Skytterdalen is a small, populated valley north of Sandvika in Bærum , Norway .
58-402: The valley lies between two hills; Skytteråsen in the northwest and Løkkeåsen in the southeast. The creek Solbergbekken runs through it, formed at Solberg, at the confluence of three lesser creeks from Valler in the west, Avløs in the north and Løkeberg in the east. From Solberg it ran almost in a straight southwestern line through Skytterdalen. Schools of brown trout were found there, and fishing
116-406: A brook trout . It gets its name from its characteristic golden-yellow markings. Tiger trout are sterile, although male and female trout may be distinguished by their external markings. The female tiger trout does not develop any gonads . By contrast, male tiger trout develop testicles as well as secondary sex features such as kypes , humps, darker and thicker skin and lighter fillet colouring during
174-406: A host fish for the glochidia of the freshwater pearl mussel ( Margaritifera margaritifera ). Because trout live in habitats with fixed boundaries, in addition to the river trout, Salmo trutta fario , there are various other subspecies of Salmo trutta . See Species of Trout . The tiger trout ( Salmo trutta fario × Salvelinus fontinalis ) is a genetic cross between a river trout and
232-495: A riverine ecotype called river trout or Salmo trutta morpha fario ; a lacustrine ecotype or S. trutta morpha lacustris , also called the lake trout (not to be confused with the lake trout in North America ); and anadromous populations known as the sea trout or S. trutta morpha trutta , which upon adulthood migrate downstream to the oceans for much of its life and only returns to fresh water to spawn in
290-525: A favoured target for fly fishing . Sea trout are fished for especially at night using wet flies . Brown trout can be caught with lures such as spoons, spinners, jigs, plugs, plastic worm imitations, and live or dead baitfish . Brown trout rarely form hybrids with other species; if they do, they are almost invariably infertile. One such example is the tiger trout , a hybrid with the brook trout . Field studies have demonstrated that brown trout fed on several animal prey species, aquatic invertebrates being
348-494: A lighter golden cast with some red spotting and fewer dark spots. Notably, both strains can show considerable individual variation from this general description. Early stocking efforts in the United States used fish taken from Scotland and Germany . The brown trout is a medium-sized fish, growing to 20 kg (44 lb) or more and a length of about 100 cm (39 in) in some localities, although in many smaller rivers,
406-652: A marked reduction in intraspecific competition in the fish population, facilitating the partitioning of resources. First feeding of newly emerged fry is very important for brown trout survival in this phase of the lifecycle, and first feeding can occur even prior to emergence. Fry start to feed before complete yolk absorption and the diet composition of newly emerged brown trout is composed of small prey such as chironomid larvae or baetid nymphs. The species has been widely introduced for sport fishing into North America , South America , Australia , New Zealand , and many other countries, including Bhutan , where they are
464-514: A mature weight of 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) or less is common. S. t. lacustris reaches an average length of 40–80 cm (16–31 in) with a maximum length of 140 cm (55 in) and about 60 pounds (27 kg). On September 11, 2009, a 41.45-lb (18.80-kg) brown trout was caught by Tom Healy in the Manistee River system in Michigan, setting a new state record. As of late December 2009,
522-568: A popular game fish of European anglers for centuries. It was first mentioned in angling literature as "fish with speckled skins" by Roman author Aelian ( circa 200 AD) in On the Nature of Animals . This work is credited with describing the first instance of fly fishing for trout, the trout being the brown trout found in Macedonia. The Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle (1496) by Dame Juliana Berners , O.S.B
580-421: A reduction in dissolved oxygen levels which can cause "summer kills" of local populations if temperatures remain high for sufficient duration and deeper/cooler or fast, turbulent more oxygenated water is not accessible to the fish. This phenomenon can be further exacerbated by eutrophication of rivers due to pollution —often from the use of agricultural fertilizers within the drainage basin . Overfishing
638-412: A rod of AFTMA Class 4-6, intended to mimic an emerging or egg-laying insect . A spinning rod can also be used in some waters. For this purpose, a light spinning rod and various artificial lures, such as spoon lures and spinners, are used. Fish care should be taken when using wobblers and rubber because they are banned on some waterbodies or may only be used with restrictions. The fish has been used as
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#1732863176095696-564: A slender body with a long, narrow head. The mouth is large, and on its roof, vomerine teeth are developed in a zig-zag pattern. The caudal fin is deltaform without forking, unlike that of the related Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). Dark and red spots are often present on the sides, but do not extend to the tail. Parr trout (juvenile) often have a red margin on their adipose fin , with dark blotches along their sides that also become inconspicuous with age. Freshwater brown trout range in colour from largely silver with relatively few spots and
754-413: A white belly, to the more well-known brassy reddish-brown cast fading to creamy white on the fish's belly, with medium-sized spots surrounded by lighter halos. The more silver forms can be mistaken for rainbow trout. Regional variants include the so-called "Loch Leven" trout, distinguished by larger fins, a slimmer body, and heavy black spotting, but lacking red spots. The continental European strain features
812-700: Is a 97-centimetre (38 in) fish caught in Milwaukee Harbor, Wisconsin on 16 December 2011. The spawning behaviour of brown trout is similar to that of the closely related Atlantic salmon . A typical female produces about 2,000 eggs per kg (900 eggs per lb) of body weight at spawning. Brown trout can live 20 years, but as with the Atlantic salmon, a high proportion of males die after spawning, and probably fewer than 20% of anadromous female kelts recover from spawning . The migratory forms grow to significantly larger sizes for their age due to abundant forage fish in
870-586: Is a fish that feeds clean and purely, in the swiftest streams, and on the hardest gravel; and that he may justly contend with all fresh water fish, as the Mullet may with all sea fish, for precedency and daintiness of taste; and that being in right season, the most dainty palates have allowed precedency to him. Throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, angling authors, mostly British, some French, and later American, writing about trout fishing were writing about fishing for brown trout. Once brown trout were introduced into
928-427: Is a problem where anglers fail to identify and return mature female fish into the lake or stream. Each large female removed can result in thousands fewer eggs released back into the system when the remaining fish spawn. In small streams, brown trout are important predators of macroinvertebrates , and declining brown trout populations in these specific areas affect the entire aquatic food web . Global climate change
986-452: Is a species of salmonid ray-finned fish and the most widely distributed species of the genus Salmo , endemic to most of Europe , West Asia and parts of North Africa , and has been widely introduced globally as a game fish , even becoming one of the world's worst invasive species outside of its native range . Brown trout are highly adaptable and have evolved numerous ecotypes / subspecies . These include three main ecotypes:
1044-483: Is also of concern. S. trutta morpha fario prefers well-oxygenated water in the temperature range of 60 to 65 °F (16 to 18 °C). S. trutta bones from an archaeological site in Italy, and ancient DNA extracted from some of these bones, indicate that both abundance and genetic diversity increased markedly during the colder Younger Dryas period, and fell during the warmer Bølling-Allerød event. Cover or structure
1102-456: Is considered a foundational work in the history of recreational fishing , especially fly fishing. One of the most prominent fish described in the work is the brown trout of English rivers and streams: The trout, because he is a right dainty fish and also a right fervent biter, we shall speak of next. He is in season from March until Michaelmas. He is on clean gravel bottom and in a stream. The renowned The Compleat Angler (1653) by Izaak Walton
1160-496: Is floating past by the current. River trout spawn between October and January in the northern hemisphere , and introduced populations in the southern hemisphere spawn between May and June. The fish uses rapid fanning of the tail and caudal fin on a rock riverbed to make several shallow pits, into which about 1,000 to 1,500 reddish eggs 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) in size are laid. The fish larvae emerge after two to four months. The river trout has special significance as
1218-454: Is important to trout, and they are more likely to be found near submerged rocks and logs, undercut banks, and overhanging vegetation. Structure provides protection from predators, bright sunlight, and higher water temperatures. Access to deep water for protection in winter freezes, or fast water for protection from low oxygen levels in summer are also ideal. Trout are more often found in heavy and strong currents. Defining characteristics include
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#17328631760951276-425: Is replete with advice on "the trout": The Trout is a fish highly valued, both in this and foreign nations. He may be justly said, as the old poet said of wine, and we English say of venison, to be a generous fish: a fish that is so like the buck, that he also has his seasons; for it is observed, that he comes in and goes out of season with the stag and buck. Gesner says, his name is of a German offspring; and says he
1334-407: Is still used as a site of labour movement rituals, like May Day speeches. It has also been used as a courthouse, boxing arena, theatre stage and cinema. Next to Folkets hus is an International Montessori Pre-School. The upper secondary schools Valler and Sandvika and the primary school Evje are all within walking distance. The Løkkeås Tunnel , a planned road tunnel integrated as a part of
1392-906: The Arctic Ocean to the Atlas Mountains in North Africa. The western limit of their native range is Iceland in the north Atlantic, while the eastern limit is in Aral Sea tributaries in Afghanistan and Pakistan . Brown trout have been widely introduced into suitable environments around the world, including North and South America, Australasia, Asia, and South and East Africa. Introduced brown trout have established self-sustaining, wild populations in many introduced countries. The first introductions were in Australia in 1864 when 300 of 1500 brown trout eggs from
1450-817: The Cold Spring Hatchery operated by Mather, one in Caledonia, New York , operated by pisciculturalist Seth Green , and other hatchery in Northville, Michigan . Additional shipments of "von Behr" brown trout eggs arrived in 1884. In 1885, brown trout eggs from Loch Leven, Scotland , arrived in New York. These "Loch Leven" brown trout were distributed to the same hatcheries. Over the next few years, additional eggs from Scotland, England, and Germany were shipped to U.S. hatcheries. Behnke (2007) believed all life forms of brown trout—anadromous, riverine, and lacustrine—were imported into
1508-469: The Falklands . Salmo trutta fario Salmo trutta fario , sometimes called the river trout , is a river -dwelling freshwater predatory fish from the genus Salmo of the family Salmonidae . It is one of the three main subspecies of the brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), besides sea trout ( Salmo trutta trutta ) and the lacustrine trout ( Salmo trutta lacustris ). Depending on
1566-798: The Iberian Peninsula to the Volga in Russia , and are found as far north as Lapland . They can be found in most northern Mediterranean and western Black Sea tributaries but not in Greece , Central Anatolia and the Caucasus regions or on Corsica , Sardinia and Sicily islands. River trout are faithful to their habitat, leaving the home range stream for smaller upstream headwaters to reproduce. Even after being disturbed, they return to their traditional sites. The adult river trout requires its territory . During
1624-560: The Natal and Cape Provinces of South Africa took place in 1890 and 1892, respectively. By 1909, brown trout were established in the mountains of Kenya . The first introductions into the Himalayas in northern India took place in 1868, and by 1900, brown trout were established in Kashmir and Madras . In the 1950s and 1960s, Edgar Albert de la Rue [ fr ] , a French geologist, began
1682-562: The Northwest Territories . Introductions into South America began in 1904 in Argentina . Brown trout are now established in Chile , Peru and the Falklands . Sea-run forms of brown trout exceeding 20 lb (9.1 kg) are caught by local anglers on a regular basis. The first introductions into the U.S. started in 1883 when Fred Mather , a New York pisciculturist and angler , under
1740-726: The Norwegian National Road 164 , will run under Løkkeåsen and emerge near Folkets hus . The proposed length is 190 metres. When it comes to public transportation , Skytterdalen is served by the lines 705 and 706 of the Ruter bus network; the bus station is named Folkets hus . Sandvika Station is within walking distance. 59°53′49″N 10°31′29″E / 59.89702°N 10.52462°E / 59.89702; 10.52462 Brown trout Salmo trutta morpha trutta Salmo trutta morpha fario Salmo trutta morpha lacustris The brown trout ( Salmo trutta )
1798-738: The River Itchen survived a four-month voyage from Falmouth, Cornwall to Melbourne on the sailing ship Norfolk . By 1866, 171 young brown trout were surviving in a Plenty River hatchery in Tasmania . Thirty-eight young trout were released in the river, a tributary of the River Derwent in 1866. By 1868, the Plenty River hosted a self-sustaining population of brown trout which became a brood source for continued introduction of brown trout into Australian and New Zealand rivers. Successful introductions into
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1856-1029: The gravel beds of headstreams . Sea trout in Ireland and Great Britain have many regional names: sewin in Wales , finnock in Scotland , peal in the West Country , mort in North West England , and white trout in Ireland. The lacustrine and riverine morphs of brown trout are both potamodromous , meaning they are also migratory, though only between freshwater bodies. Lacustrine trout mainly inhabit large lakes with calm and stratified deep water, while riverine trout forms fluvial populations typically in large rivers but sometimes in shallower creeks and alpine streams , both still migrating upstream during reproductive seasons. Anadromous and potamodromous morphs coexisting in
1914-498: The U.S. By 1900, 38 states and two territories had received stocks of brown trout. Their adaptability resulted in most of these introductions establishing wild, self-sustaining populations. The fish is not considered to be endangered , although some individual stocks are under various degrees of stress mainly through habitat degradation, overfishing , and artificial propagation leading to introgression . Increased frequency of excessively warm water temperatures in high summer causes
1972-693: The U.S. and intermingled genetically to create what he calls the American generic brown trout and a single subspecies the North European brown trout ( S. t. trutta ). In April 1884, the U.S. Fish Commission released 4900 brown trout fry into the Baldwin River , a tributary of the Pere Marquette River in Michigan. This was the first release of brown trout into U.S. waters. Between 1884 and 1890, brown trout were introduced into suitable habitats throughout
2030-507: The U.S. in the 1880s, they became a major subject of American angling literature. In 1889, Frederic M. Halford , a British angler, author published Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice , a seminal work codifying a half century of evolution of fly fishing with floating flies for brown trout. In the late 19th century, American angler and writer Theodore Gordon , often called the "Father of American Dry Fly Fishing", perfected dry-fly techniques for
2088-536: The authority of the U.S. Fish Commissioner, Spencer Baird , obtained brown trout eggs from a Baron Lucius von Behr, president of the German Fishing Society [ de ] . The von Behr brown trout came from both mountain streams and large lakes in the Black Forest region of Baden-Württemberg . The original shipment of "von Behr" brown trout eggs were handled by three hatcheries, one on Long Island ,
2146-462: The day, it is hidden in the shadows of the river bank, facing upstream. Depending on size and habitat, they feed mainly on insects and larvae , small baitfish (such as European bullhead ), small crustaceans , snails and other water animals. Cannibalism has also been frequently observed among river trout. They are fast-swimming pursuit predators , but in faster-flowing rivers and streams, they are usually opportunistic and will take prey that
2204-399: The family Galaxiidae , which also have affinity for well-oxygenated, cold streams. Brown trout additionally are voracious predators of invertebrates and can carry microbial pathogens like Aeromonas salmonicida . Genetic background is a very important factor when determining the success of trout populations, this information is vital to restore and enhance previous populations. Because of
2262-559: The first comprehensive text, The Book of The Sea Trout , specifically addressing angling techniques for the anadromous forms of brown trout. Introductions of brown trout into the American West created new angling opportunities, none so successful from an angling perspective as was the introduction of browns into the upper Firehole River in Yellowstone National Park in 1890. One of the earliest accounts of trout fishing in
2320-808: The fish captured by Healy was confirmed by both the International Game Fish Association and the Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame as the new all-tackle world record for the species. This fish, which supplanted the former world record from the Little Red River in Arkansas, has in turn been exceeded by a 20.1-kilogram (44 lb) specimen caught in the Ohau Canal in Twizel, New Zealand on 27 October 2020. The all-tackle length IGFA world record
2378-509: The focus of a specialised fly fishery. The first planting in the United States occurred on April 11, 1884, into the Baldwin River, one mile east of Baldwin, Michigan . Brown trout have had serious negative impacts on upland native fish species in some of the countries where they have been introduced, particularly Australia. In Chile , Australia , New Zealand and other locations in the southern hemisphere, brown trout compete with fish from
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2436-512: The introduction of several species of salmonids on the remote Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean . Of the seven species introduced, only brook trout , Salvelinus fontinalis , and brown trout survived to establish wild populations. The first introductions in Canada occurred in 1883 in Newfoundland and continued until 1933. The only Canadian regions without brown trout are Yukon and
2494-466: The mill was ultimately discontinued in the 1970s. At the foot of Skytterdalen is found Folkvang or Folkets hus ('The People's House'), a meeting place for the local labour movement . The initiative was taken by laborers from the paper factory at Hamang , and the house was erected in 1915–1916 by the paper factory trade union and the Norwegian Labour Party , and renovated in 1982. The house
2552-426: The most abundant prey items. However, brown trout also feed on other taxa such as terrestrial invertebrates (e.g. Hymenoptera) or other fish. Moreover, in brown trout, as in many other fish species, a change in the diet composition normally occurs during the life of the fish, and piscivorous behaviour is most frequent in large brown trout. These shifts in the diet during fish lifecycle transitions may be accompanied by
2610-578: The newly arrived, but difficult-to-catch brown trout in Catskill rivers such as the Beaverkill and Neversink Rivers . In the early 20th century, British angler and author G. E. M. Skues pioneered nymphing techniques for brown trout on English chalk streams. His Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream (1910) began a revolution in fly fishing techniques for trout. In 1917, Scottish author Hamish Stuart published
2668-557: The park is from Mary Trowbridge Townsend's 1897 article in Outing Magazine "A Woman's Trout Fishing in Yellowstone Park" in which she talks about catching the von Behr trout in the river: Long dashes down stream taxed my unsteady footing; the sharp click and whirr of the reel resounded in desperate efforts to hold him somewhat in check; another headlong dash, then a vicious bulldog shake of the head as he sawed back and forth across
2726-418: The rocks. Every wile inherited from generations of wily ancestors was tried until, in a moment of exhaustion, the net was slipped under him. Wading ashore with my prize, I had barely time to notice his size—a good four-pounder, and unusual markings, large yellow spots encircled by black, with great brilliancy of iridescent color—when back he flopped into the water and was gone. However, I took afterward several of
2784-517: The same river appear genetically identical. What determines whether they migrate to sea or not remains unknown. The scientific name of the brown trout is Salmo trutta . The specific epithet trutta derives from the Latin trutta , meaning, literally, " trout ". Behnke (2007) relates that the brown trout was the first species of trout described in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus . Systema Naturae established
2842-859: The same variety, known in the Park as the Von Baer [sic] trout, and which I have since found to be the Salmo fario , the veritable trout of Izaak Walton. Within the US, brown trout introductions have created self-sustaining fisheries throughout the country. Many are considered "world-class" such as in the Great Lakes and in several Arkansas tailwaters. Outside the U.S. and outside its native range in Europe, introduced brown trout have created "world-class" fisheries in New Zealand, Patagonia , and
2900-410: The spawning season. In the past, European waterbodies were heavily and artificially stocked with rainbow trout , a native of America that grows more quickly and is less demanding of water quality. It is disputed whether this threatens the river trout. Today, it is bred in fishponds with almost the same success rate as the rainbow trout for food and restocking rivers. To protect native species of fish,
2958-574: The stocking of rivers, with non-native species has been restricted for several years. River trout makes an excellent fish dish . River trout is very popular with anglers . It is frequently fished using artificial lures . Angling with natural lures (worms, maggots, grasshoppers) is discouraged in most rivers because it is difficult to throw back trout that are below the minimum landing size uninjured when they have ingested this food so quickly and deeply. Fly rods are used to catch river trout. Medium-sized, wet and dry flies are thrown into streams with
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#17328631760953016-607: The supply of food, river trout measure 20 to 80 cm (0.7–2.6 ft) in length; exceptionally, they may be up to 1 m (3.3 ft) long and weigh up to over 13 kg (29 lb), although they usually attain an average weight of up to 2 kg (4.4 lb). Their back is olive-dark brown and silvery blue, red spots with light edges occur towards the belly, and the belly is whitish yellow. They can live for up to 18 years. Like other salmonids, river trout live in cool, fast-flowing, oxygen-rich, clear waters with gravel or sandy riverbeds . Their native ranges occur across almost all of Europe , from Portugal on
3074-448: The system of binomial nomenclature for animals . Salmo trutta was used to describe anadromous or sea-run forms of brown trout. Linnaeus also described two other brown trout species in 1758. Salmo fario was used for riverine forms. Salmo lacustris was used for lake-dwelling forms. The native range of brown trout extends from northern Norway and White Sea tributaries in Russia in
3132-513: The trout's importance as a food and game fish, it has been artificially propagated and stocked in many places in its range, and fully natural populations (uncontaminated by allopatric genomes ) probably exist only in isolated places, for example in Corsica or in high alpine valleys on the European mainland. Farming of brown trout has included the production of infertile triploid fish by increasing
3190-670: The water temperature just after fertilisation of eggs, or more reliably, by a process known as pressure shocking. Triploids are favoured by anglers because they grow faster and larger than diploid trout. Proponents of stocking triploids argue, because they are infertile, they can be introduced into an environment that contains wild brown trout without the negative effects of cross-breeding. However, stocking triploids may damage wild stocks in other ways. Triploids certainly compete with diploid fish for food, space, and other resources. They could also be more aggressive than diploid fish and they may disturb spawning behaviour. The brown trout has been
3248-456: The waters where they spend most of their lives. Sea trout are more commonly female in less nutrient-rich rivers. Brown trout are active both by day and by night and are opportunistic feeders. While in freshwater, their diets frequently include invertebrates from the streambed , other fish, frogs, mice, birds, and insects flying near the water's surface. The high dietary reliance upon insect larvae , pupae , nymphs , and adults allows trout to be
3306-461: Was moved. Parts of Skytterdalen is built-up, and there are two tall apartment buildings with 136 apartments. After the 2008 Ålesund landslide , steps were taken to protect the area from landslides in Løkkeåsen. Skytteråsen was built-up in the interwar period . A stamp mill Løkkeåsen pukkverk was operational in the same period, but was closed after an accident in 1945. The municipality took over, but
3364-485: Was popular; however in modern times the entire watershed has been led underground through a pipe system. At the foot of the valley the creek crosses the road Leif Larsens vei , named after Leif Larsen , before emptying into the meandering river Sandvikselva . The name, meaning 'Shooter Valley', stems from the sport shooting activity in the late nineteenth century. The local rifle association , Bærums Skytterlag , had their shooting field here from 1867 to 1885, when it
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