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52-703: The Geology Gallery contains a wall that shows a 2.5 billion year rock record of the Black Hills area. The Museum of Geology at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology provides artifacts and information for patrons to better understand the timeline. Along with the geology section is the paleontology section with fossils, much of which is on loan from the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research in Hill City, South Dakota . A model of an on-site dig with

104-505: A bachelor’s degree is 97 percent, with an average starting salary of more than $ 66,500. The campus is located in the center of Rapid City, on the northern slope of small foothills of the Black Hills. The APEX Gallery is located in Classroom Building 211, and hosts a new exhibit every four to six weeks. The gallery hosts contemporary works of artists and scientists, many of whom are nationally and internationally recognized. Opening

156-646: A certain activity. You can check these boxes out and take them with you into the rest of the museum. See also In 2021, the museum was awarded the CORES (Communication and OutReach Experiences in Science) award by the Sanford Underground Research Facility for outreach activities to promote science. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology The South Dakota School of Mines & Technology ( South Dakota Mines , SD Mines , or SDSM&T )

208-433: A full decade before WCAT (the precursor the current campus station KTEQ-FM ). The first "M-Day" homecoming celebration occurred on October 5, 1912 with the construction of the "M" on M-Hill , the school's mountain monogram . The school's ROTC battalion was formed in 1918 in response to World War I. The football stadium began construction in 1931, and was completed as "O'Harra Field" in 1938. The school formally became

260-561: A low-energy accelerator (50 foot long) to better understand how chemical elements are produced in the Universe and at what rate and how much energy is produced during the process. The construction of the accelerator begun around 2015 and achieved first beam in 2017. In spring of 2021, the CASPAR experiment was mothballed due to excavations starting nearby. The accelerator was disassembled and put into storage. The research group plans to return to SURF in

312-741: A pioneer in neutrino research, built a solar neutrino detector deep underground at Sanford Lab. When he discovered only a third of what had been predicted, he inadvertently created what came to be called the “solar neutrino problem.” Other experiments— Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada and the Super Kamiokande in Japan—vindicated Davis's work, earning him a one-fourth share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. The Education and Outreach program

364-619: A tent provides patrons with a sense of field work. A model of a T-Rex and a Triceratops accompanied by a roaring sound track are also included in the exhibit. After the Geology and Paleontology exhibits is the Archaeology Gallery. This gallery is split into five sections, according to time period. It is divided into five sections listed in the chart below. The Archaeology Gallery contains artifacts and information from The South Dakota Archaeological Research Center . The Sioux Indian Museum,

416-560: A variety of disciplines. The facility is managed by Black Hills State University and houses five operational LBCs. These LBCs use germanium detectors housed in lead brick containers to screen materials, identifying ionizing radiation released by a material over time as its radioactive elements decay. This counting process helps researchers decide which types of materials are best-suited for their experiments. It also provides data to researchers, allowing them to calculate how much radioactivity they can expect to see coming from their materials over

468-767: A water-deionization system, cleanroom and control room for researchers. The researchers outfitted the Davis Cavern with a xenon purification system, servers, electronics and the experiment itself. All these are in service once again for the next-generation dark matter experiment, LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ). On the 4850 Level, the Black Hills State University Underground Campus (BHUC) houses Sanford Lab's low-background counting facility—a class-1,000 cleanroom containing several ultra-sensitive low background counters (LBCs) used to assay materials for ultra-sensitive experiments—and an adjoining workspace can be used for

520-586: Is a public university in Rapid City, South Dakota . It is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents and was founded in 1885. South Dakota Mines offers bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. The cornerstone of the first School of Mines (then known as the Dakota School of Mines ) building was dedicated on August 19, 1885, with the first classes being held February 21, 1887. John W. Hancher received

572-504: Is a 780 square-foot laboratory with a class-1000 clean room. This laboratory provides space for researchers to clean and assemble parts of their experiments, before transporting them underground. To accommodate these processes, the SAL includes aluminum sheeting; air locks; a hoist; a 12-foot-deep pit for large assembly projects; and a radon-reduction system. Since Sanford Lab began operating in 2008, billions of gallons of water have been treated at

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624-464: Is a collaborative venture between Sanford Lab and Black Hills State University (BHSU). The program provides resources for regional educators including 9 assembly programs, 13 curriculum modules and 12 field trips in an effort to promote STEM education. Sanford Lab also hosts public outreach events, including Deep Talks Science for Everyone series and a city-wide science festival, Neutrino Day, which draws 1,500 attendees annually. While public tours of

676-621: Is also a holographic Native American elder who tells three stories. The Minnilusa Pioneer Gallery is the final gallery in the timeline layout of the museum. This collection has a trapper's cabin , a board walk, saddles that you can try out, a hardware store modeled after the first major hardware store in South Dakota, and several story boards with information and artifacts about the pioneer days. It features famous local legends such as Jim Bridger , General Custer , Wild Bill Hickok , Sitting Bull , Crazy Horse , and Red Cloud . It also covers

728-545: Is also available with the museum's inflatable planetarium program. Located in the Archaeology area of the museum, the Children's Learning Lab opened on July 1, 2008. It is a center for classes and various drop-by activities throughout the week. The drop-by activities available include books, puzzles, games, puppets, microscopes, and discovery boxes. Discovery boxes are small boxes with activities, information, and objects relating to

780-670: Is developing a deep seismic observatory for scientific investigations, sensor technology development and safety at the Sanford Lab. LUX: In May 2016, the Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX) completed its experimental run. Although it didn't detect dark matter, it was declared the most sensitive dark matter detector in the world at the time. kISMET: The kISMET (permeability (k) and Induced Seismicity Management for Energy Technologies) drilled and cored five 50-meter deep boreholes to learn more about rock structure. The experiment

832-625: Is the original name of the school newspaper, first published in November 1901. The newspaper changed its name back to "The Aurum" in January 2010. The campus radio station, KTEQ, was started in 1922 as a low-powered AM station, left the air in 1955, and returned as the FM-station KTEQ in 1971 and airs a freeform programming format. Amplify College Ministries, Fellowship of Christian Athletes , InterVarsity Christian Fellowship , Lutheran Campus Ministry,

884-689: The "Longhairs". The school host a variety of college sports which include: football, basketball, volleyball, track, cross country, golf, and men's soccer. The athletic mascot name is Grubby the Miner. The school is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and competes at the Division II level. The school joined the Division II Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in January 2014 for

936-527: The Newman Center , and United Campus Ministries are some of the many Christian and religious groups operating on campus. Service organizations on campus include Circle K and Gamers for Service. South Dakota Mines athletic teams are called the Hardrockers , coming from its mining background. The history of the athletic programs stretch back to 1895 when the first school football team formed, originally named

988-692: The South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference (SDIC) (also from the NAIA) until after the 1999–2000 school year. South Dakota Mines completed the transition from the NAIA to the NCAA in July 2013. Prior to 1897, the head of SDSM&T held the title of Dean rather than President. Earl D. Dake served as acting president from 1947–1948 and 1953–1954. Duane C. Hrncir served as acting president from 2012–2013 following

1040-569: The 4850 Level, the average rock overburden is approximately 4,300 meters water equivalent (m.w.e.). This depth provides significant protection from cosmic radiation from the sun for sensitive particle physics experiments. Two main underground campuses, the Davis Campus and the Ross Campus, host experiments on the 4850 Level. Within the Davis Campus is the Davis Cavern, which originally housed Dr. Raymond Davis Jr.'s Solar Neutrino Experiment and

1092-659: The Davis experiment, allowed Raymond Davis, Jr. to measure the flux of solar neutrinos directly. The measurements' discrepancy with the flux predicted from the Sun 's luminosity led to Davis's development of the solar neutrino problem . The Homestake experiment publicized the mine as a resource among scientific communities. When the Homestake Mine closed in 2002, the National Science Foundation (NSF) had already considered

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1144-648: The Deep Underground Gravity Laboratory used 20 seismometers strategically placed on the surface and on several levels of Sanford Lab from the 300 to the 485 Levels. Placed in a grid, the seismometers monitored ground motion , giving researchers a 3-Dimensional seismic picture that was used to inform the design of future gravitational wave detectors. DUGL, which was decommissioned in 2017, was a Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ( LIGO ) related project. Solar Neutrino Experiment (Davis Experiment/Homestake Experiment): Raymond Davis Jr .,

1196-558: The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, agreed to support science operations at the lab. Today, Sanford Lab operations are funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory . The first two major physics experiments located on the 4850 Level were the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment and the Majorana Demonstrator experiment. LUX is housed in the same cavern that

1248-509: The SDSTA for use as a dedicated research facility in 2006. Homestake carved out more than 370 miles of underground shafts, drifts and ramps, and Sanford Lab currently maintains about 12 miles for science activities. The main level for science is the 4850 Level, which can be accessed through the Yates and Ross shafts. At 1,490 meters, SURF is the deepest underground laboratory in the U.S. For experiments on

1300-539: The Sanford Lab Homestake Visitor Center. SURF is located in the former Homestake Gold Mine and encompasses 223 acres on the surface and 7,700 acres underground. The surface property includes both the Yates Campus and the Ross Campus, named respectively for the Yates and Ross Shafts, which provide access to underground areas. The property was donated by Homestake's parent company, Barrick Gold, to

1352-481: The Sanford Underground Research Facility, Black Hills State University and the Sanford Lab Homestake Visitor Center. The SSEC is committed to developing and facilitating rich, innovative learning experiences and preparing the next generation of scientists, engineers, mathematicians and educators. The SSEC lends support to Sanford Lab's Education and Outreach programs, BHSU's Underground Campus and

1404-816: The School of Mines announced that Heather Wilson would become the first female president in the school's 128-year history, starting in June 2013. She resigned in 2017 after being appointed to the office of Secretary of the United States Air Force . In October 2017, the School of Mines announced that the next president would be James (Jim) Rankin, Ph.D. He retired in 2024. South Dakota Mines offers degrees in 20 engineering and science fields, as well as 18 master's degree programs and 9 Doctorate programs. Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were: The South Dakota Mines placement rate for graduates with

1456-625: The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for their “outstanding operation of the wastewater system and environmental compliance” with DENR's Surface Water Discharge Permit Award. The facility is housed at the previous Homestake Gold Mine, a deep underground gold mine founded during the Black Hills Gold Rush in 1876. In the late 1960s, the mine hosted the Homestake experiment . The operation, also known as

1508-544: The South Dakota School of Mines & Technology in February 1943. In September 2012, South Dakota Mines made national news when Bloomberg announced that it had passed Harvard in the category of starting salaries for graduates. On September 19, Tech President Robert A. Wharton died due to complications of cancer treatments. During the presidential search, Duane C. Hrncir was the interim president. On April 25, 2013,

1560-503: The Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). To keep naturally-infiltrating water from accumulating underground, approximately 700 gallons of water per minute are pumped from underground to a surface reservoir where it awaits the treatment process. The water, pumped from the deepest drifts of the Sanford Lab and the tailing-laden reservoir of Grizzly Gulch, is filtered through multiple systems that clean dirt, minerals and toxins from

1612-538: The creation of Sanford Lab in 2007. After an extensive dewatering process, the 4850 Level of Sanford Lab was dedicated by South Dakota Governor Mike Rounds and T. Denny Sanford in 2009. The underground dedication took place in a space now designated as Governor's Corner. In December 2010, the National Science Board decided not to fund further design of DUSEL. However, in 2011 the Department of Energy, through

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1664-555: The death of Robert A. Wharton. Sanford Underground Research Facility The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) , or Sanford Lab , is an underground laboratory in Lead, South Dakota . The deepest underground laboratory in the United States, it houses multiple experiments in areas such as dark matter and neutrino physics research, biology, geology and engineering. There are currently 28 active research projects housed within

1716-586: The earth to detectors deep underground at Sanford Lab in Lead, South Dakota. LUX-Zeplin : LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a next-generation dark matter detector that replaced the LUX experiment deep underground at Sanford Lab. The experiment continues the search for WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) using a detector that is 30 times larger and 100 times more sensitive than LUX. CASPAR: The Compact Accelerator System for Performing Astrophysical Research (CASPAR) collaboration uses

1768-556: The facility are not available, in 2015, Sanford Lab built the Sanford Lab Homestake Visitor Center . Overlooking the ridge of the 1,000-foot-deep Open Cut, the visitor center promotes public appreciation of Lead's rich mining history and an understanding of the science advancing at Sanford Lab. Formalized in the spring of 2014, the Sanford Science Education Center (SSEC) is a partnership between

1820-551: The facility as a possible future site for the United States’ Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL). In 2006, the facility's namesake T. Denny Sanford donated $ 70 million to the facility, Barrick Gold Corporation made a land donation and state legislation formed the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority (SDSTA), a quasi-government entity. These developments culminated with

1872-493: The facility. Sanford Lab is managed by the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority (SDSTA). SURF operations are funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and through a $ 70M donation from T. Denny Sanford . The State of South Dakota also contributed nearly $ 70 million to the project. Sanford Lab's depth, rock stability and history make it ideal for sensitive physics experiments that need to escape high energy cosmic radiation from

1924-452: The first bachelor of science degree at the first commencement on May 31, 1888. The school became known as the South Dakota School of Mines in 1889 after admission of South Dakota as a state to the United States. The School of Mines presented exhibits during the 1904 World's Fair and the first licensed radio station in the state of South Dakota was established on campus in December 1911,

1976-409: The flow of heated water. Boreholes at the 4100 level monitor water injection and recovery using electrical impedance tomography and seismic signal analysis. GEOXTM: GEOXTM hopes to create the world's largest, deepest network of underground fiber-optic strain and temperature sensors and tiltmeters to measure the movement of rock systems in the underground laboratory. Transparent Earth: The project

2028-676: The future. Majorana Demonstrator : The Majorana Demonstrator uses 40 kilograms of pure germanium crystals enclosed in deep-freeze cryostat modules to answer one of the most challenging and important questions in physics: are neutrinos their own antiparticles? If the answer is yes, it will require rewriting the Standard Model of Particles and Interactions, our basic understanding of the physical world. CUSSP: Center for Understanding Subsurface Signals and Permeability seeks to improve energy recovery from geothermal sites by better understanding how to induce fractures in geothermal reservoirs and direct

2080-656: The gallery it is in. The museum is surrounded by several acres of western native gardens maintained by a variety volunteer gardeners from the area. The gardens are created with the intent to feature indigenous plant life from the local Black Hills area and other plants found natively in the Western Hemisphere. The large garden area is split up into several small gardens wrapping around the museum. Various gardens contain vegetables, flowers, and trees. The Journey Museum holds several regularly scheduled events. Additionally, they also have many special events that they book through

2132-450: The interaction between Native Americans and early settlers during the period from the first encounters to the modern day reconciliation with story walls that patrons of the museum can wind their way through. The Journey Museum has several side exhibits either inside or between the main galleries. There are regular activity tables in every gallery that children and adults can enjoy. These have coloring pages, books, and activities relating to

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2184-434: The life of an experiment. A consortium agreement between LBC owners allows the counters to be available to other universities and partners, creating opportunities for collaborative research. While the counters are dedicated to supporting high-priority experiments, the consortium allows those counters to also be used for all collaborations and academic users when there is space to spare. The Surface Assembly Laboratory (SAL)

2236-631: The majority of its sports (effective beginning the 2014–15 school year), except for men's soccer which joined the Great Northwest Athletic Conference (GNAC) for men's soccer in 2013 and football beginning in 2014. The Hardrockers formerly competed as members of the Dakota Athletic Conference (DAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2000–01 to 2010–11, and were former members of

2288-790: The next gallery after Archaeology, contains 5,500 pieces regulated by the United States Department of the Interior 's Indian Arts and Crafts Board . Most of the collection is from the collection of a Native American arts collector who owned a trading post on the Rosebud Indian Reservation . This part of the collection was collected from the 1890s to the 1930s. The Sioux Indian Museum contains beaded items , ceremonial items, traditional Native American clothing , an exhibit of items made from animals, kids items (such as dolls and games), instruments, Native American saddles, and tipis. There

2340-886: The preparation laboratories and collections are held in the James E. Martin Paleontology Center, constructed in 2009. Active fraternities on campus include Alpha Chi Sigma , Delta Sigma Phi , Lambda Chi Alpha , Chi Psi , Theta Tau , and Triangle . Sororities include Alpha Delta Pi and Beta Delta Mu . Student government organizations include the Student Association Senate. Student media organizations include KTEQ-FM (the campus radio station) and "the Aurum" (the campus newspaper, formerly known as "the Tech" and then "the Raver"). "The Aurum"

2392-521: The same year as the school, the Museum of Geology collects, conserves, curates, interprets, and exhibits paleontologically, mineralogically, and geologically significant objects and serves as the repository for such objects from South Dakota and the Northern Great Plains. The public exhibits of the museum have been housed since 1944 in the second floor of the then newly completed O'Harra Building, while

2444-560: The sun. Additionally, the facility is used for researchers studying geology, biology and engineering. DUNE , LBNF/hosted by Fermilab: Scientists with the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) hope to revolutionize our understanding of the role neutrinos play in the creation of the universe. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will shoot a beam of neutrinos from Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois, 800 miles through

2496-469: The water, making it safe to return to natural stream systems. Once treated, the water is released into Gold Run Creek , which joins Whitewood Creek within a few hundred yards of the discharge pipe. Sanford Lab monitors the health of these streams, counting fish and macro invertebrate populations and tests for contaminants. For this regulation, in 2019, the WWTP was recognized for the eleventh consecutive year by

2548-414: The year, like a sculpting class for children or a presentation on how to make gingerbread houses. As part of the mission, several education programs operate through the museum. Weekly educational programs include Toddler Tuesdays, Discovery Expedition, and Journey Into Space. The Journey Museum and Learning Center also offers customized learning experiences for school groups and tours. Educational outreach

2600-412: Was a precursor to EGS Collab. EGS Collab : The Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Collab Project is a collaboration of eight national laboratories and six universities who are working to improve geothermal technologies. EGS conducts field experiments to better understand and model rock fracturing and other elements of geothermal energy. The experiment was a precursor to CUSSP. DUGL: For several years,

2652-467: Was excavated for Ray Davis's experiment in the 1960s. In October 2013, after an initial run of 80 days, LUX was determined to be the most sensitive dark matter detector in the world. The Majorana experiment is searching for a rare type of radioactive decay called “neutrinoless double-beta decay.” If this phenomenon were detected, it could confirm that neutrinos are their own antiparticles and provide clues as to why matter prevailed over antimatter. In 2017,

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2704-557: Was redesigned and enlarged for dark matter experiments. The first, the Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX), operated from 2013 to 2016. The Davis Cavern gave the experiment the environment it needed to become the most sensitive dark matter detector in the world, a spot it held for more than one year after it was decommissioned. This state-of-the-art laboratory features a 72,000-gallon (272,549 liters) water tank, which serves as additional shielding from cosmic radiation; and

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