned to the lake of fire . The person taken by the devourer is subject first to terrifying punishment and then annihilated. These depictions of punishment may have influenced medieval perceptions of

1122-531: A professor of Jagiellonian University , was the first person to attempt a codification of Polish spelling. He wrote a tract on Polish orthographic rules (in Latin ) and a short rhyme Obiecado (in Polish) as an example of their use. The rules that were proposed included the following: Parkoszowic's proposal was not adopted, as his conventions were judged to be impractical and cumbersome and bore little resemblance to

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1224-488: A resurrection. Tartarus is held to be the metaphorical state of debasement of the fallen angels between the time of their moral fall (Genesis chapter 6) until their post-millennial destruction along with Satan (Revelation chapter 20). Bible Students and Christadelphians also believe in annihilationism. Christian Universalists believe in universal reconciliation , the belief that all human souls will be eventually reconciled with God and admitted to heaven. This belief

1326-486: A subsequent rapid expansion of -ow- almost completely replaces -ew- in the next century. Eventually the forms with -ow- have made their way to the literary language: Modern Polish -ów , -owie and -owi . Feminine endings of the dative and locative plural had two variants: older endings with a long vowel -ām and -āch , and younger endings with a short vowel – -am and -ach . The shortening might have been caused either by frequent usage, or by leveling of

1428-620: A ty odpocznij , English: Let me grind, while you take a rest ), written around 1270. The medieval recorder of the phrase, the Cistercian monk Peter of the Henryków monastery, noted that Hoc est in polonico ("This is in Polish"). The difficulty that medieval scribes had to face while attempting to codify the language was the inadequacy of the Latin alphabet to some features of Old Polish phonology , such as vowel length and nasalization , or

1530-414: Is a compound of * xaljō (discussed above) and * wītjan (reconstructed from forms such as Old English witt 'right mind, wits', Old Saxon gewit 'understanding', and Gothic un-witi 'foolishness, understanding'). Hell appears in several mythologies and religions . It is commonly inhabited by demons and the souls of dead people. A fable about hell which recurs in folklore across several cultures

1632-421: Is a simplified table of Old Polish noun declension: Notes : Although Old Polish inherited all of the inflectional categories of Proto-Slavic , the whole system was subject to a fundamental reorganization. The Proto-Slavic inflection paradigms were applied based on the shape of the stem , but this had been obscured by many phonetic changes . Consequently, the endings began being assigned based primarily on

1734-471: Is also mentioned in the Kabbalah, where the soul is described as breaking, like the flame of a candle lighting another: the part of the soul that ascends being pure and the "unfinished" piece being reborn. According to Jewish teachings, hell is not entirely physical; rather, it can be compared to a very intense feeling of shame. People are ashamed of their misdeeds and this constitutes suffering which makes up for

1836-678: Is also relevant. Some modern Christian theologians subscribe to the doctrines of conditional immortality . Conditional immortality is the belief that the soul dies with the body and does not live again until the resurrection. As with other Jewish writings of the Second Temple period, the New Testament text distinguishes two words, both translated "hell" in older English Bibles: Hades , "the grave", and Gehenna where God "can destroy both body and soul". A minority of Christians read this to mean that neither Hades nor Gehenna are eternal but refer to

1938-461: Is argued, indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber. Adventists teach that the resurrection of the righteous will take place shortly after the second coming of Jesus , as described in Revelation 20:4–6 that follows Revelation 19:11–16, whereas the resurrection of the wicked will occur after the millennium , as described in Revelation 20:5 and 20:12–13 that follow Revelation 20:4 and 6–7, though Revelation 20:12–13 and 15 actually describe

2040-440: Is held by some Unitarian-Universalists . According to Emanuel Swedenborg 's Second Coming Christian revelation, hell exists because evil people want it. They, not God, introduced evil to the human race. In Swedenborgianism , every soul joins the like-minded group after death in which it feels the most comfortable. Hell is therefore believed to be a place of happiness for the souls which delight in evilness. Members of

2142-431: Is often depicted as fiery, painful, and harsh, inflicting suffering on the guilty. Despite these common depictions of hell as a place of fire, some other traditions portray hell as cold. Buddhist – and particularly Tibetan Buddhist – descriptions of hell feature an equal number of hot and cold hells. Among Christian descriptions Dante 's Inferno portrays the innermost (9th) circle of hell as

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2244-488: Is reconstructed from the Latinized Gothic plural noun * haliurunnae (attested by Jordanes ; according to philologist Vladimir Orel , meaning ' witches '), Old English helle-rúne ('sorceress, necromancer ', according to Orel), and Old High German helli-rūna 'magic'. The compound is composed of two elements: * xaljō (* haljō ) and * rūnō , the Proto-Germanic precursor to Modern English rune . The second element in

2346-519: Is the allegory of the long spoons . Punishment in hell typically corresponds to sins committed during life. Sometimes these distinctions are specific, with damned souls suffering for each sin committed, such as in Plato's Myth of Er or Dante's The Divine Comedy , but sometimes they are general, with condemned sinners relegated to one or more chamber of hell or to a level of suffering. In many religious cultures, including Christianity and Islam, hell

2448-433: Is thought that early Old Polish had free, lexical stress inherited from Proto-Slavic. Occasional ellipsis of the second vowel in commonly used trisyllabic words and phrases in the 14th and 15th century ( wieliki > wielki , ażeby > ażby , iże mu > iż mu , Wojeciech > Wojciech ) point to the conclusion that by that time fixed initial stress had developed. The initial stress in

2550-731: Is used: the Greek words Tartarus or Hades , or the Hebrew word Gehinnom . In the Septuagint and New Testament, the authors used the Greek term Hades for the Hebrew Sheol, but often with Jewish rather than Greek concepts in mind. In the Jewish concept of Sheol, such as expressed in Ecclesiastes, Sheol or Hades is a place where there is no activity. However, since Augustine , some Christians have believed that

2652-508: The Ainu religion , as stated by missionary John Batchelor . However, belief in hell does not appear in oral tradition of the Ainu. Instead, there is belief within the Ainu religion that the soul of the deceased (ramat) would become a kamuy after death. There is also belief that the soul of someone who has been wicked during lifetime, committed suicide , got murdered or died in great agony would become

2754-513: The Anglican church such as N. T. Wright and as denominations the Seventh-day Adventists , Bible Students , Jehovah's Witnesses , Christadelphians , Living Church of God , Church of God International , and some other Protestant Christians . The Catholic Catechism states "The souls of sinners descend into hell, where they suffer 'eternal fire ' ". However, Cardinal Vincent Nichols ,

2856-665: The Holy Cross Sermons ( Polish : Kazania świętokrzyskie ), the Florian Psalter ( Psałterz floriański ), Bogurodzica ( Bogurodzica ), the Sharoshpatak Bible ( Biblia szaroszpatacka or Biblia królowej Zofii ) and some others. The Old Polish language was spoken mainly on the territory of modern Poland . It was the main vernacular of medieval Polish states under the Piasts and early Jagiellons , although it

2958-491: The Kabbalah , describe seven "compartments" or "habitations" of hell, just as they describe seven divisions of heaven. These divisions go by many different names, and the most frequently mentioned are as follows: Besides those mentioned above, there also exist additional terms that have been often used to either refer to hell in general or to some region of the underworld: Maimonides declares in his 13 principles of faith that

3060-509: The Methodists , Baptists and Episcopalians , and some Greek Orthodox churches, hell is taught as the final destiny of those who have not been found worthy after the general resurrection and last judgment , where they will be eternally punished for sin and permanently separated from God. The nature of this judgment is inconsistent with many Protestant churches teaching the saving comes from accepting Jesus Christ as their savior, while

3162-617: The Piast dynasty , first ruler of Poland , and Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia of the Přemyslid dynasty (who was Mieszko's brother in law), Silesia, and the Ślężanie, became part of the Polish state. Over time, the Ślężanie, along with the other Silesian tribes, as well as the Vistulans , Pomeranians , Lendians , Masovians and the Polans mixed and became part of the Polish state. The mountain Ślęża, and

Silesians (tribe) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3264-722: The Prague bishopric ) from 1086 refers to them with the alternative name of Zlasane . Thietmar's Chronicle , from the second decade of the 11th century, calls them the Silensi . Their tribal name was known to the Franks and the Byzantines . The Ślężanie achieved a high degree of social organization and built fortified towns by the 8th century AD , if not earlier. Archeological finds of fortifications built by various Silesian tribes date back to as early as 4th century and evidence of continuous settlement in

3366-598: The Punishment of the Grave , and that the spiritual pain caused by this can lead to purification of the soul. Not all Muslims and scholars agree whether hell is an eternal destination or whether some or all of the condemned will eventually be forgiven and allowed to enter paradise. Over hell, a narrow bridge called As-Sirāt is spanned. On Judgment Day one must pass over it to reach paradise, but those destined for hell will find too narrow and fall into their new abode. Iblis ,

3468-596: The galla dragging the god Dumuzid into the underworld. The later Mesopotamians knew this underworld by its East Semitic name: Irkalla . During the Akkadian Period , Ereshkigal's role as the ruler of the underworld was assigned to Nergal , the god of death. The Akkadians attempted to harmonize this dual rulership of the underworld by making Nergal Ereshkigal's husband. The hells of Europe include Breton mythology 's "Anaon", Celtic mythology 's "Uffern", Slavic mythology 's "Peklo", Norse mythology 's Náströnd ,

3570-620: The history of the Polish language between the 10th and the 16th centuries. It was followed by the Middle Polish language . The sources for the study of the Old Polish language are the data of the comparative-historical grammar of Slavic languages , the material of Polish dialects , several Latin manuscripts with Polish glosses , as well as – most importantly – monuments written in Old Polish:

3672-453: The immortality of the soul ; and (b) the monistic nature of human beings , in which the soul is not separable from the body, as opposed to bipartite or tripartite conceptions, in which the soul is separable. Jehovah's Witnesses hold that the soul ceases to exist when the person dies and therefore that hell (Sheol or Hades) is a state of non-existence. In their theology, Gehenna differs from Sheol or Hades in that it holds no hope of

3774-414: The lake of fire . Christian mortalism and annihilationism are directly related to the doctrine of conditional immortality, the idea that a human soul is not immortal unless it is given eternal life at the second coming of Christ and resurrection of the dead . Biblical scholars looking at the issue through the Hebrew text have denied the teaching of innate immortality. Rejection of the immortality of

3876-401: The lexical gender of nouns, which previously was not the primary consideration (although stem shape still played a role in certain cases), and the old declension classes gradually merged. Many endings were lost from Proto-Slavic and others, often those which were more distinct, took their place. Although many of the above endings are the same as modern Polish , they did not necessarily have

3978-561: The palatalization of consonants. Thus, Old Polish did not have a unified spelling . Polish glosses in Latin texts use romanized spelling, which often failed to distinguish between distinct phonemes . Already then, however, certain spellings of proper names become unified. The spelling in the major works of Old Polish, such as the Holy Cross Sermons or the Sankt Florian Psalter is better developed. Their scribes tried to resolve

4080-474: The proto-language -ev- regularly occurred after soft consonants, and the equivalent -ov- – after hard consonants, in Old Polish this variance was disrupted. There came a tendency to regularize one of them, and so southern Poland: Lesser Poland and Silesia , generalize -ow- to all positions, while Greater Poland generalizes -ew- . Masovia until the 15th century used -ew- as in Greater Poland, but

4182-402: The singular in place of the accusative . This was directly caused by the fact that the accusative of all masculine nouns used to be identical with the nominative , causing confusion as to which of two animate nouns was the subject and which the direct object due to free word order : Ociec kocha syn – "The father loves the son" or "The son loves the father". The use of the genitive for

Silesians (tribe) - Misplaced Pages Continue

4284-487: The torment of a rich man , who lacked charity, when he dies and compares it to the blessed state of a poor man who has also died. Divine pardon at judgment always remained a central concern for the ancient Egyptians. Modern understanding of Egyptian notions of hell relies on six ancient texts: The Sumerian afterlife was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground, where inhabitants were believed to continue "a shadowy version of life on earth". This bleak domain

4386-452: The underworld . Other religions, which do not conceive of the afterlife as a place of punishment or reward, merely describe an abode of the dead, the grave , a neutral place that is located under the surface of Earth (for example, see Kur , Hades , and Sheol ). Such places are sometimes equated with the English word hell , though a more correct translation would be "underworld" or "world of

4488-451: The 14th and 15th century these two sounds became firmly established in borrowings (in earlier loanwords foreign [f] was replaced by either /b/ or /p/). Perhaps one of the oldest loanwords which keeps /f, fʲ/ unchanged is the word ofiara ("victim; offering"), loaned from Czech ofěra , since the pre-writing era change ě > a before a hard consonant ( przegłos polski ) seemed to have operated in it. /f/ also appeared later from

4590-408: The 15th century when vowel length was disappearing the two nasals retained the old length distinction through changes in quality, like the other non-high vowels. The short nasal was fronted to /æ̃~ɛ̃/ and the long backed to /ɒ̃~ɔ̃/ and lost its length (both with differing dialectal realizations). The described changes led to the creation of the late Old Polish vocalic system: Although stress

4692-405: The 7th and 9th centuries, the Ślężanie were united in a loose confederation of Silesian tribes. However, the wall most likely served a solely defensive purpose, most likely as a bulwark against raiding parties of the neighboring Polabian Slavs as none of the Polish tribes yet shared direct borders with Germanic states at the time. From 990 AD on, after a series of short wars between Mieszko I of

4794-547: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teach that hell is a state between death and resurrection, in which those spirits who did not repent while on earth must suffer for their own sins (Doctrine and Covenants 19:15–17 ). After that, only the Sons of perdition , who committed the Eternal sin , would be cast into Outer darkness . However, according to Mormon faith, committing

4896-572: The English word cellar ) and early Irish ceilid ("hides"). Upon the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples , extensions of the Proto-Germanic * xaljō were reinterpreted to denote the underworld in Christian mythology (see Gehenna ). Related early Germanic terms and concepts include Proto-Germanic * xalja-rūnō(n) , a feminine compound noun, and * xalja-wītjan , a neutral compound noun. This form

4998-554: The Eternal sin requires so much knowledge that most persons cannot do this. Satan and Cain are counted as examples of Sons of perdition. In Islam, Jahannam (in Arabic : جهنم) (related to the Hebrew word gehinnom ) is the counterpart to heaven and likewise divided into seven layers, both co-existing with the temporal world, filled with blazing fire, boiling water, and a variety of other torments for those who have been condemned to it in

5100-538: The Gothic haliurunnae may however instead be an agent noun from the verb rinnan ("to run, go"), which would make its literal meaning "one who travels to the netherworld". Proto–Germanic * xalja-wītjan (or * halja-wītjan ) is reconstructed from Old Norse hel-víti 'hell', Old English helle-wíte 'hell-torment, hell', Old Saxon helli-wīti 'hell', and the Middle High German feminine noun helle-wīze . The compound

5202-486: The Greek Orthodox and Catholic Churches teach that the judgment hinges on both faith and works. However, many Liberal Christians throughout Mainline Protestant churches believe in universal reconciliation (see below), even though it contradicts the traditional doctrines that are usually held by the evangelicals within their denominations. Regarding the belief in hell, the interpretation of Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus

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5304-517: The Old Polish period, vowel length ceased to be a feature distinguishing phonemes. The long high vowels /iː/, [ɨː] and /uː/ merged with their short counterparts, with no change in quality . The fate of the remaining long oral vowels was different; they also lost their length, but their articulation became more closed and so they remained distinct from their old short counterparts. Thus, /ɛː/ changed to /e/ and /ɔː/ changed to /o/. The earlier long /aː/ also gained roundedness and became /ɒ/. This process

5406-489: The Quran. Each is assigned for a different type of sinners. The concept later accepted by Sunni authorities list the levels of hell as follows, although some stages may vary: The highest level ( jahannam ) is traditionally thought of as a type of purgatory reserved for Muslims. Polytheism ( shirk ) is regarded as a particularly grievous sin; therefore entering Paradise is forbidden to a polytheist ( mushrik ) because his place

5508-522: The Renaissance. The Book of Henryków ( Polish : Księga henrykowska , Latin : Liber fundationis claustri Sancte Marie Virginis in Heinrichau ), contains the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language: Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai (pronounced originally as: Daj, uć ja pobrusza, a ti pocziwaj , modern Polish: Daj, niech ja pomielę, a ty odpoczywaj or Pozwól, że ja będę mielił,

5610-528: The aforementioned issues in various ways, which led to each manuscript having separate spelling rules. Digraphs were commonly employed to write sounds not present in Latin, the letter ⟨ꟁ⟩ with appearance varying between ⟨ꟁ⟩, ⟨ø⟩ and ⟨ɸ⟩ (see image on the right) was introduced to spell the nasal vowels, and the basic Latin letters were now used consistently for the same sounds. Nevertheless, many features were still only rarely marked, for example vowel length . About 1440, Jakub Parkoszowic  [ pl ] ,

5712-439: The afterlife must not be denied, but simultaneously asserting its exact nature remains unknown. Other modern Muslims continue the line of Sufism as an interiorized hell, combining the eschatological thoughts of Ibn Arabi and Rumi with Western philosophy. Although disputed by some scholars, most scholars consider jahannam to be eternal. There is belief that the fire which represents the own bad deeds can already be seen during

5814-446: The area can be traced back to 1st century AD. A long fortified wall, strengthened by numerous moats, stretched from the present day town of Jelenia Góra to Krosno Odrzańskie , and along both sides of the Bobr river. The existence of these sophisticated defenses suggests that the various Silesian tribes had to cooperate in their construction. Hence, it is possible that in the period between

5916-492: The bad deeds. When one has so deviated from the will of God , one is said to be in Gehinnom. This is not meant to refer to some point in the future, but to the very present moment. The gates of teshuva (return) are said to be always open, and so one can align his will with that of God at any moment. Being out of alignment with God's will is itself a punishment according to the Torah . Many scholars of Jewish mysticism, particularly of

6018-468: The complete frustration and emptiness of life without God. Rather than a place, hell indicates the state of those who freely and definitively separate themselves from God, the source of all life and joy." The Seventh-day Adventist Church 's official beliefs support annihilationism . They deny the Catholic purgatory and teach that the dead lie in the grave until they are raised for a last judgment , both

6120-561: The dead to drink. Nonetheless, funerary evidence indicates that some people believed that the goddess Inanna , Ereshkigal's younger sister, had the power to award her devotees with special favors in the afterlife. During the Third Dynasty of Ur , it was believed that a person's treatment in the afterlife depended on how he or she was buried; those that had been given sumptuous burials would be treated well, but those who had been given poor burials would fare poorly. The entrance to Kur

6222-557: The dead". The ancient Mesopotamian , Greek , Roman , and Finnic religions include entrances to the underworld from the land of the living. The modern English word hell is derived from Old English hel , helle (first attested around 725 AD to refer to a nether world of the dead) reaching into the Anglo-Saxon pagan period . The word has cognates in all branches of the Germanic languages , including Old Norse hel (which refers to both

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6324-425: The deceased were judged after they paid for crossing the river of the dead and those who received punishment were sent to Tartarus. As a place of punishment, it can be considered a hell. The classic Hades , on the other hand, is more similar to Old Testament Sheol. The Romans later adopted these views . The hell of Swahili mythology is called kuzimu , and belief in it developed in the 7th and 8th century under

6426-565: The differences between Old and Modern Polish are comparatively slight, and the Polish language is somewhat conservative relative to other Slavic languages. That said, the relatively slight differences between Old and Modern Polish are unremarkable considering that the chronological stages of other European languages that Old Polish is contemporary with are generally not very different from the Modern stages and many of them already labelled "Early Modern". Old Polish includes texts that were written as late as

6528-422: The direct object solves this issue: Ociec kocha syna – unambiguously "The father loves the son". Such forms are ubiquitous already in the oldest monuments of the language, although exceptions still happen occasionally. The Proto-Slavic language had a variant cluster -ev- / -ov- , which occurred in some suffixes , such as the dative singular, nominative plural and genitive plural of masculine nouns. While in

6630-509: The eternal damnation which he has incurred..." The Catholic Church defines hell as "a state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God and the blessed". One finds oneself in hell as the result of dying in mortal sin without repenting and accepting God's merciful love, becoming eternally separated from him by one's own free choice immediately after death. In the Roman Catholic Church, many other Christian churches, such as

6732-410: The fires of hell. Muhammad said that the fire of Jahannam is 70 times hotter than ordinary fire, and is much more painful than ordinary fire. The seven gates of jahannam , mentioned in the Quran, inspired Muslim exegetes ( tafsir ) to develop a system of seven stages of hell, analogue to the seven doors of paradise. The stages of hell get their names by seven different terms used for hell throughout

6834-430: The following phonemes . As mentioned, the sound qualities are approximations. [ɨ] and [ɨː] were in complementary distribution with [i] and [iː] respectively – the former occurred after hard consonants, the latter in all other positions. The pairs can therefore be regarded as allophones . All vowel phonemes occurred in pairs, one short and one long. Long vowels emerged in Old Polish from four sources: Due to

6936-493: The former two were affricated . The resultant sounds were similar to their modern Polish counterparts: /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/, /ɕ/ and /ʑ/. This change happened very early, starting already in the 13th century as evidenced by spelling. Somewhere around the 13th to 14th century, the phoneme /rʲ/ came to be pronounced with considerable friction, probably resulting in a sound similar to Czech /r̝/ (but by then probably still palatalized: /r̝ʲ/). The Proto-Slavic language did not have

7038-573: The good people continue to live in the ancestral realm, Orun Baba Eni ( heaven of our fathers). The Bagobo of the Philippines have the otherworld "Gimokodan", where the Red Region is reserved who those who died in battle, while ordinary people go to the White Region. According to a few sources, hell is below ground, and described as an uninviting wet or fiery place reserved for sinful people in

7140-537: The hell of Sami mythology and Finnish " Tuonela " ("manala"). In classic Greek mythology , below heaven, Earth, and Pontus is Tartarus , or Tartaros ( Ancient Greek : Τάρταρος ). It is either a deep, gloomy place, a pit or abyss used as a dungeon of torment and suffering that resides within Hades (the entire underworld ) with Tartarus being the hellish component. In the Gorgias , Plato (c. 400 BC) wrote that souls of

7242-554: The hells of the rabbinic literature were pedagogically motivated inventions to encourage respect of the Torah commandments by mankind, which had been regarded as immature. Instead of being sent to hell, the souls of the wicked would actually get annihilated. The Christian doctrine of hell derives from passages in the New Testament . The English word hell does not appear in the Greek New Testament; instead one of three words

7344-543: The hereafter. In the Quran, God declares that the fire of Jahannam is prepared for both mankind and jinn . After the Day of Judgment, it is to be occupied by those who do not believe in God, those who have disobeyed his laws , or rejected his messengers . "Enemies of Islam" are sent to hell immediately upon their deaths. Muslim modernists downplay the vivid descriptions of hell common during Classical period, on one hand reaffirming that

7446-494: The inferno in hell via early Christian and Coptic texts. Purification for those considered justified appears in the descriptions of "Flame Island", where humans experience the triumph over evil and rebirth. For the damned complete destruction into a state of non-being awaits but there is no suggestion of eternal torture; the weighing of the heart in Egyptian mythology can lead to annihilation. The Tale of Khaemwese describes

7548-503: The influence of Muslim merchants at the East African coast. It is imagined as a very cold place. Serer religion rejects the general notion of heaven and hell. In Serer religion, acceptance by the ancestors who have long departed is as close to any heaven as one can get. Rejection and becoming a wandering soul is a sort of hell for one passing over . The souls of the dead must make their way to Jaaniw (the sacred dwelling place of

7650-527: The introduction of borrowings which had hard velars before front vowels, as well as the denasalization of word final /ɛ̃/. Note that this change did not affect the velar fricative /x/ or velars before the front nasal vowel /æ̃~ɛ̃/. Not all regional varieties handled this change in the way here described, most notably in Masovia . After these alternations, the late Old Polish consonant system presented itself thus: The early Old Polish vocalic system consisted of

7752-407: The lengthening described in 1. short vowels could not occur in word-final syllables before a voiced consonant. The only exceptions was short /ɛ/ from an older strong yer. Similarly to some other Slavic languages and dialects , there existed a tendency to constrain the occurrence of vowels in word onset. A prosthetic [j], [w] or [h] was often introduced to words beginning with a vowel: During

7854-689: The most senior Catholic in England and Wales, said "there's nowhere in Catholic teaching that actually says any one person is in hell". The 1993 Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "This state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God and the blessed is called 'hell ' " and "they suffer the punishments of hell, 'eternal fire ' ". The chief punishment of hell is eternal separation from God" (CCC 1035). During an Audience in 1999, Pope John Paul II commented: "images of hell that Sacred Scripture presents to us must be correctly interpreted. They show

7956-516: The neighboring peak of Sępia Góra ("Vulture Peak"), served as a sacred place where important religious ceremonies were held by the tribe. In fact, the religious importance of the location dates back to the sun-worshipping people of the Lusatian culture , as early as 1300 B.C. It was used as a place of worship by various people who inhabited the area before the Ślężanie, for example, the Silingi (most likely

8058-493: The original vowels and the consonants of Czech veselý ). Also, in later centuries, with the onset of cities founded on German law (namely, the so-called Magdeburg law ), Middle High German urban and legal words filtered into Old Polish. Around the 14th or the 15th centuries, the aorist and the imperfect became obsolete. In the 15th century the dual fell into disuse except for a few fixed expressions (adages and sayings). In relation to most other European languages, though,

8160-466: The peripheral Podhale and southern Kashubian dialects (now considered a separate language but still part of the Lechitic dialect continuum ) are taken to be remnants of earlier widespread initial stress. In the case of Podhale, Slovak influence is usually ruled out, because Slovak dialects bordering Podhale have penultimate rather than initial stress. In this section, Old Polish sounds are spelled

8262-420: The precise realization of these sounds is unknown, the transcriptions used here are meant to be approximations. The sound [d͡ʒ] only occurred in the cluster [ʒd͡ʒ], therefore its phonemic status is doubtful. The most important consonantal changes concerned the realization of the soft coronal consonants . Of these, /tʲ/, /dʲ/, /sʲ/ and /zʲ/ strengthened their palatalization and became alveolo-palatal , and

8364-403: The reduction of the cluster /pv/ (chiefly in the word upwać > ufać and derivatives ). The very end of the Old Polish period (15th–16th century, so during the transition to Middle Polish ) saw the palatalization of the velar plosives /k/ and /ɡ/ before front oral vowels to [kʲ] and [ɡʲ], named the so-called "fourth Slavic palatalization". This distinction was later phonemicized with

8466-473: The righteous and wicked await the resurrection at the Second Coming . Seventh-day Adventists believe that death is a state of unconscious sleep until the resurrection. They base this belief on biblical texts such as Ecclesiastes 9:5 which states "the dead know nothing", and 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18 which contains a description of the dead being raised from the grave at the second coming. These verses, it

8568-711: The same as their primary reflexes using modern Polish orthography , except that non-high long vowels are marked with a macron : ā , ē , ō . The represented state of the nasal vowels is that of the 14th century – two nasal vowels differing in length. This is represented by letters from modern Polish orthography; for example, ę for /ã/ and ꟁ for /ãː/, for the sake of easier comparison with modern forms and proper display. Old Polish nouns declined for seven cases : nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , instrumental , locative and vocative ; three numbers : singular, dual , plural; and had one of three grammatical genders : masculine, feminine or neuter. The following

8670-401: The same distribution. In classes which had a choice of two or more endings, these were commonly interchangeable, while in modern Polish, some words stabilized and only accept one. The modern Polish distinction in animacy in masculine declension was only beginning to appear in Old Polish. The most visible symptom of this trend was the use of the genitive of masculine animate nouns in

8772-623: The soul , and advocacy of Christian mortalism, was a feature of Protestantism since the early days of the Reformation with Martin Luther himself rejecting the traditional idea, though his mortalism did not carry into orthodox Lutheranism . One of the most notable English opponents of the immortality of the soul was Thomas Hobbes who describes the idea as a Greek "contagion" in Christian doctrine. Modern proponents of conditional immortality include some in

8874-439: The soul). Only those who have lived their lives on earth in accordance with Serer doctrines will be able to make this necessary journey and thus be accepted by the ancestors. Those who cannot make the journey become lost and wandering souls, but they do not burn in "hell fire". In Yoruba mythology, wicked people (guilty of e.g. theft, witchcraft, murder, or cruelty ) are confined to Orun Apaadi ( heaven of potsherds), while

8976-538: The souls of those who die either rest peacefully, in the case of Christians, or are afflicted, in the case of the damned, after death until the resurrection . While these three terms are translated in the KJV as "hell" they have three very different meanings. According to the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Trent taught, in the 5th canon of its 14th session, that damnation is eternal: "...the loss of eternal blessedness, and

9078-399: The spellings commonly used. However, his tract is of great importance to the history of the Polish language , as the first scientific work about the Polish language. It provides especially useful insight to contemporary phonology . Over the centuries, Old Polish pronunciation underwent several changes . The early Old Polish consonantal system consisted of the following phonemes . Since

9180-434: The suffix to the nominative singular -a . Old Polish verbs conjugated for three persons ; three numbers , singular, dual and plural; two moods , declarative and imperative; and had one of two lexical aspects , perfective or imperfective. There was also the analytical conditional mood, formed by the aorist of the verb być ("to be") and an old participle form. Significant changes from Proto-Slavic occurred in

9282-401: The temporary ruler of hell, is thought of residing in the bottom of hell, from where he commands his hosts of infernal demons. But contrary to Christian traditions, Iblis and his infernal hosts do not wage war against God, his enmity applies against humanity only. Further, his dominion in hell is also his punishment. Executioners of punishment are the 19 zabaniyya , who have been created from

9384-495: The twelfth century; and the "Vision of Thurkill" from the early thirteenth century. With the rise of the cult of Osiris during the Middle Kingdom , the "democratization of religion" offered to even his humblest followers the prospect of eternal life, with moral fitness becoming the dominant factor in determining a person's suitability. At death a person faced judgment by a tribunal of forty-two divine judges. If they had led

9486-499: The ultimate destruction of the wicked in the Lake of Fire in a consuming fire after resurrection. However, because of the Greek words used in translating from the Hebrew text, the Hebrew ideas have become confused with Greek myths and ideas. In the Hebrew text when people died they went to Sheol , the grave and the wicked ultimately went to Gehenna and were consumed by fire. The Hebrew words for "the grave" or "death" or "eventual destruction of

9588-413: The usage of tenses . The ancient aorist and imperfect tenses were already in the process of disappearing when the language was first attested . In the oldest texts of the 14th and 15th century, only 26 existed, and neither tenses show the whole inflection paradigm. The only exception was the aorist of być , which survived and came to be used to form the conditional mood. The role of the past tense

9690-711: The west. Other, more minor, Silesian tribes of the time included the Golensizi , Trzebowianie (who might have actually been part of the Ślężanie), Bobrzanie (who were probably subjects of the Dziadoszanie) and the Głubczyce , further to the south. The Bavarian Geographer , which refers to them as the Sleenzane , states that they had 15 settlements, or gords ( civitates ), and lists them as one of several tribes located in Silesia . The Prague charter (description of borders of

9792-426: The wicked", were translated using Greek words and later texts became a mix of mistranslation, pagan influence, and Greek myth. Christian mortalism is the doctrine that all men and women, including Christians, must die, and do not continue and are not conscious after death. Therefore, annihilationism includes the doctrine that "the wicked" are also destroyed rather than tormented forever in traditional "hell" or

9894-586: Was believed to be located in the Zagros mountains in the far east. It had seven gates, through which a soul needed to pass. The god Neti was the gatekeeper. Ereshkigal's sukkal , or messenger, was the god Namtar . Galla were a class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld; their primary purpose appears to have been to drag unfortunate mortals back to Kur. They are frequently referenced in magical texts, and some texts describe them as being seven in number. Several extant poems describe

9996-473: Was known as Kur , and was believed to be ruled by the goddess Ereshkigal . All souls went to the same afterlife, and a person's actions during life had no effect on how the person would be treated in the world to come. The souls in Kur were believed to eat nothing but dry dust and family members of the deceased would ritually pour libations into the dead person's grave through a clay pipe, thereby allowing

10098-469: Was long and only complete by the late 15th century. The higher vowels are traditionally called pochylone ("skewed") in Polish. The nasal vowels developed differently. Old Polish continued to have four nasal vowels until the 14th century, when they merged in respect to quality, but retained the length distinction. Therefore, the new system had only two nasal vowels: short /ã/ (from earlier /æ̃/ and /ɑ̃/) and long /ãː/ (from earlier /æ̃ː/ and /ɑ̃ː/). In

10200-472: Was never marked in writing, its development in Old Polish can be partially inferred from certain other phonetic changes. In older works, the verbal suffix -i / -y of the 2nd & 3rd ps. sg. imp. is dropped in some verbs, but retained in others. A comparison with East Slavic languages shows that the suffix remained when it was stressed in Proto-Slavic. Examples: Because of this and other evidence, it

10302-449: Was not the state language (that being Latin ). The Polish language started to change after the baptism of Poland , which caused an influx of Latin words, such as kościół "church" (Latin castellum , "castle"), anioł "angel" (Latin angelus ). Many of them were borrowed via Czech , which, too, influenced Polish in that era (hence e.g. wiesioły "happy, blithe" (cf. wiesiołek ) morphed into modern Polish wesoły , with

10404-418: Was taken up by a new analytical formation, composed of the present of być and the old L-participle of a verb. (The introduction to The Legend of Saint Alexius – 15th century) Hell In religion and folklore , hell is a location or state in the afterlife in which souls are subjected to punitive suffering , most often through torture , as punishment after death. Religions with

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