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48-659: The district formed an area around the Hornsea urban district . The district was created by the Local Government Act 1894 . In 1935 the district was abolished by a County Review Order made under the Local Government Act 1929 . and the area then formed part of the newly created Holderness Rural District . At the same time a small part was transferred to the municipal borough of Kingston upon Hull . 53°51′07″N 0°12′47″W  /  53.852°N 0.213°W  / 53.852; -0.213 Hornsea Hornsea

96-403: A Bronze Age ringwork. The site is similar to one excavated at Paddock Hill, near Thwing . The site consists of cropmarks indicating circular 20 to 26 feet (6 to 8 m) ditch surrounding a 160 feet (50 m) diameter circular area, with a probably entrance point at the east-south-east. There are cropmark indications that an outer ditch existed and that a roundhouse or henge was located inside

144-402: A coastal resort and has large caravan sites to the north and south. The soft soil and low-lying geography result in consistent coastal erosion that threatens some of the infrastructure of the community. This is expected to worsen as climate change causes sea level rise . In some areas, residents have already been forced to take a managed retreat . The name Hornsea likely derives from

192-585: A historic moated site, and the Memorial Gardens. The area of 'old' Hornsea centred on the Market Place, and including Hall Garth Park and the large houses around Hornsea Town railway station and Grosvenor Road are now (2007) part of a Conservation Area – the area excludes the 19th/20th century resort, and promenade. Like other small North Sea coastal resorts Hornsea has a promenade, laid out gardens, hotels, fish and chip shops, gift shops and so on. On

240-417: A port. However, there are several medieval references to it. In 1228 documents refer to tolls on merchandise from ships both north and south of the beck. Holinshed noted Horneseie Beck as amongst the places on the coast used for trade; and sometime before the reign of Elizabeth I (16th century) the large sum of £3,000 had been spent on a pier at Hornsea – it was destroyed by the sea sometime around

288-414: A registered charity since 1994. Hornsea has a high frequency of all-day public transport bus service to and from Hull , Beverley , Hessle and a daily service to Bridlington , and to Withernsea . There is evidence of prehistoric human activity in the area. Near Norththorpe, north of Hornsea crop marks indicate a site interpreted as a Neolithic henge monument, thought to have been later reused as

336-652: A relative of William the Conqueror , and Holderness subsequently passed to Odo, Count of Aumale . In around 1088 Odo gave the manor, church and lands at Hornsea to the Benedictine St Mary's Abbey, York . Rights of fishing in the Mere also passed to the Abbey. The church of Saint Nicholas dates to the 13th century, with alterations in the 14th and 15th centuries. The church is of cobbles plus stone dressings, much of it in

384-442: A school ); a Primitive Methodist chapel was built on Westgate in 1835, replaced and then demolished after a replacement was built in the Market Place in 1864, with a minister's house built on the site. A tower folly, Bettison's Folly was built c.  1844 , by local brewmaster William Bettison, a tower built by a local business man in the 19th century. The tower contains the only fully working retractable flag pole in

432-744: Is a seaside town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England. The settlement dates to at least the early medieval period. The town was expanded in the Victorian era with the coming of the Hull and Hornsea Railway in 1864. In the First World War , the mere was briefly the site of RNAS Hornsea Mere , a seaplane base. During the Second World War , the town and beach were heavily fortified against invasion. The civil parish encompasses Hornsea town;

480-474: Is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Protection Area for birds; it accommodates many species throughout the year, and is of international importance for a migratory population of gadwall . Its shallowness results in a diverse range of swamp and fen plants. It was featured in the BBC television programme Seven Natural Wonders . Hornsea Mere is owned by Wassand Hall , situated to

528-528: Is connected to the old town by Newbegin and New Road, and includes much of the Victorian development of the town. Buildings in the town are predominately red brick, with pantile or slate roofs; some structures use local cobbles as a building material. Modern Hornsea also incorporates several caravan sites , mainly on the northern and southern edge. There are two notable parks in Hornsea, Hall Garth Park which includes

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576-678: Is primarily boulder clay . High points in the area are formed of gravel . (See moraine .) The topsoils are fine and loamy, whilst the rock beneath the boulder clay is classed as Flamborough Chalk from the Upper Cretaceous period. Historically large stones in the boulder clay were removed for use in road construction – this activity had been prohibited at Hornsea by the board of trade by 1885. Sands and clays were also used locally in building ( c.  1885 ), though better quality materials were found elsewhere. Some early writers ( William Camden 1551–1623) thought that ground conditions in

624-622: Is the largest freshwater lake in Yorkshire , England, and lies to the west of Hornsea in the East Riding of Yorkshire . The mere was used as a base for the Royal Naval Air Service and then latterly, the Royal Air Force during the First World War . It covers an area of 467 acres (1.89 km ), is 2 miles (3.2 km) long, 0.75 miles (1.2 km) at its widest point and 12 feet (3.7 m) at its deepest. The average depth of

672-489: The Hull and Hornsea Railway . Hornsea Railway Station was designed by Rawlins & Gould, built in brick with sandstone, with five central bays surrounded by two five bay extensions on either side – the station is still extant and was listed 1979. Hornsea Bridge railway station was built short of the Hornsea Town terminus, and functioned as a goods station as well as a passenger station. The new railway not only benefited

720-511: The Old Norse elements horn ("horn"), nes ("headland, promontory") and sæ ("sea, lake"). Hornsea may have been the site of Cornu Vallis, a place-name derived from Brittonic corno ("horn") The civil parish of Hornsea is located on the Holderness coast approximately 16 miles (25 km) north-east of Hull . The parish is bounded by the civil parishes of Atwick to the north, Seaton to

768-404: The perpendicular style . The font, some memorials and an effigy also date to the 13th century, a restored former medieval market cross is found in the churchyard. The church tower was formerly surmounted by a spire, reported as ruinous in the early 1710s and said to have fallen down in 1733. The church was extensively restored in the 1860s by George Gilbert Scott , including rebuilding of

816-516: The Second World War. At the same time as the promotion and development of the railway the town was also improved: New Road was laid out in 1848 to improve access to the sea – in the 1860s/'70s Joseph Wade establishing a brick and tile works, and developed Grosvenor Terrace – No.31 of which was layered with his patent 'Acorn' tiles. The coming of the railway was followed by further development, including Alexandra Hotel (1867); Wilton Terrace (1868);

864-469: The area were evidence of an earthquake, whilst Poulson 1840 supposed the Mere and fossil finds to be evidence of a great flood or deluge in the area. Since at least the late 19th century the geological conditions overlying the underlying chalk have been interpreted as being from a glacial process in origin – both the boulder clay and the gravel beds and moraines. Borings suggest the chalk probably lies at around 60 to 70 feet (18 to 21 m) under

912-630: The civil parish lies at between 33 and 66 feet (10 and 20 m) above sea level, with the highest points in the parish under 98 feet (30 m). The B1242 road runs north to south parallel with the coast through the parish and the A1035 runs westward connecting with the A165 near Leven . Additionally a foot and cycle path, the Hornsea Rail Trail , part of the Trans Pennine Trail runs south-west from

960-402: The country. Hornsea was promoted as a seaside resort from around 1800, with early attractions including bathing machines , horse races on the beach and a chalybeate spring near the mere. More facilities were built in the 1830s including the first Marine Hotel. A railway line was sanctioned in 1846 from Arram to Hornsea in 1846, but was unbuilt following the fall of George Hudson and

1008-438: The fields around Hornsea were enclosed in 1809. By the mid 19th century Hornsea comprised three main streets at the eastern end of the Mere – Westgate, Southgate and Market Place; two streets, Newbegin and Eastgate led eastward towards the sea from Market Place, merging around 200 yards (180 m) from the cliff – the land east of Hornsea town towards the sea was in agricultural use. A Quaker meeting house, located to

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1056-515: The financial problems of the York and North Midland Railway . In 1861 a company was formed to promote railways in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and obtained an act for a 13 miles (21 km) line from Wilmington, Kingston upon Hull to Hornsea in 1862. Joseph Armitage Wade, a Hull timber merchant and Hornsea resident was a key promoter of the line. Work began October 1862, with the line completed early 1864

1104-588: The high status dwellings Brampton House (1872–73); and the Grosvenor Estate, built during the period from 1865 to the early 20th century. Civic improvements following or coincidental the opening of the railway included a gas works (1864, J.A. Wade); a gasworks for the Lansdowne estate, Cliff Road (1870, W.M. Jackson, closed 1899); improved drainage (1874–75, local board); and a Waterworks on Atwick Road ( c.  1878 , local board). Wade's brickworks

1152-488: The lake is 4 feet 11 inches (1.5 m) and the mere itself lies only 26 feet (8 m) above sea level. The mere is fed by several small streams and a sluice gate at the eastern end of the mere controls the outflow, which travels only 0.68 miles (1.1 km) eastwards to the North Sea . Hornsea Mere is a centre for bird-watching and a tourist attraction offering rowing , sailing , boat trips and fishing . It

1200-547: The late 17th century, alternatively large cobbles have also been used in the area for building construction – several structures of this type survive in the town, dating to the late 17th, 18th or 19th century, including some listed buildings , utilising cobbles or cobbles with brick. The Old Hall in Hornsea Market Place dates to the early 17th century, and is built of brick on cobble foundations. Whilst enclosure at Hornsea Burton had begun around 1660,

1248-595: The latter half of the 16th century. Coastal erosion had ended Hornsea's importance as a port by the 16th century, though its market continued to be important locally. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries (1540) right of ownership of Hornsea were returned to the Crown from St Mary's Abbey. Subsequently, the property was split into three parts – the manor, church and mere. There were windmills in Hornsea during

1296-421: The latter part of the 16th century; estimated by George Poulson at 2 yards (1.8 m) per year in the late 18th century, though recorded at up to 6 yards (5.5 m) in some years in the same period. The rate of erosion may have been influenced by the presence or absence of erosion limiting groynes or a pier. South, at Hornsea Burton, erosion rates rose from 1.3 to 5 yards (1.2 to 4.6 m) pa between

1344-467: The medieval period Hornsea was a market town, and also functioned as a fishing town and port. In 1377 the Poll Tax recorded 271 tax payers in Hornsea, and a further 264 at Hornsea Beck, and 96 at Hornsea Burton; in 1490 the parish of Hornsea recorded that there were 340 persons in Hornsea, and 240 at Hornsea Beck and 50 at Hornsea Burton. There is limited evidence on the extent to which Hornsea functioned as

1392-522: The medieval period – two belonging to the Abbey of St Mary's are recorded in the 16th century. There was another in Hornsea Burton, recorded as early as 1584, and is documented again in 1663, with the site still recorded in the late 19th century – the mill was located at the end of the Mill Lane (now Burton Lane). 83 houses were recorded for tax purposes in 1676; and a record of 133 families in

1440-502: The monument. Prehistoric finds in Hornsea include a polished Neolithic stone axehead, Neolithic or Bronze Age flints, and Bronze Age flint arrowhead. There are also cropmarks in the Hornsea area indicating human activity during the Iron Age / Roman Britain period, thought to the remnants of field systems. An Anglo-Saxon burial ground was discovered in 1913 near the Hydro on Cliff Road –

1488-455: The natural lake, Hornsea Mere ; and the lost or deserted villages of Hornsea Beck , Northorpe and Southorpe . Structures of note in the parish include the medieval parish church of St Nicholas, Bettison's Folly , Hornsea Mere and the sea front promenade. The economy includes a mix of tourism and small manufacturing. Most notably, Hornsea Pottery was established in Hornsea in 1949 and closed in 2000. Modern Hornsea still functions as

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1536-404: The nearing of the sea by erosion – the figure of ten miles given as the distance the town once stood from the sea is certainly artistic licence . Hornsea steeple, when I built thee, Thou was 10 miles off Burlington, 10 miles off Beverley, and 10 miles off sea. The old town of Hornsea is centred on the Market Place, and includes Southgate, Westgate and Mere Side; the resort and promenade

1584-552: The parish was made in 1743. By 1801 the population was 533, rising steadily to 704 by 1811, then to 780 in 1831, and to 1,005 in 1841. There were several Quakers in Hornsea in the mid 17th century – an early meeting room was in a cottage in Westgate. In 1676 three cottages in Southgate were recorded as being given up for the use as a cemetery by the Acklams, a Quaker family. In 1732

1632-435: The periods 1845–76 and 1876–82, thought to be due to the construction of groynes north of the beach at Hornsea. The current (2008) rate of erosion is 1 foot 8 inches (0.5 m) north of and 6 feet 7 inches (2 m) south of Hornsea – the difference due to the defences at Hornsea preventing the renewing flow of sediment southwards. An apocryphal inscription said to have been found in Hornsea references

1680-512: The rear of Westgate, now known as 'Quaker Cottage' was used in the 18th century for meetings. Non-conformist churches were built in the early 19th century – an Independent chapel was built on Southgate near to the Market Place c.  1808 , with a burial ground to the rear; and a Wesleyan chapel built on the corner of Back Southgate/Mere Side/Chamber's Lane c.  1814 , (replaced in 1870 by one in Newbegin and later used as

1728-424: The resort, but also enabled Hornsea to function as a dormitory suburb to Hull. There was significant growth in the small scale fishing that took place at Hornsea before the railway – persons recorded as Fishermen rose from 3 in 1851 to a dozen or more in the 1870s to 1890s, with 12 boats and 20 men recorded in 1894 – crab was the major catch, rather than wet fish – crabbing continued to the 1930s but declined after

1776-459: The sand, gravel and clay beds at Hornsea, though possibly deeper. Water in Hornsea has been obtained from wells and bore holes, though some borings have yielded water contaminated with iron, whilst others failed to reach an aquifer even at a depth of 976 feet (297 m). The Mere is the last of many lakes in the Holderness area – the remainder had been drained by the late 19th century. At

1824-458: The sea remains of a submarine forest were found in a bed of peat found around halfway between cliff and lower water. The trees found were oak, alder and willow. A variety of fossils have been found in the deposits, including those of the extinct Eurasian cave lion ( Felis spelaea ), Woolly Mammoth ( Elephas primigenius ), Aurochs ( Bos primigenius ) as well as Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus ) and Horse species ( Equus ). Molluscs found in

1872-617: The site was re-excavated in 1982. Thirteen skeletons were initially found, and a further six at the later excavations – a wide variety of grave goods were found including vases, and objects of bronze, ivory, bone, silver, jet and beads. Hornsea is mentioned as a Manor, as Hornesse , in the Domesday Book of 1086. After the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, overlordship passed from Morcar to Drogo de la Beuvrière . Drogo fled to Flanders c.  1086 after killing his wife,

1920-557: The southern edge of Hornsea, near the site of Hornsea Pottery is a shopping centre known as Hornsea Freeport – the Freeport adapted some of the original theme park set up by Hornsea Pottery. There are three schools in Hornsea: Hornsea Community Primary School, Hornsea Burton Primary School and Hornsea School and Language College . Hornsea has an independent lifeboat service provided by Hornsea Inshore Rescue,

1968-413: The subterranean gravel appear to have been freshwater species. It is thought the source of the submarine forests recorded on the coast at Hornsea may have been a second mere on the eastern side of the present lake which was silted and was lost to the sea at some point. The coast at Hornsea is subject to erosion. The rate of erosion varies, but has been inferred at around 4 yards (3.7 m) per year in

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2016-580: The town centre towards Hull. Hornsea Mere is a lake of around 1.2 by 0.6 miles (2 by 1 km) with an outflow towards the sea by the Stream Dike Drain. This drain also separates Hornsea from the Hornsea Bridge suburb. According to the 2011 UK census , Hornsea parish had a population of 8,432. Hornsea is in the Parliamentary constituency of Beverley and Holderness . The underlying geology

2064-460: The town was struck by a 'hurricane' which in addition to destroying the church's spire, unroofed around 40 buildings, as well as causing part of the vicarage to collapse, and overturned one windmill. Another windmill is recorded on Atwick Road in 1732, and in 1820–21 a new windmill was built – by 1909 it was steam operated. Historically, the common building material in the area has been brick or cobbles – extant buildings in brick date to as early as

2112-491: The upper tower; further work was done at the beginning of the 20th century by Brodrick, Lowther & Walker. The medieval rectory of the church was located to the north, at a moated site – some earthwork remains are still extant, and were incorporated into the public Hall Garth Park in the 19th century. Other remnants of the medieval town include a c.  14th century wayside cross on Southgate, probably formed of remnants of other medieval crosses. During

2160-570: The west of the mere, and was purchased by the Hall's estate for £50 in the 16th century. The mere is the base for Hornsea Sailing Club . A Royal Naval Air Service seaplane base was opened on the mere in September 1917. Initially, numbers 248 and 251 squadrons operated from RNAS Hornsea Mere with a headquarters at Killingholme. No. 251 Squadron operated non-water based aircraft so did not actually fly from Hornsea despite being based there. The RNAS base

2208-447: The west, Hatfield and Mappleton to the south, and by the North Sea to the east. The civil parish contains the coastal town of Hornsea, and a suburb of "Hornsea Bridge" or "Hornsea Burton" south of the former railway line, as well as Hornsea Mere . Excluding the town and its suburbs there are no other habitations of note in the parish, except some farms. The remainder of the parish is low lying farm land divided into fields. Most of

2256-420: Was established c.  1865 south of Hornsea Bridge railway station – by 1890 an hydraulic engineering works had been established adjacent west, both close to the site of the modern Freeport. There was also a short lived brickworks north of the mere, and sand and gravel extraction also took place in the parish, as well as lime kiln activity. (see also § Geology .) Hornsea Mere Hornsea Mere

2304-594: Was located on Kirkholme Nab, a small 6-acre (2.4 ha) peninsula that sticks out westwards from the eastern shore. The RNAS installed two Bessonneau hangars and two slipways from Kirkholme Nab which allowed a dozen seaplanes to be operated from the base. Various flights flew from here in coastal protection and submarine attack operations. These flights were eventually grouped together to form No. 248 Squadron who were commanded by No. 79 (Operations) Wing (who also commanded No. 251 Squadron, hence their allocation at Hornsea Mere). A number of brick buildings left behind by

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