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18-479: The parish of Skjeberg was established as a municipality on January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt ). The property, Hagelund, with 8 inhabitants was moved to the Halden municipality on January 1, 1968. The rural municipality of Skjeberg was (together with Tune and Varteig ) merged with the city of Sarpsborg January 1, 1992. Prior to the merger, Skjeberg had a population of 14,295. Skjeberg Church ( Skjeberg Kirke )

36-586: A kjøpstad could buy and sell goods and conduct other economic activities . Norway also had a subordinate category to the market town , the "small seaport" ( Norwegian : ladested or lossested ). These were ports or harbours with a monopoly to import and export goods and materials in both the port and a surrounding outlying district. These places were usually subordinate to the nearest kjøpstad. Typically, these were locations for exporting timber and importing grain and goods. Local farm goods and timber sales were all required to pass through merchants at either

54-416: A lading place or a market town prior to export. This incentive ensured that local trading went through local merchants, a technique which was so effective in limiting smuggling that customs revenues increased from less than 30% of the total tax revenues in 1600 to more than 50% of the total taxes by 1700. During the last half of the 20th century, the distinction between the different types of municipalities

72-548: A local economic base for constructing fortifications and a sufficient population to defend the area. It also restricted Hanseatic League merchants from trading in areas other than those designated. Under the 1838 formannskapsdistrikt law, kjøpstads and ladesteds were granted the ability to set up a town council just like the other cities and rural municipalities in the country. Most kjøpstads and ladesteds did this immediately, although some did not. Norwegian "market towns" died out and were replaced by free markets during

90-485: A small seaport ( ladested ) or a market town ( kjøpstad ) before export, which encouraged local merchants to ensure trading went through them, which was so effective in limiting unsupervised sales (smuggling) that customs revenues increased from less than 30% of the total tax revenues in 1600 to more than 50% of the total taxes by 1700. Norway developed market towns at a much later period than other parts of Europe. The reasons for this late development are complex but include

108-560: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Formannskapsdistrikt Formannskapsdistrikt ( Urban East Norwegian: [ˈfɔ̂rmɑnskɑːpsdɪˌstrɪkt] ) is the name for Norwegian local self-government districts that were legally enacted on 1 January 1838. This system of municipalities was created in a bill approved by the Parliament of Norway and signed into law by King Carl Johan on 14 January 1837. The formannskaps law, which fulfilled an express requirement of

126-536: Is an old Scandinavian term for a " market town " in Denmark–Norway for several hundred years. Kjøpstads were places of trade and exporting materials (e.g. timber, flour, iron and other common goods). Towns were given the " dignity " or rank of being referred to as a kjøpstad when they reached a certain population. They had an established means of industry and other notable items, such as dockyards, steam mills, forges, churches, and grammar schools. The citizens of

144-467: Is located in what was until 1992, Skjeberg municipality, and now part of the municipality of Sarpsborg. The church is located approximately 7 km southeast of Sarpsborg and is the center of the parish of Skjeberg. The medieval church dates to the 1100s and was enlarged during the 1400s. Skjeberg church is built of stone in Romanesque style, but has a Gothic entrance hall. In the middle of the 17th century,

162-580: The Constitution of Norway , required that every parish ( Norwegian : prestegjeld ) form a formannsskapsdistrikt (municipality) on 1 January 1838. In this way, the parishes of the state Church of Norway became worldly, administrative districts as well. (Although some parishes were divided into two or three municipalities.) In total, 396 formannsskapsdistrikts were created under this law, and different types of formannskapsdistrikts were created, also: The introduction of self government in rural districts

180-576: The Hanseatic League merchants from trading in places other than those designated. King Olaf established a market town in Bergen in the 11th century, and it soon became the residence of many wealthy families. Import and export were to be conducted only through market towns to allow oversight of commerce and to simplify the imposition of excise taxes and customs duties . This practice encouraged growth in areas with strategic significance, providing

198-512: The 19th century. During the 1950s, there were 44 kjøpstads and 20 ladesteds that had their town councils in Norway. In 1952, the legal distinctions for both the ladested and kjøpstad were removed from the Constitution of Norway , and they were legally the same as any other town ( by ) in Norway. In 1992, all municipalities received equal status under the law, finally removing all legal differences between town and rural municipalities. Since then,

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216-509: The church received an octagonal rooftop. The oak pulpit is from 1623. The altar dates from approx. 1760. The municipality (originally the parish) was named after the old farm of Skjeberg ( Old Norse : *Skjalfberg ), since the first church was built there. The first element is (probably) skjalf f 'shelf'; the last element is berg n 'rocky hill, mountain'. 59°14′N 11°12′E  /  59.233°N 11.200°E  / 59.233; 11.200 This Østfold location article

234-419: The land registration law superseded the formannsskapsdistrikt by introduction of a new designation, the municipality ( Norwegian : herred ). Two forms of municipality were created: "rural municipality" and "city" (or " market town "). Each district was to elect a body of selectmen of no less than 12 and no more than 48 members. This body selected a quarter of their members as a committee, which together with

252-419: The local magistrate, established taxes to be levied and improvements to be performed in the district. The local chairman also represented the municipality at the county level. Almost one century later in 1936, a local self-government district law was enacted which created 682 rural municipalities ( landkommuner ) and 65 city municipalities ( bykommuner ) in Norway. Among the city municipalities, 43 had

270-451: The sparse population, lack of urbanisation, no real manufacturing industries, and no cash economy. The first kjøpstads date back to the 11th and 12th centuries when the King of Norway sought to centralise commerce in specific places that offered strategic significance, providing a local economic base for constructing fortifications and a population for the area's defence. It also restricted

288-523: The status of market town ( kjøpstad ) and 22 were recognized harbors for export/import ( ladested ). Norway included a subordinate category to the market town, the "small seaport" ( lossested or ladested ), which was a port or harbor with a monopoly to import and export goods and materials in both the port and for a surrounding outlying district. Typically, these were locations for exporting timber and importing grain and goods. Local farm goods and timber sales were all required to pass through merchants at either

306-440: Was a major political change. The Norwegian farm culture ( bondekultur ) that emerged came to serve as a symbol of nationalistic resistance to the forced union with Sweden . The legislation of 1837 gave both the towns and the rural areas the same institutions: a minor change for the town, but a major advance for the rural communities. The significance of this legislation is hailed by a nationalistic historian, Ernst Sars : In 1853,

324-581: Was decreased, and in 1992, legislation eliminated all distinctions. Now, all municipalities ( Norwegian : kommuner ) are simply municipalities. This is a list of the districts that were initially created on 1 January 1838. The original spellings have been used (many spellings have changed since that time. For a present list of current municipalities, see the List of municipalities of Norway . Kj%C3%B8pstad A kjøpstad (historically kjøbstad , kjöbstad , or kaupstad , from Old Norse : kaupstaðr )

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