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59-615: Sirok is a village in Heves County , Hungary , in the Mátra mountain range, beside of the Tarna River . As of 2022 census, it has a population of 1625 (see Demographics). The village located 18.9 km from Eger , the capital of the county and beside of the (Nr. 84) Kisterenye–Kál-Kápolna railway line, 23.9 km from the main road 3 and 24.5 km from the M25 expressway . Kőkút is located 5.2 km southwest of

118-511: A partnership relationship with: 47°50′N 20°15′E  /  47.833°N 20.250°E  / 47.833; 20.250 Immaculate Conception The Immaculate Conception is the belief that the Virgin Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her conception. It is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Debated by medieval theologians, it

177-530: A Franciscan Scotist and devoted Immaculist, placed it on the Roman calendar (i.e., list of church festivals and observances) via the bull Cum praexcelsa . Thereafter in 1481 and 1483, in response to the polemic writings of the prominent Thomist , Vincenzo Bandello , Pope Sixtus IV published two more bulls which forbade anybody to preach or teach against the Immaculate Conception, or for either side to accuse

236-405: A colony of servants had already formed in the area below the castle. In 1389 László IV Tari received the castle as a new donation from King Sigismund . At that time, the following localities also belonged to the castle: Verpelét , Nagyberek and Szajla . The village is referred to in several ways: Sirokallya, Sirokvárallya, Syrak and Syrok . In the second half of the 15th century, Sirok already had

295-415: A number of artistic masterpieces based on the use of these same symbols. The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The Moon

354-651: A popular subject in literature, but its abstract nature meant it was late in appearing as a subject in art. During the Medieval period it was depicted as " Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate ", meaning Mary's conception through the chaste kiss of her parents at the Golden Gate in Jerusalem; the 14th and 15th centuries were the heyday for this scene, after which it was gradually replaced by more allegorical depictions featuring an adult Mary. The definitive iconography for

413-589: A population of 301,296 and the population density was 83/km . Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Roma (approx. 19,000), Germans (1,000) Slovaks (500) and Romanians (500). Total population (2011 census): 308,882 Ethnic groups (2011 census): Identified themselves: 279,714 persons: Approx. 43,000 persons in Heves County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census. Religious adherence in

472-505: A sexual union which was sinless because it was pure and free of sexual lust. In the 16th and especially the 17th centuries there was a proliferation of Immaculatist devotion in Spain, leading the Habsburg monarchs to demand that the papacy elevate the belief to the status of dogma. In France in 1830 Catherine Labouré (May 2, 1806 – December 31, 1876) saw a vision of Mary standing on a globe while

531-535: A subject in works of art. The iconography of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception shows Mary standing, with arms outstretched or hands clasped in prayer. The feast day of the Immaculate Conception is December 8. Many Protestant churches rejected the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception as unscriptural, though some Anglicans accept it as a pious devotion . Opinions on the Immaculate Conception in Oriental Orthodoxy are divided: Shenouda III , Pope of

590-421: A voice commanded her to have a medal made in imitation of what she saw. The medal said "O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee", which was a confirmation of Mary herself that she was conceived without sin, confirming the Immaculate Conception. Her vision marked the beginning of a great 19th-century Marian revival. In 1849 Pope Pius IX issued the encyclical Ubi primum soliciting

649-624: Is bordered by Lake Tisza , the largest artificial lake in Hungary. The average temperature is between 8 and 10 °C (higher on the southern parts of the county). The county was a primary target for the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Hungarian Wars where the Siege of Eger took place. Religion in Heves County (2022 census – of those who declared their religion (60.7%)) In 2015, it had

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708-447: Is the oldest performance hike in the Mátra . According the 2022 census, 93.2% of the population were of Hungarian ethnicity, 4.4% were Gypsies and 6.7% were did not wish to answer. The religious distribution was as follows: 40.1% Roman Catholic , 2.7% Calvinist , 0.9% Greek Catholic , 0.5% Lutheran , 19.4% non-denominational, and 33.4% did not wish to answer. The Gypsies have a local nationality government. 1658 inhabitants live in

767-440: Is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1–2 . Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and putti . In some paintings the putti are holding lilies and roses , flowers often associated with Mary. Eastern Orthodoxy never accepted Augustine's specific ideas on original sin, and in consequence did not become involved in

826-818: The Catholic Encyclopedia , Justin Martyr , Irenaeus , and Cyril of Jerusalem developed the idea of Mary as the New Eve, drawing comparison to Eve , while yet immaculate and incorrupt – that is to say, not subject to original sin. Holweck adds that Ephrem the Syrian said she was as innocent as Eve before the Fall . Ambrose asserted Mary's incorruptibility, attributing her virginity to grace and immunity from sin. Severus, Bishop of Antioch , concurred affirming Mary's purity and immaculateness. John Damascene extended

885-517: The Liturgy of the Hours , included offices venerating Mary's immaculate conception on the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: " Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te " ("You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you". It continues: "Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and

944-627: The Ottoman threat better than the fact that in 1550 Sirok was already paying taxes to the Ottomans. Kristóf Országh strengthens the castle in 1561 and increases the guard to 100 horsemen. With this, Sirok successfully defended the Tarna valley. But in 1596 the guard left the castle and fell into the hands of the Turks without a fight. The conquerors reinforced the castle, Turkish soldiers and their family members settled in

1003-613: The Slavic širokъ —wide like Široka Planina , Široký Důl and many other similar Slavic names. After the Hungarian conquest , the Borh-Bodon branch of the Aba clan took possession of the ancient castle on the site of today's citadel. Sirok then only referred to the castle, the settlement itself was called Sirokalja . The village has a later origin than the castle, because the castle is first mentioned in

1062-638: The 11th. It was suppressed there after the Norman Conquest (1066), and the first thorough exposition of the doctrine was a response to this suppression. It continued to spread through the 15th century despite accusations of heresy from the Thomists and strong objections from several prominent theologians. Beginning around 1140 Bernard of Clairvaux , a Cistercian monk, wrote to Lyons Cathedral to express his surprise and dissatisfaction that it had recently begun to be observed there, but in 1477 Pope Sixtus IV ,

1121-690: The Coptic Orthodox Church , and the Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I of the Syriac Orthodox Church opposed the teaching, while the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church accept it. Anne , the mother of Mary, first appears in the 2nd-century apocryphal Gospel of James . The author of the gospel borrowed from Greek tales of the childhood of heroes. For Jesus' grandmother

1180-475: The Dragon underfoot. Luke 1:28 , and specifically the phrase "full of grace" by which Gabriel greeted Mary, was another reference to her Immaculate Conception: "she was never subject to the curse and was, together with her Son, the only partaker of perpetual benediction". Ineffabilis Deus was one of the pivotal events of the papacy of Pius, pope from 16 June 1846 to his death on 7 February 1878. Four years after

1239-605: The Enclosed Garden from the Song of Songs , and many more passages. From this wealth of support the pope's advisors singled out Genesis 3:15 : "The most glorious Virgin ... was foretold by God when he said to the serpent: 'I will put enmity between you and the woman, ' " a prophecy which reached fulfilment in the figure of the Woman in the Revelation of John , crowned with stars and trampling

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1298-600: The Gospel of James' persistent emphasis on Mary's sacred purity, but the story does not advance the idea of an immaculate conception. The author of the Gospel of James may have based this account of Mary's conception on that of John the Baptist as recounted in the Gospel of Luke . The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that "Mary is conceived by her parents as we are all conceived". According to church historian Frederick Holweck , writing in

1357-570: The Immaculate Conception is December 8. The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours include references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. Its celebration seems to have begun in the Eastern church in the 7th century and may have spread to Ireland by the 8th, although the earliest well-attested record in the Western church is from England early in

1416-449: The Immaculate Conception. By the 4th century the idea that Mary was free from sin was generally more widespread, but original sin raised the question of whether she was also free of the sin passed down from Adam. The question became acute when the feast of her conception began to be celebrated in England in the 11th century, and the opponents of the feast of Mary's conception brought forth

1475-523: The Immaculately Conceived One, is closely associated with Lourdes . The Loreto Litanies included the official Latin Marian title of Regina sine labe originali concepta (Queen conceived without original sin), which had been granted by Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846) from 1839 onwards to some dioceses, thus several years before the proclamation of the dogma. The Immaculate Conception became

1534-675: The Theotokos. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on Nehasie 7 (August 13). In the mid-19th century, some Catholics who were unable to accept the doctrine of papal infallibility left the Roman Church and formed the Old Catholic Church . This movement rejects the Immaculate Conception. Protestants overwhelmingly condemned the promulgation of Ineffabilis Deus as an exercise in papal power, and

1593-459: The author drew on the more benign biblical story of Hannah—hence Anna—who conceived Samuel in her old age, thus reprising the miraculous birth of Jesus with a merely remarkable one for his mother. Anne and her husband, Joachim , are infertile, but God hears their prayers and Mary is conceived. According to Stephen J. Shoemaker , within the Gospel of James, the conception occurs without sexual intercourse between Anne and Joachim, which fits well with

1652-562: The bishops of the church for their views on whether the doctrine should be defined as dogma; ninety percent of those who responded were supportive, although the Archbishop of Paris, Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour , warned that the Immaculate Conception "could be proved neither from the Scriptures nor from tradition". In 1854 the Immaculate Conception dogma was proclaimed with the bull Ineffabilis Deus . We declare, pronounce, and define that

1711-463: The center of the village, which is an other inner area of 185 people with its own railway stop. Next to the road leading there is Sirok's own railway stop, 3.5 km from the center. Although the settlement has its two own railway stops, public transport on the railway line ceased on 3 March 2007  [ hu ] . The closest train station with public transport is in Eger 20.5 km away. The name comes from

1770-453: The character of a town, where it was also a place of customs collection. György Tari gave Sirok in 1465 to Michael Ország , Miklós Kompolthy and Vencel Kompolthy. The Ország and Kompolthy families entered into a mutual succession agreement in 1522, according to which their estates would pass to each other in the event of their death without heirs. Eventually, the castle became the property of Kristóf Országh  [ hu ] . Nothing proves

1829-501: The county according to 2011 census: The Heves County Council, elected at the 2024 local government elections, is made up of 15 counselors, with the following party composition: The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election : Heves County has 1 urban county , 10 towns , 3 large villages and 107 villages. (ordered by population, as of 2011 census ) Heves County has

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1888-686: The depiction of "Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception" seems to have been finally established by the painter and theorist Francisco Pacheco in his "El arte de la pintura" of 1649: a beautiful young girl of 12 or 13, wearing a white tunic and blue mantle, rays of light emanating from her head ringed by twelve stars and crowned by an imperial crown, the Sun behind her and the Moon beneath her feet. Pacheco's iconography influenced other Spanish artists or artists active in Spain such as El Greco , Bartolomé Murillo , Diego Velázquez , and Francisco Zurbarán , who each produced

1947-627: The doctrine itself as unscriptural, for it denied that all had sinned and rested on the Latin translation of Luke 1:28 (the "full of grace" passage) that the original Greek did not support. Protestants, therefore, teach that Mary was a sinner saved through grace, like all believers. The Catholic–Lutheran dialogue 's statement The One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary , issued in 1990 after seven years of study and discussion, conceded that Lutherans and Catholics remained separated "by differing views on matters such as

2006-553: The doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin, is a doctrine revealed by God and therefore to be believed firmly and constantly by all the faithful. Dom Prosper Guéranger , Abbot of Solesmes Abbey , who had been one of

2065-520: The dogma was slow and elaborate and it was more the fruit of popular devotion than scholarly. The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in literature and art, and some devotees went so far as to hold that Anne had conceived Mary by kissing her husband Joachim, and that Anne's father and grandmother had likewise been conceived without sexual intercourse, although Bridget of Sweden ( c.  1303 –1373) told how Mary herself had revealed to her that Anne and Joachim conceived their daughter through

2124-454: The dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and papal infallibility as "Roman novelties" and called on the Roman church to return to the faith of the early centuries. Eastern Orthodox Bishop Kallistos Ware comments that "the Latin dogma seems to us not so much erroneous as superfluous". The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches believe in the Immaculate Conception of

2183-404: The early 1500s, made no explicit declaration on the subject but exempted her from the universality of original sin; and also affirmed that she remained during all her life free from all stain of sin, even the venial one.; by 1571 the revised Roman Breviary set out an elaborate celebration of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December. According to Patrizia Granziera , the creation of

2242-610: The faithful through the teaching of the ordinary magisterium. Finally, it is necessary that it be attested by the liturgy, and the Fathers and Doctors of the Church . Guéranger maintained that these conditions were met and that the definition was therefore possible. Ineffabilis Deus found the Immaculate Conception in the Ark of Salvation ( Noah's Ark ), Jacob's Ladder , the Burning Bush at Sinai,

2301-540: The fall of the Rákóczi's War of Independence in 1713, the castle was demolished. Its role in determining the life and destiny of the village has ended permanently. From the middle of the 18th century, there were three streets in the village according to topographical data other than the data on the serf and serf population. The church of Immaculate Conception built in the centre of the village in 1743. Sirok had 1164 inhabitants and 164 houses in 1828. The Károlyi family became

2360-536: The formal liturgy. The Immaculata prayer , composed by Maximillian Kolbe , is a prayer of entrustment to Mary as the Immaculata. A novena of prayers, with a specific prayer for each of the nine days has been composed under the title of the Immaculate Conception Novena . Ave Maris Stella is the vesper hymn of the feast of the Immaculate Conception. The hymn Immaculate Mary , addressed to Mary as

2419-463: The idea of preservative redemption as being a more perfect one: to have been preserved free from original sin was a greater grace than to be set free from sin". In 1439, the Council of Basel , in schism with Pope Eugene IV who resided at the Council of Florence , declared the Immaculate Conception a " pious opinion " consistent with faith and Scripture; the Council of Trent , held in several sessions in

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2478-536: The interior of the castle, but the village remained in the possession of Hungarian landlords until the middle of the 17th century. The castle was recaptured on 22 October 1687, probably also without a siege. King Leopold I put it in order and guarded it. Count Scipio Bagni bought it together with the manors belonging to it in 1693, but the Brudern barons and the Orczys  [ fr ] took possession of it after 1711. After

2537-486: The later developments that took place in the Catholic Church, including the Immaculate Conception, although Eastern Orthodoxy affirms Mary's purity and preservation from sin . In 1894, when Pope Leo XIII addressed the Eastern church in his encyclical Praeclara gratulationis , Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimos , in 1895, replied with an encyclical approved by the Constantinopolitan Synod in which he stigmatised

2596-451: The main promoters of the dogmatic statement, wrote Mémoire sur l'Immaculée Conception , explaining what he saw as its basis: For the belief to be defined as a dogma of faith [...] it is necessary that the Immaculate Conception form part of Revelation , expressed in Scripture or Tradition, or be implied in beliefs previously defined. Needed, afterward, is that it be proposed to the faith of

2655-527: The manor estates were divided after 1945. In the spring of 1951, the construction of the Mátravidéki Fémművek ( Matra Provincial Metal Works ) began at the Liszkó farm south of the village. The factory started production on 8 August 1952, which contributed to the development of the settlement: a new housing estate was built, a community center, a kindergarten, a restaurant and sports facilities. The majority of

2714-515: The name of the feast until 1854. The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception caused a virtual civil war between Franciscans and Dominicans during the Middle Ages, with Franciscan ' Scotists ' in its favour and Dominican ' Thomists ' against it. The English ecclesiastic and scholar Eadmer ( c.  1060  – c.  1126 ) reasoned that it was possible that Mary was conceived without original sin in view of God's omnipotence, and that it

2773-456: The objection that as sexual intercourse is sinful, to celebrate Mary's conception was to celebrate a sinful event. The feast of Mary's conception originated in the Eastern Church in the 7th century, reached England in the 11th, and from there spread to Europe, where it was given official approval in 1477 and extended to the whole church in 1693; the word "immaculate" was not officially added to

2832-408: The old records in 1267, while the first written mention of the village is in 1302 in the form of Sirák . King Charles I declares the castle a royal castle and appoints Imre Kompolthy, as castle master in 1324. The king took it back in 1331 and donated it to a Czech warrior named Ehenyk, after whose death it became a royal castle again in 1337. King Louis I had the castle repaired in 1372. Meanwhile,

2891-514: The original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary".) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music, polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner , Pablo Casals , Maurice Duruflé , Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki , Ola Gjeilo , José Maurício Nunes Garcia , and Nikolaus Schapfl  [ de ] . Other prayers honouring Mary's immaculate conception are in use outside

2950-521: The other of heresy, on pains of excommunication. Pope Pius V kept the feast on the tridentine calendar but suppressed the word "immaculate". Gregory XV in 1622 prohibited any public or private assertion that Mary was conceived in sin. Urban VIII in 1624 allowed the Franciscans to establish a military order dedicated to the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. Following the promulgation of Ineffabilis Deus

3009-413: The owner of the village in the 19th century. In the 1920s, many people left the settlement because of the hopeless situation, and in 1928 the grain harvest was destroyed. Those who stayed in the place were engaged in wood cutting, quarrying, and stone carving, at which time they cut most of the cave dwellings for the poor. The current school of the village was built in 1927, which organized cultural events in

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3068-563: The population worked in the factory. A chapel was built in Kőkút in 1996 to meet the needs of the increased population. On 19 June 1999 a flood destroyed the settlement. Between 2010 and 2012, the castle was renovated with European Union support. Sirok is a stamping place of the National Blue Trail . Kőkútpuszta is the start place of the Mátrabérc performance hike  [ hu ] , which

3127-440: The proclamation of the dogma, in 1858, the young Bernadette Soubirous said that Mary appeared to her at Lourdes in southern France, to announce that she was the Immaculate Conception; the Catholic Church later endorsed the apparition as authentic. There are other (approved) Marian apparitions in which Mary identified herself as the Immaculate Conception, for example Our Lady of Gietrzwald in 1877, Poland. The feast day of

3186-492: The settlement. 423 inhabitants lived on farms in 1936. Sirok was considered a large village, where a district registrar functioned. 5 industrial companies operated in the 1930's: a steam mill and 4 quarries. During the Second World War , all Jewish families were deported , only a few of them returned home. The German and Soviet troops fought for five weeks for possession of the settlement in 1944. They ceased to exist and

3245-531: The supernatural influence of God to Mary's parents, suggesting they were purified by the Holy Spirit during her generation. According to Damascene, even the material of Mary's origin was deemed pure and holy. This perspective, which emphasized an immaculate active generation and the sanctity of the conceptio carnis , found resonance among some Western authors. Notably, the Greek Fathers did not explicitly discuss

3304-470: The typically Franciscan phrase "immaculate conception" reasserted itself in the title and euchology (prayer formulae) of the feast. Pius IX solemnly promulgated a mass formulary drawn chiefly from one composed 400 years by a papal chamberlain at the behest of Sixtus IV , beginning "O God who by the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin". The Roman Rite liturgical books, including the Roman Missal and

3363-553: The village and 6 people in 3 farms. Population by years: Mayors since 1990 : This Heves county location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Heves County Heves county is a geographically diverse area; its northern part is mountainous (the Mátra and Bükk are the two highest mountain ranges in Hungary), while at south it includes a part of the Great Hungarian Plain . From south it

3422-451: Was also appropriate in view of her role as Mother of God : Potuit, decuit, fecit , "it was possible, it was fitting, therefore it was done". Others, including Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) and Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), objected that if Mary were free of original sin at her conception then she would have no need of redemption, making Christ's saving redemption superfluous; they were answered by Duns Scotus (1264–1308), who "developed

3481-413: Was not defined as a dogma until 1854, by Pope Pius IX in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus . While the Immaculate Conception asserts Mary's freedom from original sin, the Council of Trent , held between 1545 and 1563, had previously affirmed her freedom from personal sin . The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in literature, but its abstract nature meant it was late in appearing as

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