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91-492: The title is a corruption of "Little Saint Hugh". Some boys are playing with a ball, in Lincoln . They accidentally throw it over the wall of a Jew's house (or castle). The daughter of the Jew comes out, dressed in green, and beckons to a boy to come in to fetch it. He replies that he cannot do this without his playmates. She entices him in with fruit and a gold ring. Once he has sat down on

182-488: A shot windowe Good Robin Hood he could glide; Red Roger, with a grounding glaive , Thrust him through the milke-white side. But Robin was light and nimble of foote, And thought to abate his pride, Ffor betwixt his head and his shoulders He made a wound full wide. Says, Ly there, ly there, Red Roger, The doggs they must thee eate; 'For I may have my houzle ,' he said, 'For I may both goe and speake.' In

273-439: A close or walled precinct facing the castle began when the see was removed from the quiet backwater of Dorchester-on-Thames , Oxfordshire . It was completed in 1092 and rebuilt after a fire, but succumbed to the 1185 East Midlands earthquake . The rebuilt minster, enlarged eastwards several times, was on a grand scale, its crossing tower crowned by a spire reputedly Europe's highest at 525 ft (160 m). When complete,

364-522: A screw press , is based at the former Tower Works owned by Smith-Clayton Forge Ltd. Lincoln is the hub for settlements such as Welton, Saxilby, Skellingthorpe and Washingborough, which look to it for most services and employment needs. Added they raise the population to 165,000. Lincoln is the main centre for jobs and facilities in Central Lincolnshire and performs a regional role over much of Lincolnshire and parts of Nottinghamshire. According to

455-439: A Jew. Another interpreter of the song, Ewan MacColl , described the ballad as "the barbaric functioning of medieval thinking". It is still a controversial topic as to whether it is something that should be performed or recorded; and if it is, whether it is reasonable to remove the anti-Semitic elements. The 1975 version recorded by Steeleye Span , for instance, removes these references entirely. Edward Francis Rimbault printed

546-476: A document entitled "Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Core Strategy", Lincoln has a "travel-to-work" area with a population of about 300,000. In 2021, Lincoln City Council joined the UK's Key Cities network to help the city's public sector. The University of Lincoln and Lincoln's colleges contributes to the cities growth in the small firms, services, restaurants and entertainment venues. A small business unit next door to

637-457: A grudge with her cousin. More details on Red Roger and his cause for quarrel are also possibly in the missing section—had Robin or his family taken his property, land, or title? When the manuscript resumes, Red Roger has entered Robin's room, and stabs him with his sword while Robin is weak. Robin Hood claims some consolation, though, in that he mortally wounds Roger with a neck wound prior to his own demise. Robin asks Little John to perform

728-634: A horn three times to summon Little John, found in the B version, is used in situations of dire need in other stories such as Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar and Robin Hood and the Shepherd . It is unknown whether the story of Robin firing one final arrow, a celebrated part of the Robin Hood saga, originates from the B version or came from some other lost legend. It is likely related to Robin Hood's Grave near Kirklees, either as an inspiration to create such

819-522: A house in Drake Street, and the Hurricane did a full circuit of the north of Lincoln, with no pilot aboard, and descended over the top of St Mary le Wigford church, to crash into a row of houses and shops, killing three people, and injuring nine. Ruston & Hornsby produced diesel engines for ships and locomotives , then by teaming up with former colleagues of Frank Whittle and Power Jets Ltd, in

910-457: A miracle story also drawn on by Chaucer in the Prioress' Tale that features Jews murdering a child, often a school child, that habitually sings an anthem near where they live, and throw the body into their privy . These elements occur in some of the early versions of Sir Hugh . The known versions have lost many of the elements of the original story, or have simplified them over time. For instance,

1001-449: A monument or else as a justification if the monument already existed. The rhyme scheme in both versions is the standard ballad stanza of ABCB that rhymes the second and fourth line of each stanza. This version loosely inspired the ending of the 1976 film Robin and Marian . In it, it is Robin's lover, Maid Marian, now a nun, who is his downfall, poisoning Robin and then herself when he suffers serious wounds in his final battle with

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1092-615: A new plant outside the city at Teal Park , North Hykeham . Still, Siemens made large redundancies and moved jobs to Sweden and the Netherlands. The factory now employs 1300. R & H's former Beevor Foundry is now owned by Hoval Group , making industrial boilers ( wood chip ). The Aerospace Manufacturing Facility (AMF) in Firth Road passed from Alstom Aerospace Ltd to ITP Engines UK in January 2009. Lincoln's second largest private employer

1183-667: A new street system in about 900. Lincoln underwent an economic explosion with the settlement of the Danes . Like York, the Upper City seems to have had purely administrative functions up to 850 or so, while the Lower City, down the hill towards the River Witham, may have been largely deserted. By 950, however, the Witham banks were developed, the Lower City resettled and the suburb of Wigford emerging as

1274-424: A page of each leaf has been torn away, so only 27 stanzas survive of a probable 50-something total. The 1786 version features an extended title of "Robin Hood's death and burial: shewing how he was taken ill, and how he went to his cousin at Kirkley Hall, who let him blood, which was the cause of his death." There are several variants of this later version, but the differences are mostly minor. But forth then of

1365-545: A politician deeply involved in the Wars of the Roses , Philip Repyngdon , chaplain to Henry IV and defender of Wycliffe , and Thomas Wolsey , the lord chancellor of Henry VIII . Theologian William de Montibus headed the cathedral school and was its chancellor until he died in 1213. The administrative centre was the Bishop's Palace , the third element in the central complex. When built in

1456-511: A recorded population of 127,540. Roman Lindum Colonia developed from an Iron Age settlement of Britons on the River Witham , near the Fosse Way road. Over time its name was shortened to Lincoln, after successive settlements, including by Anglo-Saxons and Danes . Landmarks include Lincoln Cathedral ( English Gothic architecture ; for over 200 years the world's tallest building) and

1547-419: A sacrificial animal." On the other hand, his host remembers the accusations of ritual murder, "the incitation of the hierarchy, the superstition of the populace, the propagation of rumour in continued fraction of veridicity, the envy of opulence, the influence of retaliation, the sporadic reappearance of atavistic delinquency, the mitigating circumstances of fanaticism, hypnotic suggestion and somnambulis". Given

1638-625: A student accommodation, the Think Tank, opened in June 2009. Some entertainment venues linked to the university include The Engine Shed and The Venue Cinema. Its presence has also built-up the area around the Brayford Pool. The city is a tourist centre for visitors to historic buildings that include the cathedral, the castle and the medieval Bishop's Palace. The Collection , of which the Usher Gallery

1729-404: A throne, she stabs him in the heart "like a sheep". There is much blood. When the boy fails to come home, his mother concludes that he is skylarking . She sets out to find him, with a rod to beat him. From beyond the grave, the boy asks his mother to prepare a funeral winding sheet, and that he is "asleep". In some versions he asks that if his father calls for him, the father is to be told that he

1820-399: A town near Barnsdale , where early ballads placed Robin Hood. J. W. Walker, an antiquarian, scoured old medieval documents and found evidence of two people named Roger of Doncaster living in the 1300s, one a chaplain, but whether they were related to the story given the commonality of the name is impossible to know. The motif of Robin insisting on venturing into danger with just Little John

1911-565: A trading centre. In 1068, two years after the Norman conquest of England , William I ordered Lincoln Castle to be built on the site of the old Roman settlement, for the same strategic reasons and controlling the same road, the Fosse Way . During the Anarchy , in 1141 Lincoln was the site of a battle between King Stephen and the forces of Empress Matilda , led by her illegitimate half-brother Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester . After fierce fighting in

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2002-540: A two-storey street frontage that is essentially 12th century and the nearby Jew's House likewise bears witness to the Jewish population. In 1255, the affair called " The Libel of Lincoln " in which prominent Lincoln Jews, accused of ritual murder of a Christian boy ( Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln in medieval folklore) were sent to the Tower of London and 18 executed. The Jews were all expelled in 1290. Thirteenth-century Lincoln

2093-545: A version of the ballad in his Musical Illustrations of Bishop Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry of 1850. Lincoln, England Lincoln ( / ˈ l ɪ ŋ k ə n / ) is a cathedral city and district in Lincolnshire , England, of which it is the county town . In the 2021 Census, the city's district had a population of 103,813. The 2021 census gave the urban area of Lincoln , including Bracebridge Heath , North Hykeham , South Hykeham and Waddington ,

2184-399: A woman, and does not intend to start now. The B version adds the detail that Robin Hood shoots one final arrow and asks Little John to be buried where it falls. This story, and variants based on it, became the most common account of Robin Hood's death. It is in agreement with the last six stanzas of A Gest of Robyn Hode ; the "pryoresse of Kyrkesly" and "Syr Roger of Donkesly" reappear as

2275-545: Is "dead". In some versions the boy's corpse shines "like gold". In some versions the Jew's daughter catches the blood in a basin and puts a prayer book at his head and a bible at his feet. The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich (1173) popularised the medieval accusation against Jews of ritual murder based on the murder of William of Norwich (1144). Henry III's (r. 1216–1272) court purchased and abused Jewish loans to acquire land from less well off barons and knights, causing many to blame Jews for their insecurity. In

2366-444: Is CIVITAS LINCOLNIA ("City of Lincoln"). The dissolution of the monasteries cut Lincoln's main source of diocesan income and dried up the network of patronage controlled by the bishop. Seven monasteries closed in the city alone, as did several nearby abbeys, which further diminished the region's political power. A symbol of Lincoln's economic and political decline came in 1549, when the cathedral's great spire rotted and collapsed and

2457-619: Is James Dawson and Son, a belting and hose maker founded in the late 19th century. Its two sites are in Tritton Road. The main one, next to the University of Lincoln, used Lincoln's last coal-fired boiler until it was replaced by gas in July 2018. New suburbs appeared after 1945, but heavy industry declined towards the end of the 20th century. Much development, notably around the Brayford area, has followed

2548-511: Is also seen in Robin Hood and the Monk , where Robin rejects a similar request from Much to take more men with him. The Robin Hood legend includes elements of anti-monasticism; while a friar is a member of his band and Robin is devoutly dedicated to the faith, monks and bishops often show up as adversaries, and the prioress in this story shows the treachery of the regular church. The motif of blowing

2639-421: Is an Early Modern English ballad of Robin Hood . It dates from at the latest the 17th century, and possibly originating earlier, making it one of the oldest existing tales of Robin Hood. It is a longer version of the last six stanzas of A Gest of Robyn Hode , suggesting that one of the authors was familiar with the other work and made an expansion (if Gest came first) or summary (if Death came first) of

2730-412: Is betrayed by his cousin, the prioress. She improperly takes too much blood while bloodletting Robin, and in one version Robin is also stabbed with a sword by a nemesis called Red Roger. Robin Hood's Grave is a monument to the final action in the story of the later version, where Robin fires one last arrow into the air and asks to be buried where it lands. There are two different versions of Death :

2821-498: Is his cousin and he trusts her. The pair arrive at Churchlees Priory . Robin offers 20 pounds to the prioress (an immense sum), and she prepares her lancing knives . Robin's trust in her proves misplaced, as she treacherously lets out too much blood. Another half page is missing of the manuscript, but may have described her motive. In A Gest of Robyn Hode , she is established to be Red Roger's lover, although given Robin's outlaw activities, she may have also had her own reasons for

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2912-559: Is more likely that the anti-Semitism of a part of the ballads and the localization in Lincoln is a kind of euhemerist contamination similar to the Prioress's Tale, which gave rise to associations with the Hugh of Lincoln story through the similarity of its subject matter. Most of these anti-Semitic details have disappeared in the course of oral tradition, because they were no longer understood." Some of

3003-676: Is now part, is an important attraction, partly in a purpose-built venue. It currently contains over 2,000,000 objects, and was one of the four finalists for the 2006 Gulbenkian Prize . Any material from official archaeological excavations in Lincolnshire is eventually deposited there. Other attractions include the Museum of Lincolnshire Life and the International Bomber Command Centre . Tranquil destinations close by are Whisby Nature Reserve and Hartsholme Country Park (including

3094-410: Is taken up, There shall my grave digged be. With verdant sods most neatly put, Sweet as the green wood tree. The later broadside version of this ballad (the "B" version), first recorded in 1786, omits the mysterious people (or person) Robin Hood meets on his way. Red Roger is also missing, and the killing is more directly attributed to the prioress. Only Robin enters the priory at first, unlike

3185-588: The First World War and population growth provided more workers for greater expansion. The tanks were tested on land now covered by Tritton Road in the south-west suburbs. In the Second World War , Lincoln produced an array of war goods: tanks, aircraft, munitions and military vehicles. In World War II 26 high explosive bombs were dropped on the city, with around 500 incendiary bombs, over five occasions, with eight people killed. 50 houses were destroyed, with

3276-886: The civil war . Lincoln lies at an altitude of 67 ft (20.4 m) by the River Witham up to 246 ft (75.0 m) on Castle Hill. It fills a gap in the Lincoln Cliff escarpment , which runs north and south through Central Lincolnshire , with altitudes up to 200 feet (61 metres). The city lies on the River Witham , which flows through this gap. The city is 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Hull , 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Nottingham , 47 miles (76 km) north of Peterborough , 73 miles (117 km) southeast of Leeds and 40 miles (64 km) east south-east of Sheffield . Robin Hood%27s Death Robin Hood's Death , also known as Robin Hoode his Death ,

3367-873: The synagogue and burned the records that registered debts. Some historians have the city's fortunes declining from the 14th century, but others argue that it remained buoyant in trade and communications well into the 15th. In 1409, the city became a county corporate : the County of the City of Lincoln, formerly part of the West Riding of Lindsey since at least the time of the Domesday Book . Additional rights were then conferred by successive monarchs, including those of an assay town (controlling metal manufacturing, for example). The oldest surviving secular drama in English, The Interlude of

3458-482: The "A" version of the Percy Folio, Robin Hood wishes to go to Churchlees to get himself bled (a common medieval medical practice ). Will Scarlet is skeptical and offers Robin Hood a bodyguard of his best bowmen, saying that a "good yeoman" in the area is sure to quarrel with him: presumably Red Roger, also known as Roger of Doncaster. Robin refuses and takes only Little John with him. An old woman appears early on

3549-513: The 11th-century Norman Lincoln Castle . The city hosts the University of Lincoln , Bishop Grosseteste University , Lincoln City F.C. and Lincoln United F.C. Lincoln is the largest settlement in Lincolnshire, with the towns of Grimsby second largest and Scunthorpe third. The earliest origins of Lincoln can be traced to remains of an Iron Age settlement of round wooden dwellings, discovered by archaeologists in 1972, which have been dated to

3640-474: The 1230s, some English towns expelled Jews, and organised violence against Jews took place in the 1260s. The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (1255) falls into this period. The facts of the original story are obscure. An admission of ritual killing was extracted from a Jew named Copin by John Lexington , a member of the Royal court and the brother of the Bishop of Lincoln . The Bishop stood to gain greatly from

3731-521: The 1st century BCE. It was built by Brayford Pool on the River Witham at the foot of a large hill, on which the Normans later built Lincoln Cathedral and Lincoln Castle . The name Lincoln may come from this period, when the settlement is thought to have been named in the Brittonic language of Iron Age Britain's Celtic inhabitants as Lindon , "The Pool", presumably referring to Brayford Pool (compare

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3822-525: The A version where both he and Little John enter. The prioress, in addition to letting out too much blood, actively locks Robin in the room for an entire day. Robin, desperate for aid, weakly blows his horn three times to summon Little John in distress as he realizes he has been betrayed. Little John comes to the priory and smashes the locks to reunite with Robin, but is too late. He asks for leave to attack Kirkley-hall and burn it. Robin refuses permission and says in his dying monologue that he has never harmed

3913-718: The Guildhall, surmounting the city gate called the Stonebow , the ancient Council Chamber contains Lincoln's civic insignia, a fine collection of civic regalia. Outside the precincts of cathedral and castle, the old quarter clustered round the Bailgate and down Steep Hill to the High Street and High Bridge , whose half-timbered housing juts out over the river. There are three ancient churches: St Mary le Wigford and St Peter at Gowts , both 11th century in origin, and St Mary Magdalene , from

4004-605: The Jews from England in 1290 … with its consequence that many ballad singers knew no Jews, reference to a Jewish murderess is almost always preserved." Roud and Bishop make a similar point: The subject matter … is disturbing, and reminds us that folklore is not always nice and cosy. Indeed, racists, xenophobes, political zealots and religious fundamentalists have always used legends, rumours, songs, jokes and other lore to support and spread their beliefs and to indoctrinate their young, and in particular to denigrate and stereotype outsiders and

4095-406: The Jews, and later accusing the Jews, is simplified and dropped. (In some versions she becomes a disciplinarian figure, and eventually, even becomes the murderess.) Miraculous elements such as bells ringing without hands are dropped. The funeral element disappears, and the number of characters reduced. New elements, such as rain or mist, are added, some including references to Scotland, implying that

4186-649: The Student and the Girl ( c.  1300 ), may have originated from Lincoln. Lincoln's coat of arms , not officially endorsed by the College of Arms , is believed to date from the 14th century. It is Argent on a cross gules a fleur-de-lis or . The cross is believed to derive from the Diocese. The fleur-de-lis symbolises the cathedral dedication to the Virgin Mary. The motto

4277-765: The Swanholme Lakes SSSI ), while noisier entertainment can be found at Scampton airfield , Waddington airfield (base of the RAF's Red Arrows jet aerobatic team), the County Showground or the Cadwell Park motor racing circuit near Louth . Early each December the Bailgate area holds a Christmas Market in and around the Castle grounds, shaped by the traditional German-style Christmas markets, including that of Lincoln's twin town Neustadt an der Weinstrasse . In 2010, for

4368-519: The U.S. now bear the name Lincoln, such as Lincoln, Nebraska . But the shared name with England's Lincoln is only coincidental, as the U.S. place names were named in honor of Abraham Lincoln. A permanent military presence came with the 1857 completion of the "Old Barracks" (now held by the Museum of Lincolnshire Life ). They were replaced by the "New Barracks" (now Sobraon Barracks ) in 1890, when Lincoln Drill Hall in Broadgate also opened. Lincoln

4459-525: The anti-semitic elements are largely dropped in the American versions, and even the violence is removed, as the ballad in some cases becomes a nursery rhyme. He speculates that a version existed prior to its merger with the Hugh of Lincoln story, which "must have been similar to the Frog Prince tale in respect to love and the introduction to its mysteries". Göller points to James Joyce as a figure who recognised

4550-460: The ballad may have travelled back into England from Scotland. Stanzas from Robin Hood's Death are incorporated. Some of the later versions, particularly the American texts known as The Jew's Garden , incorporate elements of another song about child murder, Lamkin . Nevertheless, McCabe concludes that the most persistent element in Sir Hugh is the anti-semitic element: "despite the expulsion of

4641-511: The central spire is widely accepted to have succeeded the Great Pyramids of Egypt as the world's tallest man-made structure . The Lincoln bishops were among the magnates of medieval England. The Diocese of Lincoln , the largest in England, had more monasteries than the rest of England put together, and the diocese was supported by large estates. When Magna Carta was drawn up in 1215, one of

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4732-501: The city and urban area. Lincoln Central Mosque and Cultural Centre is on Dixon Street. The city has no Sikh or Hindu temples, with the nearest ones being in Scunthorpe , Grimsby , Nottingham and Doncaster . The Jewish Lincoln Synagogue is on Steep Hill , in the ancient building, Jews' Court , which is believed to be the site of the original medieval synagogue. There is also an international temple on James Street. Churches in

4823-454: The city include: St Mary le Wigford , St Giles , St Benedicts , St Swithin's , Lincoln Cathedral , St Hugh's , St Katherine's , Alive Church , Saint Peter at Gowts , Central Methodist Church , St Nicholas Lincoln Unitarian Chapel and Greek Orthodox Church of St Basil the Great and St Paisios and others in the city and outer suburbs. Construction of the first Lincoln Cathedral within

4914-453: The city streets, Stephen's forces were defeated and Stephen himself captured and taken to Bristol . By 1150, Lincoln was among the wealthiest towns in England, based economically on cloth and wool exported to Flanders ; Lincoln weavers had set up a guild in 1130 to produce Lincoln Cloth, especially the fine dyed "scarlet" and "green", whose reputation was later enhanced by the legendary Robin Hood wearing woollens of Lincoln green . In

5005-451: The construction of the University of Lincoln's Brayford Campus, which opened in 1996. In 2012, Bishop Grosseteste teaching college was also awarded university status. 34 per cent of Lincoln's workforce are in public administration, education and health; distribution, restaurants and hotels account for 25 per cent. Industrial relics like Ruston (now Siemens ) remain, with empty industrial warehouse buildings becoming multi-use units, with

5096-450: The early 1950s, R & H (which became RGT) opened the first production line for gas turbine engines for land-based and sea-based energy production. Its success made it the city's largest single employer, providing over 5,000 jobs in its factory and research facilities, making it a rich takeover target for industrial conglomerates. It was subsumed by English Electric in November 1966, which

5187-688: The economic growth of Lincoln in this period, the city boundaries were spread to include the West Common. To this day, an annual Beat the Boundaries walk takes place along its perimeter. Coupled with the arrival of railway links, Lincoln boomed again during the Industrial Revolution , and several famous companies arose, such as Ruston's , Clayton 's, Proctor 's and William Foster's . Lincoln began to excel in heavy engineering, by building locomotives, steam shovels and all manner of heavy machinery. It

5278-498: The establishment of a cult of martyrdom, as it would attract pilgrims and donations. The King intervened, executed the man who had confessed and ordered the arrest of a further 90 Jews. Eighteen were hanged for refusing to take part in the trial, while the remainder were later pardoned. Because of the intervention of the King, the story became well known and gained credibility. The contemporaneous chronicler Matthew Paris (d. 1259) mentions

5369-408: The ethnic makeup of the city 92% White and 8% ethnic minorities. 15.1% of the people living in Lincoln were born outside of the UK, of which 9.6% are from ‘other European countries’. The most common countries of birth aside from the UK are Poland at 2.6%, Romania at 1.4%, and Lithuania at 1.1%. Lincoln is home to many active and former churches. These serve the city centre , outer suburbs of

5460-454: The etymology of Dublin , from the Gaelic dubh linn "black pool"). The extent of the original settlement is unknown, as its remains are buried beneath the later Roman and medieval ruins and modern Lincoln. The Romans conquered this part of Britain in 48 CE and soon built a legionary fortress high on a hill overlooking the natural lake, Brayford Pool, formed by the widening of the River Witham, and

5551-586: The first Viking raids, the city again rose to some importance with overseas trading ties. In Viking times Lincoln had its own mint, by far the most important in Lincolnshire and by the end of the 10th century, comparable in output to that of York . After establishment of the Danelaw in 886, Lincoln became one of the Five East Midland Boroughs . Excavations at Flaxengate reveal that an area deserted since Roman times received timber-framed buildings fronting

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5642-672: The first time, the event was cancelled due to "atrocious" snowfalls across most of the United Kingdom. It succumbed again in December 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ethnicity In the 2021 census, the population of Lincoln district was 103,813. The largest ethnic group was White British at 82.7%, with all ‘other white’ groups constituting 9.5%, followed by South Asian at 3.2%, Mixed race at 2%, Black British at 1.4%, other ethnic minorities made up 0.9% and Arab were 0.2%. This makes

5733-454: The fragmentary Percy Folio version dating from the 17th century ("A"), and a version from The English Archer c. 1767, published in 1786 ("B"). The older manuscript was recovered and published by Bishop Percy in the 1700s, around the same time as the publication of the B version. The original title is unknown; a scribe in the Percy Folio document titled it "Robin Hoode his Death", while later versions tended to use "Robin Hood's Death." Half

5824-485: The hilltop fortress by extending it with about an equal area, down the hillside to the waterside. It became a flourishing settlement accessible from the sea through the River Trent and through the River Witham. On the basis of a patently corrupt list of British bishops said to have attended the 314 Council of Arles , the city is often seen as having been the capital of the province of Flavia Caesariensis , formed during

5915-537: The ideas in the extant versions have parallels elsewhere. For instance, the idea of a corpse speaking (sending thoughts) to the living occurs in the ballad The Murder of Maria Marten , The Cruel Mother (Child 20) and in The Unquiet Grave (Child 78). Gruesome killings are quite common in Child ballads. Victorian collectors were surprised to find evidence of a ballad featuring a blood libel , and two wrote books on

6006-408: The journey, "banning" Robin Hood. Robin asks why she is doing so, but the manuscript breaks off for half a page. "Banning" is usually taken as "cursing" him, but may mean "lamenting"—predicting his death and weeping in advance. In the next surviving fragment, Robin Hood appears to be reassuring someone who has warned him he is going to his death. Robin is confident he will be fine, as the prioress

6097-485: The late 12th century by Hugh of Lincoln, the Bishop's Palace was one of the most important buildings in England. Its East Hall over a vaulted undercroft is the earliest surviving example of a roofed domestic hall. The chapel range and entrance tower were built by Bishop William of Alnwick, who modernised the palace in the 1430s. Both Henry VIII and James I were guests there. The palace was sacked in 1648 by royalist troops during

6188-632: The late 13th century. The last is an unusual English dedication to a saint whose cult was coming into vogue on the European continent at the time. Lincoln was home to one of five main Jewish communities in England , well established before it was officially noted in 1154. In 1190, anti-Semitic riots that started in King's Lynn , Norfolk, spread to Lincoln; the Jewish community took refuge with royal officials, but their homes were plundered. The so-called House of Aaron has

6279-479: The late 3rd-century Diocletian Reforms . Subsequently, the town and its waterways declined. By the close of the 5th century, it was largely deserted, although some occupation continued under a Praefectus Civitatis – Saint Paulinus visited a man holding this office in Lincoln in 629 CE. Germanic tribes from the North Sea area settled Lincolnshire in the 5th to 6th centuries. The Latin Lindum Colonia shrank in Old English to Lindocolina, then to Lincylene. After

6370-538: The likes of the University of Lincoln , local Lincs FM radio station (in the Titanic Works ) and gyms using some of the space. The old Corn Exchange , completed in 1848, is now used as a shopping arcade, and the newer Corn Exchange , completed in 1879, is now used as a restaurant and shops. Like many other cities, Lincoln has a growing IT economy, with many e-commerce mail order companies. Two electronics firms are e2V and Dynex Semiconductor . Bifrangi, an Italian maker of crankshafts for off-road vehicles using

6461-404: The northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road (A46). Celtic Lindon was later Latinised to Lindum and the title Colonia added when it became settled by army veterans. The conversion to a colonia occurred when the legion moved on to York ( Eboracum ) in 71 CE. Lindum colonia or more fully, Colonia Domitiana Lindensium , after the then Emperor Domitian , was set up within the walls of

6552-542: The older versions to the medieval stories; attempts to reconstruct the probable content of the original have been made. Paris has a Latin fragment of the ballad in his Chronicle . Thomas Percy's Reliques (1783) has a version from Scotland. David Herd (1776) had a version, and so did Robert Jameison (1806). McCabe says that the "earliest texts of Sir Hugh are Scottish … [and] preserve the medieval saint's legend in its most coherent form." The song may also incorporate elements of other medieval anti-semitic texts, particularly

6643-436: The original takes place near a castle, while this becomes a castle belonging to a Jew. The well near a castle becomes a private well set in the castle gardens. The location, "Merry Lincoln" becomes garbled, and dropped. The game becomes a ball game. The element of crucifixion is lost. The timing of the events is sometimes preserved as midsummer, sometimes altered to Easter. The role of the mother in warning against associating with

6734-509: The other, or else both were drawing from a lost common tale. The surviving version in the Percy Folio is fragmentary, with sections missing. A more complete but later version is from the middle of the 18th century, and is written in modern English. Both versions were later published by Francis James Child as Child ballad #120 in his influential collection of popular ballads. In Robin Hood's Death , Robin travels to Kirklees Priory , but

6825-467: The poorly operating, slow sand filter, to kill the fatal bacteria. Chlorination of the water continued until 1911, when a new supply was implemented. Lincoln's chlorination episode was an early use of chlorine to disinfect a water supply. Westgate Water Tower was built to provide new supplies. In the two world wars , Lincoln switched to war production. The first ever tanks were invented, designed and built in Lincoln by William Foster & Co. in

6916-572: The prioress of Churchlees and Red Roger. In Gest , Roger is called " Syr " and a knight, so presumably he was also intended in this story to be a knight or former knight, albeit with the details lost in the missing sections. There is a different version in Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight that commonly appeared in the Robin Hood "garlands" or collections, and another account in A True Tale of Robin Hood . The name of Roger of Doncaster refers to

7007-498: The sacraments and last rites for him quickly to get right with God. Little John wishes to avenge him and set fire to Churchlees, but Robin forbids it, because he fears God will blame him if he hurts a widow at his own end. Robin does ask Little John to bear him to a grave, and for him to be lain with his sword at his head, his arrows at his feet, his yew bow at his side, and a measuring rod. (...) give me my bent bow in hand And my broad arrows I'll let flee; And where this arrow

7098-566: The sea. It suffered as the rest of the country was beginning to prosper in the early 18th century, travellers often commenting on what had essentially become a one-street town. By the Georgian era , Lincoln's fortunes began to pick up, thanks in part to the Agricultural Revolution . Reopening of the Foss Dyke canal eased imports of coal and other raw materials vital to industry. Along with

7189-544: The story. The story also appears in Annals of Waverley . The Paris version of events was drawn on by Chaucer . Elements of the Paris and Chaucer versions of the story can be found in some versions of the ballad. It is likely that the earliest versions were composed close to the time of the events. The song has been found in England, Scotland, Canada, the US and, to a lesser extent, Ireland. It

7280-551: The subject. James Orchard Halliwell wrote Ballads and Poems Respecting Hugh of Lincoln in 1849. In the same year, and unknown to Halliwell, Abraham Hume wrote the book Sir Hugh of Lincoln, or, an Examination of a Curious Tradition respecting the Jews, with a notice of the Popular Poetry connected with it . One of the earliest professional recordings of the song was by A. L. Lloyd on "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads Vol 2" in 1956, produced by Kenneth Goldstein, himself

7371-474: The tension between the story of Hugh, murdered by Jews, and the symbolic story that Göller describes, he concludes that the "introduction of details from the Hugh of Lincoln story is thus in all probability a secondary phenomenon. It is very difficult to say when the amalgamation took place. Events such as the discovery of the bones of the murdered little boy in Lincoln Minster could have been a catalyst. But it

7462-419: The tension between the symbolic story and the anti-Semitic tale. In Ulysses , Stephen and his host debate an Irish version of the song. Stephen "regards the ballad as a parable of human fate. Hugh challenges his fate once through carelessness, twice through premeditation. Fate appears in the person of the Jewish girl, who, as an incarnation of Hope and Youth, allures him into a secret chamber, and kills him like

7553-455: The victims of their bigotry. Karl Heinz Göller gives a different view of the origins and resonances of the ballad. Like McCabe, he traces changes showing that the form of the elements are simplified. For Göller, one side of the ballad is a fairy tale, onto which anti-semitic elements have been added, and at later dates, dropped and forgotten. Thus Sir Hugh is in his opinion a "symbolic story", of temptation and sexual deflowering. He details how

7644-505: The witnesses was Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln . One of only four surviving originals of the document is preserved in Lincoln Castle . Among the famous bishops of Lincoln were Robert Bloet , the magnificent justiciar to Henry I , Hugh of Avalon , the cathedral builder canonised as St Hugh of Lincoln , Robert Grosseteste , the 13th-century intellectual, Henry Beaufort , chancellor of Henry V and Henry VI , Thomas Rotherham ,

7735-731: The worst night being 9 May 1941. Also much damage occurred in the Dixon Street area on Friday 15 January 1943. Two parachute mines landed in fields on South Common on the night of 19 November 1940, which exploded and broke many windows in the town, but with no more damage. On 8 May 1941, nine high explosive bombs were dropped on around Westwick Gardens in Boultham Park, east of the former Ancaster High School , killing three people. A Spitfire and Hurricane, from RAF Digby , collided over Lincoln. One pilot landed on allotments near Kingsway, and another landed near Branston Road. The Spitfire crashed on

7826-579: Was England's third largest city and a favourite of more than one king. In the First Barons' War , it was caught in the strife between the king and rebel barons allied with the French. Here and at Dover the French and Rebel army was defeated. Thereafter the town was pillaged for having sided with Prince Louis . In the Second Barons' War , of 1266, the disinherited rebels attacked the Jews of Lincoln, ransacked

7917-462: Was also around this time that the town's name became overshadowed in the world's consciousness by a different meaning of the word “Lincoln”: namely, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , who led his country through their brutal Civil War and succeeded in abolishing nearly all slavery within its borders . Abraham Lincoln's surname does trace back to the English town of Lincoln, but his family had migrated to America long before his birth. Many locations in

8008-415: Was hit by typhoid in November 1904 – August 1905 caused by polluted drinking water from Hartsholme Lake and the River Witham . Over 1,000 people contracted the disease and fatalities totalled 113, including the man responsible for the city's water supply, Liam Kirk of Baker Crescent. Near the beginning of the epidemic, Dr Alexander Cruickshank Houston installed a chlorine disinfection system just ahead of

8099-540: Was not replaced. However, the comparative poverty of post-medieval Lincoln preserved pre-medieval structures that would probably have been lost under more prosperous conditions. Between 1642 and 1651 in the English Civil War , Lincoln was on a frontier between the Royalist and Parliamentary forces and changed hands several times. Many buildings were badly damaged. Lincoln now had no major industry and no easy access to

8190-411: Was still popular in the early 19th century. There is an Anglo-Norman ballad ( medieval French ), likely composed while Henry III was still alive and probably with knowledge of the city of Lincoln. This version may contain the main elements of the original English song, many of which were lost in the later versions, which were written down in the 18th century and later. It is possible to relate elements in

8281-544: Was then bought by GEC in 1968, with diesel engine production being transferred to the Ruston Diesels Division in Newton-le-Willows , Lancashire, at the former Vulcan Foundry . Pelham Works merged with Alstom of France in the late 1980s and was then bought in 2003 by Siemens of Germany as Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery . This includes what is left of Napier Turbochargers . Plans came early in 2008 for

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