Hacktivismo is an offshoot of Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc), whose beliefs include access to information as a basic human right . It was founded in 1999.
85-699: The group's beliefs are described fully in The Hacktivismo Declaration, which seeks to apply the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to the Internet . Oxblood Ruffin , the director of Hacktivismo, has argued forcefully against definitions of hacktivism that include web defacements or denial-of-service attacks . Hacktivismo has also authored its own software license agreement,
170-487: A Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns, and a pediment . Articles 1 and 2—with their principles of dignity, liberty, equality and brotherhood—served as the foundation blocks. The seven paragraphs of the preamble, setting out the reasons for the Declaration, represent the steps leading up to the temple. The main body of the Declaration forms the four columns. The first column (articles 3–11) constitutes rights of
255-542: A dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah", without any discrimination on grounds of "race, colour, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other considerations". The Cairo Declaration is widely acknowledged to be a response to the UDHR, and uses similar universalist language, albeit derived solely from Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ). Gaim Pidgin (formerly named Gaim )
340-565: A program which will act as a web proxy, but where all of the connections will be hidden until they reach the far end trusted peer. Hacktivismo and the cDc further gained notoriety in 2003 when the Six/Four System became the first product of a hacker group to receive approval from the United States Department of Commerce for export of strong encryption . ScatterChat is an encrypted instant messaging client based on Gaim . It
425-484: A status change occurs (such as moving from "Away" to "Available"), Pidgin supports on-action automated scripts called Buddy Pounces to automatically reach the user in customizable ways. Pidgin supports file transfers for many protocols. Direct, peer-to-peer file transfers are supported over protocols such as XMPP. As of version 2.6 (released on August 18, 2009), Pidgin supports voice/video calls using Farstream . As of July 2015 , calls can only be initiated through
510-549: A treaty in that it generally states aspirations or understandings among the parties, rather than binding obligations. The Declaration was explicitly adopted to reflect and elaborate on the customary international law reflected in the " fundamental freedoms " and "human rights" referenced in the United Nations Charter, which is binding on all member states. For this reason, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
595-455: Is a free and open-source multi-platform instant messaging client, based on a library named libpurple that has support for many instant messaging protocols , allowing the user to simultaneously log in to various services from a single application, with a single interface for both popular and obsolete protocols (from AIM to Discord ), thus avoiding the hassle of having to deal with new software for each device and protocol. As of 2007 ,
680-492: Is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations and, by extension, all 193 parties of the United Nations Charter. Nevertheless, the status of the Declaration as a legally enforceable document varies widely around the world: some countries have incorporated it into their domestic laws, while other countries consider it merely a statement of ideals, with no binding provisions. Many international lawyers believe that
765-399: Is allowed to practice them unless he/she use them as a source of power. The Declaration's all-encompassing provisions serve as a "yardstick" and point of reference by which countries' commitments to human rights are judged, such as through the treaty bodies and other mechanisms of various human rights treaties that monitor implementation. In international law, a declaration is distinct from
850-793: Is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings . Drafted by a UN committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt , it was accepted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 during its third session on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the 58 members of the United Nations at the time, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight abstained , and two did not vote. A foundational text in
935-474: Is generally considered to be a milestone document for its universalist language, which makes no reference to a particular culture, political system, or religion. It directly inspired the development of international human rights law , and was the first step in the formulation of the International Bill of Human Rights , which was completed in 1966 and came into force in 1976. Although not legally binding ,
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#17328756555101020-604: Is responsible for promoting human rights, created the Commission on Human Rights (CHR)—a standing body within the United Nations that was tasked with preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights . It had 18 members from various national, religious, and political backgrounds, so as to be representative of humanity. In February 1947, the Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee , chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt of
1105-556: The Guinness Book of Records described the Declaration as the world's "Most Translated Document", with 298 translations; the record was once again certified a decade later when the text reached 370 different languages and dialects. The UDHR achieved a milestone of over 500 translations in 2016, and as of 2024, has been translated into 562 languages, remaining the most translated document. In its preamble, governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures that secure
1190-558: The BSDs , and AmigaOS . It is included by default in the operating systems Tails , Trisquel and Xubuntu . The program is designed to be extended with plugins . Plugins are often written by third-party developers . They can be used to add support for protocols, which is useful for those such as Skype or Discord which have licensing issues (however, the users' data and interactions are still subject to their policies and eavesdropping). They can also add other significant features. For example,
1275-541: The Christian Democracy movement ; Malik, a Christian theologian, was known for appealing across religious lines, and cited the Summa Theologica , and studied the different Christian sects. Chang urged removing all references to religion to make the document more universal, and used aspects of Confucianism to settle stalemates in negotiations. Hernán Santa Cruz of Chile, an educator and judge, strongly supported
1360-677: The Electronic Frontier Foundation 's secure messaging scorecard. They have received points for having communications encrypted in transit, having communications encrypted with keys the providers don't have access to ( end-to-end encryption ), making it possible for users to independently verify their correspondent's identities, having past communications secure if the keys are stolen ( forward secrecy ), having their code open to independent review ( open source ), having their security designs well-documented, and having recent independent security audits. In response to pressure from AOL ,
1445-509: The GTK+ toolkit. The earliest archived release was on December 31, 1998. It was named GAIM ( GTK+ AOL Instant Messenger ) accordingly. The emulation was not based on reverse engineering , but instead relied on information about the protocol that AOL had published on the web. Development was assisted by some of AOL's technical staff. Support for other IM protocols was added soon thereafter. On 6 July 2015, Pidgin scored seven out of seven points on
1530-760: The Hacktivismo Enhanced-Source Software License Agreement (HESSLA). The HESSLA prohibits use or modification that would violate human rights or introduce features that spy on the user. In 1999 Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc), a loose network of individuals, announced the formation of Hacktivismo. The group set to explore ways of preventing censorship of the Internet. In particular Hacktivismo focused on firewalls or censoring mechanisms of national governments. Press releases made it clear that cDc and Hacktivismo were different groups; however Hacktivismo
1615-598: The ICCPR and ICESCR , which, together with the UDHR, form the International Bill of Rights. Pakistani diplomat Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah influenced the drafting of the Declaration, especially with respect to women's rights , and played a role in the preparation of the 1951 Genocide Convention. In 1982, the Iranian diplomat to the United Nations, who represented the country's newly installed Islamic republic , stated that
1700-824: The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women , the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , the United Nations Convention Against Torture , and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for
1785-520: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to the Internet . The Declaration recalls the duty of member states to the ICCPR to protect the right to freedom of expression with regards to the internet and in this context what is called the "freedom of information". The Hacktivismo Declaration states: The Hacktivismo Declaration recognizes "the importance to fight against human rights abuses with respect to reasonable access to information on
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#17328756555101870-586: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force, giving a legal status to most of the Declaration. The 48 countries that voted in favour of the Declaration are: Eight countries abstained: Two countries did not vote: Current UN member states , particularly in Africa gained sovereignty later, or in Europe and the Pacific were under administration due to the recently concluded World War II , joining
1955-646: The Islamic law ( sharīʿa ). Pakistan , officially an Islamic state , signed the declaration and critiqued the Saudi position, strongly arguing in favour of including freedom of religion as a fundamental human right of the UDHR. Moreover, some Muslim diplomats would later help draft other United Nations human rights treaties. For example, Iraq 's representative to the United Nations, Bedia Afnan 's insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within
2040-432: The United Nations . Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and of human rights in general. 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration, and was accompanied by year-long activities around the theme "Dignity and justice for all of us". Likewise, the 70th anniversary in 2018 was marked by the global #StandUpForHumanRights campaign, which targeted youth. At
2125-513: The World Wide Web . It is a stand-alone, Internet Explorer -based web browser . It interprets and displays hidden information stored in the junk bits in GIF files. The Six/Four System was written by Mixter . The software is a censorship resistant network proxy . It works by using "trusted peers" to relay network connections over SSL encrypted links. As an example, the distribution includes
2210-581: The history of human and civil rights , the Declaration consists of 30 articles detailing an individual's "basic rights and fundamental freedoms" and affirming their universal character as inherent, inalienable, and applicable to all human beings. Adopted as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations", the UDHR commits nations to recognize all humans as being "born free and equal in dignity and rights" regardless of "nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status". The Declaration
2295-483: The right of citizens to leave their countries . Other observers pin the Soviet bloc's opposition to the Declaration's " negative rights ", such as provisions calling on governments not to violate certain civil and political rights. The British delegation, while voting in favour of the Declaration, expressed frustration that the proposed document had moral obligations but lacked legal force; it would not be until 1976 that
2380-628: The third session of the United Nations General Assembly , held 81 meetings concerning the draft Declaration, including debating and resolving 168 proposals for amendments by United Nations member states. On its 178th meeting on 6 December, the Third Committee adopted the Declaration with 29 votes in favour, none opposed and seven abstentions. The document was subsequently submitted to the wider General Assembly for its consideration on 9 and 10 December 1948. The Universal Declaration
2465-550: The " Off-the-Record Messaging " (OTR) plugin provides end-to-end encryption . The TLS encryption system is pluggable, allowing different TLS libraries to be easily substituted. GnuTLS is the default, and NSS is also supported. Some operating systems' ports, such as OpenBSD 's, choose to use OpenSSL or LibreSSL by default instead. Contacts with multiple protocols can be grouped into one single contact instead of managing multiple protocols, and contacts can be given aliases or placed into groups. To reach users as they log on or
2550-555: The "most ambitious feature". The Declaration was officially adopted as a French document, with official translations in English , Chinese , Russian and Spanish , all of which are official working languages of the UN . Due to its inherently universalist nature, the United Nations has made a concerted effort to translate the document into as many languages as possible, in collaboration with private and public entities and individuals. In 1999,
2635-748: The ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights . The Declaration formed the basis of the ALA's claim that censorship , invasion of privacy , and interference of opinions are human rights violations. During the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the Soviet Union criticized not prioritizing social rights over individual rights and positive rights over negative rights enough according to Marxism–Leninism . Most Muslim-majority countries that were then members of
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2720-473: The Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Mali, Mauritania, Nicaragua, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Somalia, Spain, Togo, and Yemen. Moreover, the constitutions of Portugal , Romania , São Tomé and Príncipe, and Spain compel their courts to "interpret" constitutional norms consistently with the Universal Declaration. Judicial and political figures in many nations have directly invoked
2805-439: The Declaration "constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community" to all persons. The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding United Nations human rights covenants: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in other binding international treaties such as
2890-404: The Declaration "does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law", and that the political branches of the U.S. federal government can "scrutinize" the nation's obligations to international instruments and their enforceability. However, U.S. courts and legislatures may still use the Declaration to inform or interpret laws concerned with human rights, a position shared by
2975-558: The Declaration by the United States Supreme Court; sixteen references by federal courts of appeal ; twenty-four references by federal district courts ; one reference by a bankruptcy court ; and several references by five state courts. Likewise, research conducted in 1994 identified 94 references to the Declaration by federal and state courts across the U.S. In 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain that
3060-559: The Declaration forms part of customary international law and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate its articles. One prominent international jurist described the UDHR as being "universally regarded as expounding generally accepted norms". Other legal scholars have further argued that the Declaration constitutes jus cogens , fundamental principles of international law from which no state may deviate or derogate . The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that
3145-541: The Declaration has been incorporated into or influenced most national constitutions since 1948. It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws, international laws, and treaties, as well as for a growing number of regional, subnational, and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights. These kinds of measures focus on some principles that regard every culture/community especially when martial status take place or inheritance. In other words, every culture has its own norms and every individual
3230-702: The Declaration was "a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition" that could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with sharīʿa law. On 30 June 2000, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , which represents most of the Muslim world, officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam , an alternative document that says people have "freedom and right to
3315-427: The Declaration's articles: Article 18 , which states that everyone has the right "to change his religion or belief", and Article 16, on equal marriage rights. The abstentions by the six communist nations were explained by their claim that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and national-socialism. However, Eleanor Roosevelt felt that the reason for the abstentions was Article 13, which provided
3400-688: The Declaration, as well as the Covenant, to the Economic and Social Council for its review and approval during its seventh session in July and August 1948. The Council adopted Resolution 151(VII) of 26 August 1948, transmitting the draft International Declaration of Human Rights to the UN General Assembly. The Third Committee of the General Assembly , which convened from 30 September to 7 December 1948 during
3485-586: The Declaration. Upon the session's conclusion on 21 May 1948, the Committee submitted to the Commission on Human Rights a redrafted text of the "International Declaration of Human Rights" and the "International Covenant of Human Rights," which together would form an International Bill of Rights. The redrafted Declaration was further examined and discussed by the Commission on Human Rights in its third session in Geneva 21 May through 18 June 1948. The so-called "Geneva text"
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3570-513: The Declaration—stated that it "may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere". At the 1993 United Nations World Conference on Human Rights , one of the largest international gatherings on human rights, diplomats and officials representing 100 nations reaffirmed their governments' "commitment to the purposes and principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and
3655-535: The Hacktivismo Declaration states "but we oppose the use of state power to control access to the works of critics, intellectuals, artists, or religious figures." Camera/Shy was the first Hacktivismo project released. It debuted in 2002 at the H.O.P.E. 2k2 convention in New York City . Written by The Pull, Camera/Shy is a steganographic tool that scans for and delivers decrypted content directly from
3740-562: The Internet" and calls upon the hacker community to "study ways and means of circumventing state sponsored censorship of the internet" and "implement technologies to challenge information rights violations". The Hacktivismo Declaration does however recognize that the right to freedom of expression is subject to limitations, stating "we recognized the right of governments to forbid the publication of properly categorized state secrets, child pornography, and matters related to personal privacy and privilege, among other accepted restrictions." However,
3825-531: The South American-based American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man , the world's first general international human rights instrument . Delegates and consultants from several United Nations bodies, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations also attended and submitted suggestions. It was also hoped that an International Bill of Human Rights with legal force could be drafted and submitted for adoption alongside
3910-650: The Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom , in addition to the inaugural members from China , France , Lebanon , and the United States . Humphrey is credited with devising the "blueprint" for the Declaration, while Cassin composed the first draft. Both received considerable input from other members, each of whom reflected different professional and ideological backgrounds. The Declaration's pro-family phrases allegedly derived from Cassin and Malik, who were influenced by
3995-504: The UDHR are incorporated or otherwise reflected in national law. The right to health or to protection of health is found in the constitutions of Belgium, Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, Peru , Thailand , and Togo; constitutional obligations on the government to provide health services exist in Armenia , Cambodia , Ethiopia , Finland , South Korea , Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, Thailand, and Yemen. A survey of U.S. cases through 1988 found five references to
4080-530: The UDHR as an influence or inspiration on their courts, constitutions, or legal codes. Indian courts have ruled the Indian Constitution "[embodies] most of the articles contained in the Declaration". Nations as diverse as Antigua, Chad, Chile, Kazakhstan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Zimbabwe have derived constitutional and legal provisions from the Declaration. In some cases, specific provisions of
4165-716: The UDHR. Some organizations, such as the Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee have developed curriculum or programmes to educate young people on the UDHR. Specific provisions of the UDHR are cited or elaborated by interest groups in relation to their specific area of focus. In 1997, the council of the American Library Association (ALA) endorsed Articles 18 through 20 concerning freedoms of thought, opinion, and expression, which were codified in
4250-527: The United Nations signed the Declaration in 1948, including the kingdoms of Afghanistan , Egypt , and Iraq , Pahlavi Iran , and the First Syrian Republic ; the Republic of Turkey , which had an overwhelmingly Muslim population but an officially secular government , also voted in favour. Saudi Arabia was the sole abstainer on the Declaration among Muslim-majority countries, claiming that it violated
4335-581: The United States, to write the articles of the Declaration. Roosevelt, in her position, was key to the U.S. effort to encourage the General Assembly's adoption of a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years . Canadian John Peters Humphrey , the newly appointed Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat,
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#17328756555104420-416: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" and emphasized that the Declaration as "the source of inspiration and has been the basis for the United Nations in making advances in standard setting as contained in the existing international human rights instruments". In a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope John Paul II called the Declaration "one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time", despite
4505-462: The Universal Declaration was influenced by the Code Napoléon , including a preamble and introductory general principles. Its final structure took form in the second draft prepared by French jurist René Cassin , who worked on the initial draft prepared by Canadian legal scholar John Peters Humphrey . The Declaration consists of the following: Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of
4590-451: The Universal Declaration, are at least inspired by it". At least 20 African nations that attained independence in the decades immediately following 1948 explicitly referenced the UDHR in their constitutions. As of 2014, the constitutions that still directly cite the Declaration are those of Afghanistan, Benin, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of
4675-590: The Vatican never adopting it. In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union , Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration "placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community". As a pillar of international human rights, the UDHR enjoys widespread support among international and nongovernmental organizations. The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), one of
4760-450: The approval of the General Assembly by formal vote of its members, and to serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples of all nations. The UDHR is considered groundbreaking for providing a comprehensive and universal set of principles in a secular, apolitical document that explicitly transcends cultures, religions, legal systems, and political ideologies. Its claim to universality has been described as "boundlessly idealistic" and
4845-710: The comments and suggestions of member states and international bodies, principally the United Nations Conference on Freedom of Information, which took place the prior March and April; the Commission on the Status of Women, a body within ECOSOC that reported on the state of women's rights worldwide; and the Ninth International Conference of American States, held in Bogota, Colombia from March to May 1948, which adopted
4930-408: The contents of the UDHR have been elaborated and incorporated into subsequent international treaties , regional human rights instruments, and national constitutions and legal codes. All 193 member states of the United Nations have ratified at least one of the nine binding treaties influenced by the Declaration, with the vast majority ratifying four or more. While there is a wide consensus that
5015-461: The courts of Belgium, the Netherlands, India, and Sri Lanka. The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable activists, jurists, and political leaders. Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it "an international document of the first order of importance", while Eleanor Roosevelt —first chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that helped draft
5100-561: The debates and discussions that informed the UDHR, describing one such exchange during the Drafting Committee's first session in June 1947: Dr. Chang was a pluralist and held forth in charming fashion on the proposition that there is more than one kind of ultimate reality. The Declaration, he said, should reflect more than simply Western ideas and Dr. Humphrey would have to be eclectic in his approach. His remark, though addressed to Dr. Humphrey,
5185-486: The declaration itself is non-binding and not part of customary international law , there is also a consensus in most countries that many of its provisions are part of customary law , although courts in some nations have been more restrictive on its legal effect. Nevertheless, the UDHR has influenced legal, political, and social developments on both the global and national levels, with its significance partly evidenced by its 530 translations. The underlying structure of
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#17328756555105270-419: The inclusion of socioeconomic rights, which had been opposed by some Western nations. The members agreed that the philosophical debate centered between the opposing opinions of Chang and Malik, with Malik later singling out Chang when thanking the members, saying that there were too many to mention, but Chang's ideas impacted his own opinions in the making of the draft. In her memoirs, Roosevelt commented on
5355-424: The individual, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery. The second column (articles 12–17) constitutes the rights of the individual in civil and political society. The third column (articles 18–21) is concerned with spiritual, public, and political freedoms, such as freedom of religion and freedom of association. The fourth column (articles 22–27) sets out social, economic, and cultural rights. Finally,
5440-409: The last three articles provide the pediment which binds the structure together, as they emphasize the mutual duties of every individual to one another and to society. During World War II , the Allies —known formally as the United Nations —adopted as their basic war aims the Four Freedoms : freedom of speech , freedom of religion , freedom from fear , and freedom from want . Towards the end of
5525-438: The number of Pidgin users was estimated to be over three million. Pidgin is widely used for its Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR) plugin, which offers end-to-end encryption . For this reason it is included in the privacy and anonymity focused operating system Tails . The program was originally written by Mark Spencer , an Auburn University sophomore, as an emulation of AOL's IM program AOL Instant Messenger on Linux using
5610-459: The oldest human rights organizations, has as its core mandate the promotion of the respect for all rights set out in the Declaration, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . Amnesty International , the third oldest international human rights organization, has regularly observed Human Rights Day and organized worldwide events to bring awareness and support of
5695-424: The organization later, which accounts for the comparatively smaller number of states who participated in the historic vote. 10 December, the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration, is celebrated annually as World Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day. The commemoration is observed by individuals, community and religious groups, human rights organizations, parliaments, governments, and
5780-530: The program was renamed to the acronymous -but-lowercase gaim . As AOL Instant Messenger gained popularity, AOL trademarked its acronym, "AIM", leading to a lengthy legal struggle with the creators of GAIM, who kept the matter largely secret. On April 6, 2007, the project development team announced the results of their settlement with AOL, which included a series of name changes: Gaim became Pidgin , libgaim became libpurple , and gaim-text (the command-line interface version) became Finch . The name Pidgin
5865-408: The protection of their recognized human rights. According to a 2022 study, the UDHR "significantly accelerated the adoption of a particular set of [national] constitutional rights". One scholar estimates that at least 90 national constitutions drafted since the Declaration's adoption in 1948 "contain statements of fundamental rights which, where they do not faithfully reproduce the provisions of
5950-499: The software have been elaborated by researchers. XeroBank Browser (formerly known as Torpark ) is a variant of the Portable Firefox web browser with Tor built into it. XeroBank is intended for use on portable media such as a USB flash drive but it can also be used on any hard disk drive . cDc/Hacktivismo co-released v.1.5.0.7 along with Steve Topletz on September 19, 2006. Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR )
6035-468: The time of the Declaration's adoption by the General Assembly in 1948, Eleanor Roosevelt said: In giving our approval to the declaration today, it is of primary importance that we keep clearly in mind the basic character of the document. It is not a treaty; it is not an international agreement. It is not and does not purport to be a statement of law or of legal obligation. It is a declaration of basic principles of human rights and freedoms, to be stamped with
6120-573: The two weeks from April 8, 2007. However, Pidgin 2.0 was not released as scheduled; Pidgin developers announced on April 22, 2007, that the delay was due to the preferences directory " .gaim ". Pidgin 2.0.0 was released on May 3, 2007. Other visual changes were made to the interface in this version, including updated icons. Pidgin provides a graphical front-end for libpurple using GTK+ . Libpurple supports many instant-messaging protocols . Pidgin supports multiple operating systems , including Windows and many Unix-like systems such as Linux ,
6205-473: The universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration. Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the text as a declaration, rather than as a treaty, because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States. Even though it is not legally binding,
6290-496: The war, the United Nations Charter was debated, drafted, and ratified to reaffirm "faith in fundamental human rights , and dignity and worth of the human person" and commit all member states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion." When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became fully apparent after
6375-478: The war, the consensus within the world community was that the UN Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred. It was deemed necessary to create a universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals so as to give effect to the Charter's provisions on human rights . In June 1946, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)—a principal organ of the newly founded United Nations that
6460-399: The world, owing to her ability to appeal to different and often opposing political blocs. The meeting record provides firsthand insight into the debate on the Declaration's adoption. South Africa 's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid , which clearly violated several articles in the Declaration. Saudi Arabia 's abstention was prompted primarily by two of
6545-460: Was Smuts who inserted the word dignity as a human right into the charter. Despite te Water's efforts, the word dignity was included in the declaration as a human right. With a vote of 12 in favour, none opposed, and four abstaining, the CHR approved the proposed Declaration, though was unable to examine the contents and implementation of the proposed Covenant. The Commission forwarded the approved text of
6630-444: Was adopted by the General Assembly as UN Resolution A/RES/217(III)[A] on 10 December 1948 in the Palais de Chaillot , Paris. Of the 58 United Nations members at the time, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight abstained , and Honduras and Yemen failed to vote or abstain. Eleanor Roosevelt is credited with having been instrumental in mustering support for the Declaration's adoption, both in her native U.S. and across
6715-408: Was also described as "special operations group" of cDc. A press release in early 2002 described Hacktivismo as "an international cadre of hackers founded by the cDc's Oxblood Ruffin ". The group's beliefs are described fully in the "Hacktivismo Declaration" which is a list of "assertions of liberty in support of an uncensored internet" and seeks to apply the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
6800-498: Was called upon by the UN Secretary-General to work on the project, becoming the Declaration's principal drafter. Other prominent members of the Drafting Committee included Vice-Chairman P.C. Chang of the Republic of China , René Cassin of France; and its Committee Rapporteur Charles Malik of Lebanon . A month after its creation, the Drafting Committee was expanded to include representatives of Australia, Chile, France,
6885-422: Was chosen in reference to the term " pidgin ", which describes communication between people who do not share a common language. The name "purple" refers to "prpl", the internal libgaim name for an IM pr otocol pl ugin. Due to the legal issues, version 2.0 of the software was frozen in beta stages. Following the settlement, it was announced that the first official release of Pidgin 2.0.0 was hoped to occur during
6970-457: Was circulated among member states and subject to several proposed amendments; for example, Hansa Mehta of India notably suggested that the Declaration assert that "all human beings are created equal," instead of "all men are created equal," to better reflect gender equality. Charles Theodore Te Water of South Africa fought very hard to have the word dignity removed from the declaration, saying that "dignity had no universal standard and that it
7055-402: Was not a 'right'." Te Water believed—correctly, as it turned out—that listing human dignity as a human right would lead to criticism of the apartheid system that had just been introduced by the new National Party government of South Africa. Malik in response stated that Prime Minister Jan Smuts of South Africa had played an important role in drafting the United Nations Charter in 1945, and it
7140-519: Was really directed at Dr. Malik, from whom it drew a prompt retort as he expounded at some length the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas . Dr. Humphrey joined enthusiastically in the discussion, and I remember that at one point Dr. Chang suggested that the Secretariat might well spend a few months studying the fundamentals of Confucianism! In May 1948, roughly a year after its creation, the Drafting Committee held its second and final session, where it considered
7225-523: Was written by J. Salvatore Testa II and released at the H.O.P.E. Number Six conference in New York City on July 22, 2006. The source code is available, licensed under the HESSLA. It provides encryption as well as integrated onion routing with Tor , and secure file transfers. Scatterchat's security features include immunity from replay attacks and limited resistance to traffic analysis . Various flaws in
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