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44-670: Based on the last parts of the Priest of Duklja , Krajina was a political centre of Duklja. Jovan Vladimir , the ruler of Duklja (ca. 1000–1016), was interred in the Prečista Krajinska church by his widow Theodora Kosara , who was also buried in the church. The oldest published Albanian book, Meshari ("the Missal"), was written by Albanian Catholic priest Gjon Buzuku who was born in this region's village of Livari. The region within Montenegro

88-694: A Ragusan historian, included the work (amongst other works) in his Il regno de gli Slavi (ca. 1601); Johannes Lucius did the same in ca. 1666. These Latin redactions claim that the original was written in Slavic. According to its recent editor, Tibor Živković, the chronicle, written in Latin, was completed in two versions between 1295 and 1301 in the towns of Split , then part of the Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary , and Bar (in Montenegro ), then part of

132-437: A chronicle with information not available to the original chronicler. Determining the reliability of particular chronicles is important to historians . Many newspapers and other periodical literature have adopted "chronicle" as part of their name. "It is well known that history, in the form of Chronicles, was a favourite portion of the literature of the middle ages. The annals of a country were usually kept according to

176-401: A considerable period of time, both the lifetime of the individual chronicler and often those of several subsequent continuators . If the chronicles deal with events year by year, they are often called annals . Unlike the modern historian, most chroniclers tended to take their information as they found it, and made little attempt to separate fact from legend. The point of view of most chroniclers

220-406: A form of journalism or non-professional historical documentation. Before the development of modern journalism and the systematization of chronicles as a journalistic genre, cronista were tasked with narrating chronological events considered worthy of remembrance that were recorded year by year. Unlike writers who created epic poems regarding living figures, cronista recorded historical events in

264-625: A summary of an older hagiography dating between 1075 and 1089 (when the Vojislavljević dynasty endeavored to obtain the royal insignia from the Pope, and to elevate the Bar Bishopric to an archbishopric), contains considerable historical data that has been found to be reliable. Chapters 34 and 35, which deal with Vladimir's father and uncles, are likely based on the prologue of this 11th-century hagiography. Other obsolete and refuted theories include that

308-638: Is Muslim and Christian ( Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic ). Christians mostly reside in the Shestan region, with minorities in Livari, Briska and Tejani. 42°06′02″N 19°09′36″E  /  42.10068°N 19.159998°E  / 42.10068; 19.159998 Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja The Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea or Duklja ( Serbo-Croatian : Ljetopis popa Dukljanina , Љетопис попа Дукљанина ; Latin : Gesta regum Sclavorum )

352-474: Is a historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a timeline . Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and local events, the purpose being the recording of events that occurred, seen from the perspective of the chronicler . A chronicle which traces world history is a universal chronicle . This is in contrast to a narrative or history , in which an author chooses events to interpret and analyze and excludes those

396-422: Is a purely fictional literary product, belonging to the late 14th or early 15th century. Serbian historian Tibor Živković , in his monograph Gesta regum Sclavorum (2009), concluded that its main parts are dated to ca. 1295–1301. Regnum Sclavorum (1601) can be divided into the following sections: The author attempted to present an overview of ruling families over the course of over two centuries — from

440-529: Is a term for a historical chronicler, a role that held historical significance in the European Middle Ages . Until the European Enlightenment , the occupation was largely equivalent to that of a historian, describing events chronologically that were of note in a given country or region. As such, it was often an official governmental position rather than an independent practice. The appointment of

484-611: Is believed to contain non-historical material. The chronicle was also added to by a bishop of Bar intent on demonstrating his diocese' superiority over that of Bishop of Split . In 1986, the chronicle was translated from the Croatian into Ukrainian by Antin V. Iwachniuk. The translation was financed by the Iwachniuk Ukrainian Studies and Research Fund at the University of Ottawa . Various inaccurate or simply wrong claims in

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528-548: Is described to span the area west of the river Drina , "up to the Pine mountain" ( Latin : ad montem Pini , Croatian : do gore Borave ). The location of this Pine mountain is unknown. In 1881, Croatian historian Franjo Rački wrote that this refers to the mountain of "Borova glava" near the Livno field . Croatian historian Luka Jelić wrote the mountain was located either between Maglaj and Skender Vakuf , northwest of Žepče , or it

572-573: Is highly localised, to the extent that many anonymous chroniclers can be sited in individual abbeys . It is impossible to say how many chronicles exist, as the many ambiguities in the definition of the genre make it impossible to draw clear distinctions of what should or should not be included. However, the Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle lists some 2,500 items written between 300 and 1500 AD. Entries in chronicles are often cited using

616-629: Is located from the eastern border with Albania near the coast of the Adriatic Sea . It is located between Crmnica and Ana Malit regions and stretches out from Ckla village to Šestani, a sub-region often considered as forming part of wider region of Krajina. It is also between Skadar Lake and the Rumija mountain. Within Montenegro, it mainly consists of villages and small hamlets with Ostros being its most populated settlement (Pop. 230 (2003)). Within Albania,

660-521: Is still a topic of discussion. The work describes the local Slavs as a peaceful people imported by the Goth rulers, who invaded the area in the 5th century, but it doesn't attempt to elaborate on how and when this happened. This information contradicts the information found in the Byzantine text De Administrando Imperio . The Chronicle also mentions one Svetopeleg or Svetopelek , the eighth descendant of

704-405: Is the usual name given to a medieval chronicle written in two versions between 1295 and 1301 by an ecclesiastic from Duklja , recently identified as Rudger, Archbishop of Bar. Its oldest preserved copy is in Latin from the 17th century, and modern historians have debated the text's date of composition (mid-12th to late 16th century) and authenticity. It contains some semi-mythical material on

748-633: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , started under the patronage of King Alfred in the 9th century and continued until the 12th century, and the Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (1577–87) by Raphael Holinshed and other writers; the latter documents were important sources of materials for Elizabethan drama. Later 16th century Scottish chronicles, written after the Reformation , shape history according to Catholic or Protestant viewpoints. A cronista

792-612: The Serbian Kingdom . Its author was presbyter Rudger (or Rüdiger), the Catholic Archbishop of Bar ( Antivari ), who was probably of Czech origin. He is thought to have written around 1300 because Bosnian borders are referred to in a way that coincides with an anonymous text, the Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis , that has been dated to the year 1308. Rudger became Archbishop of Bar in 1298, but

836-546: The 10th century up to the time of writing, the 12th century. There are 47 chapters in the text, of different sizes and varying subject matter. The work is actually a number of separate but similar manuscripts, stemming from an original source that does not survive but assumed to have been written by the Priest of Duklja himself (or other monk-scribes giving a helping hand). It has been generally agreed that this Presbyter included in his work folklore and literary material from Slavic sources which he translated into Latin. Among

880-562: The 15th century but would be lost later on to the Ottomans according to Dalmatian historian Luigi Paulucci. In the Ottoman defter of 1485 for the Sanjak of Scutari , the nahiyah of Krajna is recorded with a single village of the same name. In the register, Krajna appears as a large settlement with 142 households, and around half of the household heads recorded bore typical Albanian personal names,

924-605: The Middle Ages describing historical events in a country, or the lives of a nobleman or a clergyman, although it is also applied to a record of public events. The earliest medieval chronicle to combine both retrospective ( dead ) and contemporary ( live ) entries, is the Chronicle of Ireland , which spans the years 431 to 911. Chronicles are the predecessors of modern " time lines " rather than analytical histories. They represent accounts, in prose or verse, of local or distant events over

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968-546: The Middle Ages; "The Latins have six towns with bishops: firstly Antibarum (Bar), the seat of the archbishop, then Chatarensis (Kotor), Dulcedinensis (Ulcinj), Suacinensis (Shas), Scutarensis (Shkodra) and Drivascensis (Drisht), which are inhabited by the Latins alone. Outside the town walls, the Albanians make up the population throughout the diocese.". note; this area would later be incorporated into Albania veneta ( Venetian Albania ) in

1012-489: The abbreviation s.a. , meaning sub anno (under the year), according to the year under which they are listed. For example, " ASC MS A, s.a. 855" means the entry for the year 855 in manuscript A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . The same event may be recorded under a different year in another manuscript of the chronicle, and may be cited for example as " ASC MS D, s.a. 857". The most important English chronicles are

1056-554: The author does not consider important or relevant. The information sources for chronicles vary. Some are written from the chronicler's direct knowledge, others from witnesses or participants in events, still others are accounts passed down from generation to generation by oral tradition . Some used written material, such as charters , letters , and earlier chronicles. Still others are tales of unknown origin that have mythical status. Copyists also changed chronicles in creative copying, making corrections or in updating or continuing

1100-410: The author lived in the second half of the 12th century. Some Croatian historians put forward the theory, of E. Peričić (1991), that the anonymous author was a Grgur Barski (Gregory of Bar), a bishop of Bar , who lived in the second half of the 12th century. The bishopric of Bar was defunct at that time. In his 1967 reprint of the work, Yugoslav historian Slavko Mijušković said that the chronicle

1144-534: The early history of the Western South Slavs . Historians have yet to discount the work as based on inaccuracies and fiction. The postulates are there that Slavs lived in the Balkans from the 5th- to the 12th-century. It recounts the history of Dalmatia and nearby regions from the 5th to the mid-12th century. The section "Life of St. Jovan Vladimir ", is believed to be one of the local traditions integrated into

1188-592: The material he translated, rather than created, is "The Legend of Prince Vladimir" which is supposed to have been written by another clergyman, also from Duklja, more specifically, Zećanin from Krajina in Zeta or Duklja (an earlier name for Zeta). In its original version, it was a hagiographic work, a "Life of St. Vladimir" rather than a "Legend." Prince Vladimir, the protagonist of the story, as well as Emperor Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria , who ordered Vladimir's execution, were historical persons, yet "The Legend of Prince Vladimir"

1232-515: The narrative. The work was traditionally ascribed to an anonymous "priest of Duklja" ( presbyter Diocleas , known in Serbo-Croatian as pop Dukljanin ). The work is preserved only in its Latin redactions from a 17th-century printing. Dmine Papalić, a nobleman from Split , found the text which he transcribed in 1509–10, which was translated by Marko Marulić into Latin in 1510, with the title Regnum Dalmatiae et Croatiae gesta . Mavro Orbin ,

1276-417: The natural ecclesiastical centre of South Dalmatia but those of Dioclea (Bar) to this new metropolitan status were now vigorously pushed especially as the Pope intended Serbia to be attached to Dioclea. In his 1967 reprint of the work, Yugoslav historian Slavko Mijušković stated that the chronicle is a purely fictional literary product, belonging to the late 14th or early 15th century. The region of Bosnia

1320-438: The official chronicler often favored individuals who had distinguished themselves by their efforts to study, investigate and disseminate population -related issues. The position was granted on a local level based on the mutual agreements of a city council in plenary meetings. Often, the occupation was honorary, unpaid, and stationed for life. In modern usage, the term usually refers to a type of journalist who writes chronicles as

1364-555: The original Goth invaders, as the main ruler of the lands that cover Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro ( Duklja ) and Serbia . He is also credited with the Christianization of the people who are Goths or Slavs — a purely fictitious attribution. These claims about a unified kingdom are probably a reflection of the earlier glory of the Moravian kingdom . He may also have been talking about Avars . The priest's parish

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1408-624: The other half bearing Slavic anthroponymy possibly attributed to the influence of the Serbian Orthodox Church through the Patriarchate of Peć . In the later register of 1582, the nahiyah had expanded and came to encompass the settlements of Gjonçiq , Ftilan , Pençan , Brisk , Livar , Zogan , Arbanas , Bespod , Babsul , Roviq , Boboshta , Shkllav , Vrajsha , Nadvila , Podgozhan , Muriq , and Koshtanja . The first 11 villages attested predominantly bore Albanian anthroponyms, while

1452-426: The political interests and priorities of his patron, Paul I Šubić of Bribir , Ban of Croatia and Lord of Bosnia . Chapters 1–33 of the chronicle are based on oral traditions and its author's constructions; these are largely dismissed by historians. However, the next three chapters possess invaluable historical data about this time period. Despite its hagiographic nature, Chapter 36 (on Saint Jovan Vladimir ),

1496-536: The proceeding 4 primarily had Slavic or mixed Albanian-Slavic personal names. Muriq and Koshtanja, however, had a roughly equal number of Albanian and Slavic names. From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, thousands of locals migrated to countries throughout Europe and to the United States. Between 2,000 and 3,000 people are estimated to live in the Krajina region, with a majority of ethnic Albanians . The religious make-up

1540-472: The region of Krajina is bordered on the southern flank by the Tarabosh mountains and only encompasses the coastal village of Zogaj on Lake Skadar. Within Montenegro, Krajina encompasses some of the following villages and hamlets: From what we can see in one Latin manuscript in the 14th century (The Directorium ad passagium faciendum 1332) we get a clear indication of the demographics of the area of that time in

1584-868: The same etymology. Requested by you, my beloved brethren in Christ and honorable priests of the holy Archbishopric See of the Church in Duklja, as well as by some elders, but especially by the youth of our city who find pleasure not only in listening to and reading about the wars but in taking part in them also, to translate from the Slavic language into Latin the Book of Goths, entitled in Latin Regnum Sclavorum in which all their deeds and wars have been described... Chronicle A chronicle ( Latin : chronica , from Greek χρονικά chroniká , from χρόνος , chrónos – "time")

1628-454: The southern Dalmatian Hum/ Zahumlje , Travunia and Dioclea (most of today's Herzegovina , Montenegro , as well as parts of Croatia and Albania ) as Maritima / Croatian lands of Red Croatia while other Dalmatian-Lika lands as White Croatia, which is a description inconsistent with other historical works from the same period, but not all. The archbishop of Bar was later named Primas Serbiae . Ragusa had some claims to be considered

1672-404: The text make it an unreliable source. Modern historians have serious doubts about the majority of this work as being mainly fictional, or wishful thinking . Some go as far as to say that it can be dismissed in its entirety, but that is not a majority opinion, rather, it is thought to have given us a unique insight into the whole era from the point of view of the indigenous Slavic population and it

1716-404: The time of their writing, but does not record further events as they occur. A live chronicle is where one or more authors add to a chronicle in a regular fashion, recording contemporary events shortly after they occur. Because of the immediacy of the information, historians tend to value live chronicles, such as annals , over dead ones. The term often refers to a book written by a chronicler in

1760-454: The years of the sovereign's power, and not those of the Christian æra. The Chronicles compiled in large cities were arranged in like manner, with the years reckoned according to the annual succession of chief magistrates." Scholars categorize the genre of chronicle into two subgroups: live chronicles, and dead chronicles. A dead chronicle is one where the author assembles a list of events up to

1804-491: Was at some drainage divide mountains, but placed it to the southeast of Dinara . Croatian historian Anto Babić , based on the work of Dominik Mandić in 1978, inferred that the term refers roughly to a place of the drainage divide between the Sava and Adriatic Sea watersheds. In her discussion of Ćorović, Serbian historian Jelena Mrgić-Radojčić also points to the existence of a mountain of "Borja" in today's northern Bosnia with

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1848-608: Was expelled from the town in 1301 by order of the Serbian king Stefan Uroš II Milutin ; Rudger died at the monastery of Zwettl, in Austria, in on 8 December 1305. On the basis of its content, Rudger's composition is believed to have been heavily influenced by his knowledge of medieval Latin sources, from Isidore of Seville and Jordanes to Peter Abelard and Geoffrey of Monmouth and Bohemian and Polish historical works. The themes and scope of Rudger's work are supposed to have been shaped by

1892-439: Was located at the seat of the archbishopric of Duklja . According to Bishop Gregory's late 12th-century additions to this document, this Archbishopric covered much of the western Balkans including the bishoprics of Bar, Budva , Kotor , Ulcinj , Svač , Skadar , Drivast , Pulat , Travunia , Zahumlje . Further, it mentions Bosnia (Bosnam) and Rascia (Rassa) as the two lands of Transmontana / Surbia , while describing

1936-466: Was the mountain Borovina located between Vranica and Radovna , according to Ferdo Šišić 's 1908 work. In 1935, Serbian historian Vladimir Ćorović wrote that the toponym refers to the mountain of Borova glava, because of etymology and because it is located on the watershed ( drainage divide ). In 1936, Slovene ethnologist Niko Županič had also interpreted that to mean that the western border of Bosnia

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