Misplaced Pages

#833166

95-541: The Desert Battle Dress Uniform was designed in 1970 and uses a camouflage pattern known as the Six-Color Desert Pattern or colloquially as Chocolate-Chip Camouflage and Cookie Dough Camouflage . The camouflage received its nickname because it resembles chocolate-chip cookie dough . It is made up of a base pattern of light tan overlaid with broad swathes of pale green and wide two-tone bands of brown. Clusters of black and white spots are scattered over, to mimic

190-501: A Viet Cong position, during which he was wounded four times by small arms fire. However, he refused medical evacuation or to relinquish command until the objective had been captured and so he was awarded a second Silver Star and a Purple Heart . After ten months of combat duty, Schwarzkopf was pulled from the front by MACV and reassigned as senior staff adviser for civil affairs to the ARVN Airborne Division. He returned to

285-657: A Master of Science in mechanical and aerospace engineering . He then returned to West Point to serve an obligatory tour as an instructor in the Department of Mechanics. He was assigned to teach at the Military Academy for three years, but after a year he volunteered for service in South Vietnam for faster career advancement with a combat tour. West Point approved his request in early 1965, stipulating that he would return and complete his remaining obligation afterwards. In

380-602: A baking ingredient in the United States. Originating in the US, the chocolate chip cookie is widely available many parts of the world. Nestlé and the Hershey Company are some producers of chocolate chips. Norman Schwarzkopf Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. KCB ( / ˈ ʃ w ɔːr t s k ɒ f / SHWORTS -kof ; August 22, 1934 – December 27, 2012) was a United States Army general . While serving as

475-467: A bestseller. Schwarzkopf sold the rights to his memoirs to Bantam Books for $ 5,000,000. In 1993, Schwarzkopf was found to have prostate cancer , for which he was successfully treated. Among the many honors he received was the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002. Queen Elizabeth II honorarily knighted Schwarzkopf and he was awarded many other military accolades from foreign countries. He led

570-427: A cost of about 125 killed and 200 wounded among American troops, and about 482 killed, 458 wounded among all of the coalition. He ordered his forces to destroy as much Iraqi armor and equipment as possible to ensure the weakening of Iraq's offensive capability in the near term. White House chief of staff John Sununu suggested that should the cease-fire take effect at 5 a.m. on February 28, it would be possible to name

665-502: A further 40,000 reserves tapped to augment them. Schwarzkopf arrived at the CENTCOM command in Riyadh on August 25, and on August 29, he conducted his first front-line tour of the potential combat zone, accompanied by reporters. Over the next several weeks, Schwarzkopf spoke frequently with both reporters and troops under his command, conducting many high-profile press conferences and updates to

760-568: A general, I want people to know that I'm serious." In 1946, when Norman Schwarzkopf was 12, he moved with his father to Tehran, Iran . In Iran, he learned shooting, horseback riding , and hunting. Schwarzkopf developed a lifelong interest in Middle Eastern culture. The family moved to Geneva , Switzerland , in 1947, following a new military assignment for Herbert Schwarzkopf. The senior Schwarzkopf visited Italy, Heidelberg , Frankfurt , and Berlin , Germany during his military duties, and

855-524: A handful of wounded South Vietnamese soldiers and escort them to safety. By August 17, the 173rd Airborne Brigade arrived and broke the siege, ending the Battle of Đức Cơ . General William Westmoreland later arrived to review the battle and congratulate Schwarzkopf. For his leadership in the battle, Schwarzkopf was awarded the Silver Star . On February 14, 1966, Schwarzkopf led an ARVN paratrooper assault on

950-546: A highly publicized homecoming parade in Washington, DC, on June 8, 1991, where he was greeted by Bush amid thousands of onlookers. His accomplishments were praised very differently from commanders who returned from the Vietnam and Korean Wars . He became an instant national celebrity and the source of great curiosity by the general public. He was quick to award praise and medals to the troops, part of what he saw as restoring pride in

1045-483: A highly successful 100-hour ground offensive, which defeated the Iraqi Army and removed Iraqi troops from Kuwait in early 1991. Schwarzkopf was presented with military honors. He was, like his father , a freemason . He was also a Shriner and was a member of ANSAR Shrine until his death. Schwarzkopf retired shortly after the end of the war and undertook a number of philanthropic ventures, only occasionally stepping into

SECTION 10

#1733084881834

1140-974: A lifetime supply of chocolate. Initially, Nestlé included a small chopping tool with the chocolate bars. In 1941, Nestlé and at least one of its competitors started selling the chocolate in "chip" (or "morsel") form. Originally, chocolate chips were made of semi-sweet chocolate , but today there are many flavors. These include bittersweet, peanut butter , butterscotch , mint chocolate , white chocolate , dark chocolate , milk chocolate , and white and dark swirled chips. Chocolate chips can be used in cookies , pancakes , waffles , cakes , pudding , muffins , crêpes , pies , hot chocolate , and various pastries . They are also found in many other retail food products such as granola bars , ice cream , and trail mix . Chocolate chips can also be melted and used in sauces and other recipes. The chips melt best at temperatures between 104 and 113 °F (40 and 45 °C). The melting process starts at 90 °F (32 °C), when

1235-451: A number of desserts (notably chocolate chip cookies and muffins ), in trail mix and less commonly in some breakfast foods such as pancakes . They are often manufactured as teardrop -shaped volumes with flat circular bases; another variety of chocolate chips have the shape of rectangular or square blocks . They are available in various sizes, usually less than 10 millimetres (0.39 in) in diameter. Chocolate chips were created with

1330-513: A number of different assignments. Promoted to colonel , Schwarzkopf volunteered for an assignment in Alaska , and in late 1974 became deputy commander of the 172nd Infantry Brigade at Fort Richardson, Alaska . In 1975, Col Schwarzkopf served as Commander of Troop E, 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, at Fort Wainwright, AK. Subsequently, in October 1976, he moved to Fort Lewis, Washington , to command

1425-537: A part of his duties during the posting, he sat in on arms reduction talks with leaders from the Soviet Union . In November 1988, Schwarzkopf was named commander of United States Central Command (CENTCOM), succeeding General George B. Crist . Schwarzkopf was selected over a more popular choice, Vice Admiral Henry C. Mustin because commanders considered him an accomplished strategic thinker who had experience both in combat and with diplomacy and had great knowledge of

1520-425: A preference of leading from the front and prided himself on avoiding the rear areas, which he termed a "cesspool". During this second tour, Schwarzkopf noted two incidents that haunted him. On February 17, 1970, two men in C Company, 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry were killed by friendly fire from an American artillery shell that had been called in by Schwarzkopf but had struck a tree near their position on its way to

1615-464: A scenario that tested how the command would respond to a regional dictator invading a neighboring country and threatening oilfields there, which closely mirrored the rising tension between Iraq and Kuwait. One week after the end of the exercises, Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990. Initially believing that the Iraqi Army would advance only to the Rumailah oil field, Schwarzkopf was surprised when

1710-613: A sea interdiction campaign that saw international warships detaining and inspecting tankers from Iraq. As the buildup continued, Schwarzkopf was occupied with planning an offensive operation against the Iraqi units along the border, sometimes working 18-hour days in planning, closely assisted by a group of aides. He frequently met with subordinates and Saudi commanders. Schwarzkopf planned counters for Iraq's large armored forces , air forces, and elite Republican Guard forces. While planning, Schwarzkopf remained in frequent contact with Chairman of

1805-572: A status as celebrity, and was highly praised in the news media. He was profiled by the Associated Press, the Washington Post , Newsday , and People , as well as praised in a Random House publication on the war, Triumph in the Desert . Schwarzkopf's speaking fees topped $ 60,000 per public appearance. In 1992, Schwarzkopf published a memoir, It Doesn't Take a Hero, about his life; it became

1900-564: A stint as an academy teacher and served in the Vietnam War , first as an adviser to the South Vietnamese Army and then as a battalion commander. Schwarzkopf was highly decorated in Vietnam and was awarded three Silver Stars , two Purple Hearts , and the Legion of Merit . Rising through the ranks after the Vietnam war, he later commanded the 24th Mechanized Infantry Division and was one of

1995-588: A success by achieving air superiority and destroying the Iraqi military's communications network, supplies, and many tanks and armored vehicles. By January 20 he announced Iraq's nuclear test reactors had been destroyed, and by January 27 he announced that the coalition had total air superiority in Iraq. Over 38 days, the Air Force destroyed 39 percent of the T72 tanks, 32 percent of the armored personnel carriers, and 47 percent of

SECTION 20

#1733084881834

2090-457: A target. The parents of one soldier blamed him for the death of their son, a claim that Schwarzkopf strongly denied and termed an accident of war. On May 28, 1970, Schwarzkopf landed his helicopter when discovering troops of B Company who had stumbled into a minefield. Two company officers had been wounded and two soldiers were trapped, fearful of setting off more mines. Although a medevac was on its way, Schwarzkopf ordered his UH-1 Huey to remove

2185-526: A variant with brown replacing the black in the original U.S. design; this South Korean design has also been tested in the United Arab Emirates . The Oman National Guard use a pattern mixing chocolate-chip with 'amoeba', while the National Guards of both Saudi Arabia and Kuwait use a grey variation on the chocolate-chip design. The Saudis also use a grey, black, and white 'urban' variation and

2280-488: Is going to stop and question. Disgruntled by the treatment of Vietnam veterans in the United States after the war, Schwarzkopf considered leaving the military but ultimately decided to stay in the hope of fixing some of the problems encountered by the military during the war. He underwent surgery at Walter Reed Army Hospital shortly after his return from Vietnam to repair longstanding back problems exacerbated by parachute jumps. Between 1970 and 1983, Schwarzkopf took on

2375-403: Is more anti-war than an intelligent person who's been to war. Probably the most anti-war people I know are Army officers—but if we do have a war, I think it's going to be limited in nature like Vietnam and Korea. Limited in scope. And when they get ready to send me again, I'm going to have to stop and ask myself, "is it worth it?" That's a very dangerous place for the nation to be when your own army

2470-843: The Berlin Brigade in West Berlin . Schwarzkopf was promoted to captain in July 1961 and attended the Advanced Infantry School at Fort Benning for eight months and qualified for the Master Parachutist Badge. In June 1962, Schwarzkopf enrolled at the University of Southern California in a Master of Science in Engineering course studying missile mechanics. He graduated in June 1964 with

2565-579: The MARPAT camouflage pattern. As of the early 2010s, the chocolate-chip pattern is still in widespread use across the world, long after the United States abandoned it. A uniform similar to the Desert Battle Dress Uniform was issued to the Iraqi National Guard before it was dissolved in 2004 and to the Iraqi security forces. South Korean forces have used, in limited numbers since 1993,

2660-506: The Middle East from his childhood experiences there. He assumed command of CENTCOM, with his headquarters at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida , and was promoted to general. At the time of this appointment, CENTCOM had overall responsibility for U.S. military operations in 19 countries, and had 200,000 service members on call should a crisis arise. Schwarzkopf immediately took to changing

2755-628: The Middle East wound down, the test pattern was mothballed. The formation of the U.S. Rapid Deployment Force (RDF) in 1979, with its remit to operate in the Middle East, and protect U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf region, saw the need for desert camouflage clothing to emerge again. With limited issuing dating back to the 1980 mission to the rescue American hostages in Iran , the DBDU was unique, in that when it

2850-735: The Pegasus Parade at the Kentucky Derby and was an honorary guest at the Indianapolis 500 . He supported several children's charities and national philanthropic causes, and he was a spokesperson for prostate cancer awareness, recovery of the grizzly bear from endangered species status, and served on the Nature Conservancy board of governors. Schwarzkopf otherwise sought to live out a low-profile retirement in Tampa, though he briefly served as

2945-470: The "Bright Star" exercises, but became their standard arid combat uniform by 1985. The 6-color desert pattern was used by the U.S. Marine Corps from 1982 to 1995. First issued in 1982 for their participation and deployments to arid regions, the DBDU became the United States Air Forces primary desert uniform from 1982 to 1993. Like its sister branches, The Navy began limited issue of the DBDU in

Desert Battle Dress Uniform - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-496: The 10th Mountain Division during the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi in 2001). During Operation Bright Star 1995, Third Army personnel wore the three-color uniform while troops from Fort Bragg (330th MCC) wore the six-color uniform for the 75-day exercise. In the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the U.S. military did not use the DBDU, and instead mostly used the DCU's tri-color pattern and to a lesser extent,

3135-440: The 1st Brigade of the 9th Infantry Division , where he impressed his division commander, Major General Richard E. Cavazos . The two frequently hunted together and developed a close friendship. Having been very successful in improving the combat readiness of the 1st Brigade, he was nominated to receive his first star as a brigadier general . His promotion ceremony occurred at Fort Lewis shortly after he had relinquished command of

3230-478: The French contingent, also co-operated well with Schwarzkopf. The good relationship between the allied commanders allowed their forces to co-operate effectively during the operation. The air campaign against Iraq began on January 17, 1991, after 139 days of planning and buildup. Schwarzkopf sent a prepared statement to the troops ahead of the first airstrikes, which were timed to hit their targets at 02:40. He oversaw

3325-529: The Iraqis captured Kuwait City . Fearing Iraq would next invade Saudi Arabia, Schwarzkopf ordered contingency plans put in motion, with the 82nd Airborne Division , 101st Airborne Division and 24th Infantry Division put on alert. He was then called to an emergency meeting with US President George H. W. Bush , where his Internal Look '90 command post wargame was made the basis of a potential counteroffensive plan. By August 5, Bush opted for an aggressive response to

3420-556: The Joint Chiefs of Staff , General Colin Powell ( also a Vietnam veteran) concerning Schwarzkopf's plans for the offensive. Schwarzkopf devised an operational plan, dubbed "Operation Desert Storm", to be based on overwhelming force and strong infantry attacks supported by artillery and armor. By November 8, Bush agreed to commit 400,000 US troops to Saudi Arabia at Schwarzkopf's insistence. Schwarzkopf believed that more troops would reduce

3515-792: The Pentagon . On July 1, 1986, he was promoted to lieutenant general , and was reassigned to Fort Lewis as commander of I Corps . He held the post for 14 months before returning to the Pentagon as Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans in August 1987. In a second role, Schwarzkopf served as the Army's senior member on the Military Staff Committee at the United Nations Security Council , where he began to build diplomatic skills in dealings with representatives from other countries. As

3610-608: The Saudi Arabian populace. In spite of the co-operation, he later said that he considered the Arab troops to be the least effective of the war. Schwarzkopf also had an agreeable relationship with his deputy commander, Lieutenant General Calvin Waller , who handled much of the administrative burden. Peter de la Billière , commander of the British contingent, and Michel Roquejeoffre , commander of

3705-479: The Soviet Union was a threat to the region, but when giving an overview of the countries in the region, he noted that Iraq posed a threat to its weaker neighbors. He implored for the US to "seek to assert a moderating influence in Iraq." With regional turmoil growing, Schwarzkopf became concerned about the threat posed by Saddam Hussein , focusing the attention of his command on preparing to respond to what he thought

3800-480: The US and allied forces, however, were not combat veterans, and Schwarzkopf and the other allied commanders wanted to fight cautiously to minimize casualties. Schwarzkopf's experience in the Middle East allowed him to understand the factors surrounding the conflict, including the allied commanders, with greater ease. He had a good relationship with Saudi commander Khalid bin Sultan , who, in turn, helped Schwarzkopf win over

3895-527: The US armed forces after the Vietnam War. Schwarzkopf returned to the United States after the Gulf War as a national hero, and his ability to effectively deal with the press left him a positive image. Schwarzkopf indicated a desire to retire from the military in mid-1991. He was initially considered for promotion alternatively to General of the Army or to Army Chief of Staff , and was ultimately asked to assume

Desert Battle Dress Uniform - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-432: The United States and finished his teaching assignment at West Point where he was an associate professor in the Department of Mechanics. In 1968 he attended the Army's Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas , completing the course in June 1969. During this time he met Brenda Holsinger, a flight attendant for Trans World Airlines . They were introduced at a West Point football game in 1967 and married

4085-476: The United States in 1970, Schwarzkopf was awarded a third Silver Star and a second Purple Heart for risking his life to protect the soldiers, as well as three Bronze Star Medals and a Legion of Merit for his command performance. Still, his experiences in Vietnam embittered him to foreign policy. Upon returning to the United States, he spoke of a wariness of future conflicts to author C. D. B. Bryan in 1971. He related those experiences under his real name, which

4180-657: The Vietnam War, Schwarzkopf served as a task force adviser to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division . He was promoted to major shortly after arriving in Vietnam. After an initial orientation at Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), headquartered in Saigon , Schwarzkopf was sent north to Pleiku in the central highlands , in the II Corps Tactical Zone . He got his first combat experience on August 3, when he

4275-522: The appearance of pebbles and their shadows. Although the chocolate-chip camouflage became well known during the Persian Gulf War , it was originally designed decades prior, in 1962. The U.S. Army, believing that it might one day become necessary to intervene in the Arab–Israeli conflicts , developed a test pattern using the deserts of the southwestern United States as a model. When the hostilities in

4370-481: The artillery. In the aggregate, the Air Force met the goal of 50 percent attrition of the Iraqi ground force. Bush then gave Hussein an ultimatum to withdraw from Kuwait by 12:00 on February 23 or Schwarzkopf's ground forces would attack. Schwarzkopf began his ground campaign in earnest at 04:00 on February 24, with the Saudi-led Arab forces attacking into Kuwait City, while two US Marine Corps divisions struck at

4465-754: The biennial Bright Star exercises in Egypt during the 1980s, and by FORSCOM peacekeepers assigned to the Multinational Force and Observers in the Egyptian Sinai Desert, but was not issued in large numbers prior to the Persian Gulf War . However, there is evidence that the six-color desert pattern camouflage was in use before 1981 with photographs of American military personnel involved in Operation Eagle Claw in April 1980 using this camouflage pattern in

4560-590: The brigade. In July 1978, Schwarzkopf became deputy director of plans at the U.S. Pacific Command in Hawaii . He then served a two-year stint as assistant division commander of the 8th Infantry Division (Mechanized) in Germany. He returned to Washington, DC, for an assignment as director of personnel management for the Army, subordinate to the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel , General Maxwell R. Thurman . Schwarzkopf

4655-607: The class of 1956 with a Bachelor of Science degree. Later, Schwarzkopf earned a Masters of Engineering at the University of Southern California . Commissioned into the Army as an Infantry second lieutenant , Schwarzkopf reported to the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia , where he attended the Infantry Officer Basic Course and earned his Parachutist Badge from October 1956 to March 1957. His first assignment

4750-557: The cocoa butter starts melting in the chips. The cooking temperature must never exceed 115 °F (46 °C) for milk chocolate and white chocolate, or 120 °F (49 °C) for dark chocolate, or the chocolate will burn. Although convenient, melted chocolate chips are not always recommended as a substitute for baking chocolate . Because most chocolate chips are designed to retain their shape when baking, they contain less cocoa butter than baking chocolate, and so can be more difficult to work with melted. Chocolate chips are popular as

4845-654: The commander of United States Central Command , he led all coalition forces in the Gulf War against Ba'athist Iraq . Born in Trenton, New Jersey , Schwarzkopf grew up in the United States and later in Iran. He was accepted by the United States Military Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army in 1956. After a number of initial training programs, Schwarzkopf interrupted

SECTION 50

#1733084881834

4940-509: The commanders of the invasion of Grenada in 1983. Assuming command of United States Central Command in 1988, Schwarzkopf was called on to respond to the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 by the forces of Iraq under Saddam Hussein . Initially tasked with defending Saudi Arabia from Iraqi aggression, Schwarzkopf's command eventually grew to an international force of over 750,000 troops. After diplomatic relations broke down, he planned and led Operation Desert Storm , an extended air campaign followed by

5035-505: The conflict "The Hundred Hour War". Powell agreed and talked with Schwarzkopf, who pointed out that it would also make it a "Five Day War". Schwarzkopf, who had ordered a media blackout during the ground offensive, finally appeared before journalists on February 27 to explain his strategy. On March 3, he arrived in Kuwait City to survey the aftermath of the Iraqi occupation and negotiate a ceasefire with Iraqi military leaders and to work out

5130-419: The conflict, he later said he considered the mission a success because it reasserted the dominance of the US military after the Vietnam War. Following the invasion, Schwarzkopf returned to the 24th Infantry Division and completed his tour as its commander. He was then among the leaders who were criticized for the poor interservice co-operation in the operation, particularly the poor communication between forces of

5225-498: The cotton six-color Desert BDU to be discontinued shortly after the Persian Gulf War. An initial batch of desert BDUs in the new camouflage scheme was en route to the Middle East when hostilities ceased. The pattern, officially issued with the newer Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU) in the early 1990s, consisted of a subtle blend of large pastel green and light tan shapes, with sparsely placed, narrow, reddish brown patches, leading

5320-421: The design to be unofficially nicknamed the “Coffee Stain” pattern. Both patterns were briefly used together during the transition period, most notably during Operation Restore Hope and Operation Gothic Serpent (some U.S. Army Rangers during the latter occasionally wore the newer three-color DCU's along with kevlar helmet covers retaining the old six-color pattern. The same dress was also worn by soldiers of

5415-727: The different branches in combat. The operation was a learning experience for Schwarzkopf, who saw the need to develop greater co-operation between the services for future joint operations. He would later push for more policies to make joint warfare , and interservice co-operation standard practice in warfare. Specifically, the operation demonstrated a need for greater joint roles in planning, deploying troops, and communicating operations. Subsequent operations gave more authority to joint commanders in operations and doctrine and emphasized joint warfare doctrine over service-centered doctrine. In July 1985, Schwarzkopf began an 11-month assignment as Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans at

5510-448: The early 80s and became standard wide by 1985. It would remain the Navy's main desert combat uniform from the early '80s to the mid '90s. The Coast Guard was the last branch to see remaining issue of the DBDU in the mid to late 1980s. The six-color desert pattern entered service in 1981 at the same time as the woodland BDUs and would be worn in limited numbers by U.S. troops taking part in

5605-477: The failed attempt to rescue U.S. embassy staff being held hostage in Iran . The pattern was unpopular with American soldiers during the Gulf War. Feedback from these users indicated that the design contrasted too much with the terrain, preventing the camouflage from blending in effectively. Anecdotal evidence suggested that the dark areas of the pattern warmed up more than the paler parts under desert sunlight, and retained

5700-448: The focus of the command, which had focused on the "Zagros Doctrine", a hypothetical ground invasion by the Soviet Union through the Zagros Mountains , which the US would counter in Iran. Schwarzkopf was more concerned with the effects of the Iran–Iraq War on the stability of the region than of an external threat posed by the Soviet Union. In testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee in March 1989, Schwarzkopf maintained that

5795-444: The gradual escalation of U.S. involvement as had been seen in Vietnam. Schwarzkopf in particular was adamant to avoid repeating many of the policies governing military operations in Vietnam, especially the slow escalation of air power and troop forces. His plan for direct and overwhelming force was initially criticized in Washington as uncreative. By August 13, the news media began to closely cover Schwarzkopf, who had been named to lead

SECTION 60

#1733084881834

5890-620: The heat longer. The six colors were also more expensive to manufacture than three or four colors, and the need for a camouflage that would be suitable for use in any desert resulted in a requirement for a new desert camouflage uniform. The U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center began the search for a substitute. Samples of sand and earth from the Middle East were measured for optical and infrared reflectance, and seven trial patterns were created using these statistics. The patterns were evaluated in fourteen different desert locations and narrowed down to one favorite. The resulting "Desert Camouflage Pattern: Combat"

5985-456: The invasion. Schwarzkopf then accompanied Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to meet with Saudi King Fahd to convince him to allow U.S. troops into Saudi Arabia to counter the Iraqi military. With Fahd's consent, Bush ordered troops into Saudi Arabia on August 7, initially tasked to defend Saudi Arabia should Iraq attack. U.S. commanders from the beginning wanted a quick conflict characterized by decisive, overwhelming force, as opposed to

6080-441: The invention of chocolate chip cookies in 1937 when Ruth Graves Wakefield of the Toll House Inn in the town of Whitman, Massachusetts added cut-up chunks of a semi-sweet Nestlé chocolate bar to a cookie recipe. (The Nestlé brand Toll House cookies is named for the inn.) The cookies were a huge success, and Wakefield reached an agreement in 1939 with Nestlé to add her recipe to the chocolate bar's packaging in exchange for

6175-464: The latter post, but he declined. He was later questioned about running for political office, but, considering himself an independent , expressed little interest in doing so; ultimately denying speculation of possibly seeking the Senate seat in Florida . Schwarzkopf was not vocal about his political opinions during his military career. He retired from the military in August 1991, moving to Tampa, Florida . Following his retirement, Schwarzkopf attained

6270-600: The likelihood of high casualties. He planned a strategic bombing campaign to precede an offensive into Kuwait, simultaneously striking the forward Iraqi forces and their supply lines. In the meantime, diplomatic solutions began to break down, and the deadline established by the United Nations Security Council, January 15, 1991, passed without a solution. By then, Schwarzkopf commanded an international army of 750,000, comprising 500,000 US troops and 250,000 troops from other nations, as well as thousands of main battle tanks , combat aircraft and six carrier battle groups . Most of

6365-426: The narrator for the Gang Busters radio program. When Norman Schwarzkopf was eight years old, his father returned to the military amid World War II . His continuous absence made home life difficult, particularly for his wife. As a 10-year-old cadet at Bordentown Military Institute , near Trenton, he posed for his official photograph wearing a stern expression because, as he said afterwards, "Some day when I become

6460-431: The next year. The couple would later have three children: Cynthia, born in 1970; Jessica, born in 1972; and Christian, born in 1977. In 1969, Schwarzkopf was promoted to lieutenant colonel and ordered to a second tour in Vietnam, leaving in June. He was assigned as executive officer to the chief of staff at MACV headquarters based at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in Saigon. Schwarzkopf later recalled this second tour of duty

6555-508: The oil fields, and the VII Corps and XVIII Airborne Corps on the left flank struck quickly to cut off the Iraqi forces from the west, which would later be known as his "Left Hook" strategy. Schwarzkopf expected the war to last several weeks and had anticipated chemical weapon attacks by the Iraqi forces, which did not occur. Resistance was lighter than Schwarzkopf expected, and Iraqi troops surrendered in large numbers. Within 90 hours, his force had destroyed 42 of 50 Iraqi Army divisions at

6650-595: The operation. From his headquarters in Tampa, Schwarzkopf began planning the operations to defend Saudi Arabia. Lieutenant General Charles Horner , USAF, ran the headquarters in Riyadh . Schwarzkopf planned supply lines for the 50,000 troops initially sent to Saudi Arabia, tapping Major General William G. Pagonis as director of the logistical operations, with US Air Force cargo aircraft landing supplies at Dhahran and US Navy ships offloading troops and supplies at Dammam . By August 20, 20,000 U.S. troops were in Saudi Arabia, with another 80,000 preparing to deploy, and

6745-401: The planning. Schwarzkopf helped lead the initial landing operations while he was aboard USS  Guam . He was involved in an incident where the colonel commanding the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit initially refused to fly Army troops in Marine helicopters. He flew into St. George's on the second day of the operation. While he initially did not think the US should have been involved in

6840-543: The police wear a blue version of the same design; Palestinian police also use a blue chocolate-chip patterned uniform. The South African " Soldier 2000 " pattern is similar to the U.S. design. A copy of the pattern, using tan, medium brown, bottle-green and greyish green , in addition to the black-on-white pebbles, is used in Kazakhstan . Chocolate chip Chocolate chips or chocolate morsels are small chunks of sweetened chocolate , used as an ingredient in

6935-461: The political spotlight before his death from complications of pneumonia . A hard-driving military commander, easily angered, Schwarzkopf was considered an exceptional leader by many biographers and was noted for his abilities as a military diplomat and in dealing with the press. Schwarzkopf was born Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. on August 22, 1934, in Trenton, New Jersey , to Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Sr. and Ruth Alice (née Bowman). His father

7030-589: The region. Though he declined to identify Iraq specifically as a threat, he noted a regional conflict was the most likely event to destabilize the region and that noted Iraq's ceasefire with Iran meant it was continuing to grow and modernize its military. In early 1990, he drafted a war plan, Operations Plan 1002-90, titled "Defense of the Arabian Peninsula", which envisioned an Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia through Kuwait. During CENTCOM military exercises in July 1990, termed Internal Look '90 , Schwarzkopf wrote

7125-559: The return of prisoners of war on both sides. With this in place, he then began the process of overseeing U.S. troops returning from the conflict. For his services during the war, Schwarzkopf was welcomed back to America with a large parade down Broadway in New York, along with other honors. He became the only person to receive the Distinguished Service Medal from the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. Schwarzkopf led

7220-468: The situation in Saudi Arabia. Schwarzkopf worked to help coordinate the contributions of the different nations contributing military forces to the effort. By mid-October, Schwarzkopf indicated he was confident the forces were of a sufficient level that they could defend Saudi Arabia if it was attacked. Through October, Schwarzkopf and his command were occupied with setting up facilities and supply lines for

7315-431: The strikes from his war room in Riyadh, emerged from his command center late in the day on January 18 to speak to the press, and said the air war had gone "just about exactly as we had intended it to go." He then began making frequent briefings to the media. He declined to measure the success of the campaign by counting suspected Iraqi casualties, believing that would undermine his credibility. The air campaign proved to be

7410-481: The troops streaming into Saudi Arabia. He also worked to minimize the culture clash among foreigners in sharia -dominated Saudi Arabia such as the high visibility of women in military roles. Schwarzkopf remained at his command in Riyadh until December and made frequent frontline visits to the troops. On December 29, 1990, he received a warning order from the Pentagon to be ready to attack into Iraq and Kuwait by January 17. Initially, Operation Desert Shield involved

7505-701: The troops were initially demoralized and in poor condition, racked with rampant drug use and disciplinary problems as well as a lack of support from home. Despite the brigade's otherwise-controversial performance record, Schwarzkopf was quickly regarded as one of its best combat commanders. He aggressively stepped up patrols and operations to counter Viet Cong infiltration in the battalion's sector. He developed his leadership attitudes during this command. Fellow commander Hal Moore later wrote that during his time in Vietnam, Schwarzkopf acquired his well-known short temper, and argued via radio for passing American helicopters to land and pick up his wounded men. He also showed

7600-492: The world through an alcoholic haze." He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1958. In July 1959, Schwarzkopf was assigned his first overseas assignment. He was a staff officer alternating with duties as a platoon leader, liaison officer, and reconnaissance platoon leader with the 6th Infantry Regiment in West Germany . In July 1960, Schwarzkopf was assigned as aide-de-camp to Brigadier General Charles Johnson who commanded

7695-409: The wounded. As he attempted to help the troops back out of the field, one soldier struck a landmine, breaking a leg, and began to panic. Fearing that he would set off another landmine, Schwarzkopf pinned the soldier to the ground while another soldier put a splint on the wounded man's leg. In doing so, another mine was set off, killing three and wounding Schwarzkopf's artillery officer. Returning to

7790-844: The younger Schwarzkopf accompanied him. By 1951 he had returned to Iran briefly before returning to the United States. Herbert Schwarzkopf died in 1958. From a young age, Norman wanted to be a military officer, following his father's example. He attended the Community High School in Tehran, later the International School of Geneva , and briefly Frankfurt American High School in Frankfurt, Germany (1948–49), and Heidelberg American High School in Heidelberg, Germany (1949–50). He eventually graduated from Valley Forge Military Academy in 1952. He

7885-536: Was a "more realistic scenario". That year, his command began planning to counter an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, seeing it as a likely conflict that would threaten the interests of the United States. In early 1990, he testified again before the Senate Armed Services Committee in threat-assessment hearings that the Cold War was ending and that it was less likely the Soviet Union would exert military force in

7980-498: Was a 1917 graduate of the United States Military Academy and veteran of World War I . His mother was a housewife from West Virginia who was distantly related to Thomas Jefferson . The senior Schwarzkopf later became the founding Superintendent of the New Jersey State Police , where he worked as a lead investigator on the 1932 Lindbergh baby kidnapping case. In January 1952, the younger Schwarzkopf's birth certificate

8075-577: Was also a member of Mensa . Schwarzkopf graduated valedictorian out of his class of 150, and his IQ was tested at 168. Schwarzkopf then attended the United States Military Academy where he played football , wrestled, sang and conducted the West Point Chapel choir. His large frame (6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) in height and 240 pounds (110 kg) in weight) was advantageous in athletics. In his plebe year, he

8170-426: Was amended to make his name "H. Norman Schwarzkopf", reportedly because his father detested his first name. The younger Schwarzkopf had two elder sisters, Ruth Ann (a civil rights and antiwar activist) and Sally Joan. Norman Schwarzkopf was described by childhood friends as active and assertive, protective of his sisters and a skilled athlete. He spent his childhood attached to his father, who subsequently became

8265-472: Was as a platoon leader and later executive officer of E Company, 2nd Airborne Battle Group, 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division , at Fort Campbell, Kentucky . He later recounted that it was then that he found chronic problems in military leadership, amid what historians have called a larger doctrinal crisis. Schwarzkopf later said there were many officers and NCOs he met on that assignment who "had no sense of duty or honor, and who saw

8360-445: Was changed to Lieutenant Colonel Byron Schindler for the made for TV movie Friendly Fire in 1979. I don't think there will ever be another major confrontation where the armies line up on both sides. If that happens, it's inevitably going to be nuclear weapons and the whole thing. So I think all wars of the future are going to be—and again, God forbid, I hope we don't have any. War is a profanity, it really is. It's terrifying. Nobody

8455-433: Was given the nickname "Schwarzie", the same as his father, and he was often pushed by older cadets to imitate his father's radio show as a traditional act of hazing . Schwarzkopf gained great respect for certain military leaders at West Point, notably Ulysses S. Grant , William Tecumseh Sherman and Creighton Abrams , believing them to be excellent commanders who nonetheless did not glorify war. He graduated 43rd of 480 in

8550-557: Was officially issued in 1981, the 6-color desert pattern was only issued in limited numbers to division personnel like the U.S. 82nd Airborne or 101st Airborne who deployed to Egypt and the Sinai desert to participate in the " Bright Star " exercise in December 1980. The DBDU was the U.S. Army's first fully functional desert combat pattern from 1981 to 1992. Like the Army, the DBDU was seldom issued whenever Marines were deployed to participate in

8645-477: Was promoted to major general . In June 1983, he became commanding general of the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) at Fort Stewart, Georgia . He immediately established an extremely rigorous training regimen and became well known among the troops of the command for his strict training and aggressive personality. On October 25, 1983, Schwarzkopf was appointed to the command group for the Invasion of Grenada . He

8740-479: Was standardized in 1990, but was not ready before troops deployed to Saudi Arabia during the Persian Gulf War. Consequently, U.S. forces wore the six-color BDUs during the campaign. During that war, after initiatives by General Norman Schwarzkopf , the six-color Desert BDU was produced in 100% cotton poplin without reinforcement panels in order to improve comfort in hot desert conditions. A total of 500,000 improved cotton BDUs were ordered. However, cost concerns caused

8835-445: Was the chief army adviser to the overall operation commander, Vice Admiral Joseph Metcalf III , Commander, United States Second Fleet /Commander Joint Task Force 120. The operation was plagued by logistical difficulties, exacerbated by poor communication and lack of co-operation between the branches of the United States military . Schwarzkopf was named deputy commander of the invasion at the last minute, leaving him with little say in

8930-421: Was the senior adviser to a force of 1,000 South Vietnamese paratroopers sent to relieve a beleaguered South Vietnamese Army force at Đức Cơ Camp . The paratroopers took heavy casualties and a second, larger force was required to relieve them. That force too came into heavy contact. Schwarzkopf and his group fought continuously for several days. At one point, he braved heavy North Vietnamese fire to recover and treat

9025-475: Was very different from his first. There were now 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, the strategy of Vietnamization was in full effect, and recent events such as the Tet Offensive and My Lai Massacre had put U.S. combat troops under increased political scrutiny. In December 1969, he got his first field command, taking over the 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry , 198th Infantry Brigade at Chu Lai . He later said that

#833166