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44-425: Sintang Regency is a regency of West Kalimantan province of Indonesia . It covers an area of 21,638.2 km, and had a population of 364,759 at the 2010 Census and 421,306 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 438,022 (comprising 226,018 males and 212,004 females). Sintang Regency is one of the few Indonesian regencies having a land border with another country (in this case, with Malaysia). It

88-590: A campus branch in Sintang, which is also private. Other colleges in the regency include Christian theological schools such as Sintang Khatulistiwa Theological College, Injili Setia Sintang Theological College, Kapuas Raya Christian College, and Immanuel Sintang Kalbar Theological College. In addition, there is a public academy owned by the West Kalimantan provincial government and one private Islamic college, Ma'arif Sintang Islamic College. The regency government also runs

132-420: A complete reduction of both eyes and pigmentation (similar to cavefish ). Owing to the warm climate and abundance of food, most fishes breed all through the year with only a few species like fire eel ( Mastacembelus erythrotaenia ) having certain reproductive periods . The number of individuals per species is relatively low. The large variety of species may be explained by the fact that some 6,000 years ago,

176-546: A marshy delta, which spreads both inland and into the sea, with the silt deposits extending up to 50–60 km (31–37 mi) from the Borneo coast. The delta is located west-southwest of Pontianak , the capital of West Kalimantan province, which lies at the equator . The delta has five arms, of which the northernmost one is the widest, and is therefore called the Big Kapuas ( Indonesian : Kapuas Besar ). The largest tributary

220-569: A regional library, located in the town of Sintang. 0°04′05″N 111°29′53″E  /  0.06806°N 111.49806°E  / 0.06806; 111.49806 Regencies of Indonesia The English name "regency" comes from the Dutch colonial period , when regencies were ruled by bupati (or regents ) and were known as regentschap in Dutch ( kabupaten in Javanese and subsequently Indonesian). Bupati had been regional lords under

264-475: A relationship with the native rulers who continued to prevail in much of Indonesia outside Java), but in practice the bupati had to follow Dutch instructions on any matter of concern to the colonial authorities. Like the current system of government in Indonesia, the system of historical times is still in effect. The relationship between those sides was ambivalent: while legal and military power rested with

308-522: A seaside beach, Kapuas Beach, located along the Kapuas River, provides a serene atmosphere with expansive views of the river. This spot is a favorite destination for relaxation while enjoying the view of Bukit Kelam in the distance. This area, where the Melawi and Kapuas Rivers meet, offers mesmerizing scenery. It is a popular spot for photography or simply enjoying the tranquil natural surroundings. Sintang

352-540: A total of 10 universities and higher education institutions as of 2020, most of which are located in the town of Sintang. One of the most notable in the regency is Kapuas Sintang University, located in Sintang district. The university is private and located close to the Kapuas River . It was previously known as Panca Bhakti Teaching and Education College before becoming a university. Muhammadiyah University in Pontianak also has

396-604: Is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia . At 1,143 kilometers (710 mi) in length, it is the longest river in the island of Borneo and the longest river in Indonesia and one of the world's longest island rivers. It originates in the Müller mountain range at the center of the island and flows west into the South China Sea creating an extended marshy delta. The delta

440-576: Is also the third largest regency in the province by land area after Kapuas Hulu Regency and Ketapang Regency . The regency was formerly the site of the Sintang Kingdom, a Hindu kingdom that later converted to Islam and which was a regional power in the interior of Borneo Island. The regency seat is located at the large town of Sintang , which is among the biggest settlements in Borneo's interior alongside Putussibau and Puruk Cahu . Sintang Regency boasts breathtaking natural panoramas, making it one of

484-547: Is home to rich traditions and cultures passed down by the Dayak and Malay communities. Some unique traditions worth highlighting include: In Dayak culture, " Ngamik Bini " is a tradition of welcoming the bride by the groom's family. This meaningful ceremony involves a series of traditional processes that symbolize respect and acceptance. This is a harvest festival celebrated by the Dayak community. The event features various traditional arts such as traditional dances and music played with

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528-635: Is located west-southwest of Pontianak , the capital of the West Kalimantan province. This Kapuas River should be distinguished from another Kapuas River , which starts on the other side of the same mountain range in central Borneo but flows to the south, merging with the Barito River and discharging into the Java Sea . The river is 1,143 km (710 mi) long and up to 700 m (0.43 mi) wide at its delta; ~99,000 km (38,000 sq mi)

572-517: Is mentioned among the titles of local rulers who paid allegiance to Sriwijaya's kings. Related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are adipati ('duke') and senapati ('lord of the army' or 'general'). Regencies as we know them today were first created January 28, 1892, when the Dutch East Indies government established the Landarchief. The first landarchivasis was confirmed

616-571: Is originally a loanword from Sanskrit , a shortening of the Sanskrit title bhumi-pati ( bhumi भूमि '(of the) land' + pati पति 'lord', hence bhumi-pati 'lord of the land'). In Indonesia, bupati was originally used as a Javanese title for regional rulers in precolonial kingdoms, its first recorded usage being in the Telaga Batu inscription , which dates to the Srivijaya period, in which bhupati

660-543: Is the Melawi River , which occurs to the left near the city of Sintang , about 465 km from the mouth. Other major tributaries are the Landak, Kubu, Punggur, and Sekayam rivers. The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) The climate is warm and very humid, with the average annual precipitation ranging from year to year between 2,863 to 5,517 mm (112.7–217.2 in), and

704-523: The Sape , a distinctive Dayak musical instrument. Dayak artisans produce beautiful handwoven items such as mats, bags, and hats made from natural materials like rattan. These crafts not only have high aesthetic value but also hold significant economic potential. Sintang is a perfect blend of natural beauty and cultural richness, offering visitors a chance to immerse themselves in its scenic landscapes and vibrant traditions. Somewhere between 45,000 and 39,000 B.C.

748-464: The river basin covers more than 67% of West Kalimantan. The average annual rainfall in the catchment area is 3,666 mm. The average runoff is around 2,339 mm. The discharge rate varies through the year, averaging around 5,600–7,800 m /s (200,000–280,000 cu ft/s) at the delta and 2,000 m /s (71,000 cu ft/s) upstream, at the confluence of the Tawang . The discharge peaks during

792-462: The super red arowana and various rasboras . Because of overfishing and habitat degradation, several species are threatened. Among these endangered species are the arowana and white-edge freshwater whipray , and the wallago catfish , which formerly migrated in large schools up and down the Kapuas River. Part of the high species diversity in the Kapuas is related to the many different habitats in

836-563: The Dutch government (or, for a long time, with the Dutch East India Company ) under a Governor General in Batavia on Java, the regents held higher protocollary rank than the assistant-resident who supposedly advised them and held day-to-day sway over the population. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms bupati and kabupaten were applied throughout the archipelago to

880-678: The Kapuas River, as a tributary of the Sunda River , was connected to other tributary rivers of South Sumatra , Java , and the Malay Peninsula . Apart from fish, there are numerous crabs , prawns (such as the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii ), water striders , and other aquatic insects . The rich flora and fauna result in very complex food chains , with fishes consuming foods ranging from fruits to other fish . For example, Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus feeds exclusively on terrestrial insects. Abundant fruits and seeds enter

924-611: The Sintang area was first inhabited by humans. The area changed hands several times from the Majapahit to the Bruneian Sultanate , but when the Dutch arrived at Borneo in 1776 the area was quickly occupied by the Dutch The area was occupied by the Empire of Japan in 1941 as a result of WW2, and then was liberated in 1945. This was followed by Indonesian Independence. Sintang, the seat of

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968-471: The Upper Kapuas Range ( Indonesian : Kapuas Hulu ), which is located more to the west. For about 165 km (103 mi) it flows through a mountainous terrain and then descends to a marshy plain. There, the elevation decreases by only 50 meters (160 ft) over 900 km (560 mi) from Putussibau to the river delta. About 350 km (220 mi) from the source, near the northern shore of

1012-502: The administrative fragmentation has proved costly and has not brought the hoped-for benefits. Senior levels of the administration expressed a general feeling that the process of pemekaran needed to be slowed (or even stopped for the time being), although local politicians at various levels across government in Indonesia continue to express strong populist support for the continued creation of new regencies. Indeed, no further regencies or independent cities have been created since 2014, with

1056-520: The administrative unit below the residency ( karesidenan ). In the Telaga Batu inscription, which was found in the village near Palembang and contains a worship of the king of Srivijaya, there may be the word bhupati . The inscription is estimated to be from the end of the 7th century AD, Indonesia inscription expert Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis translated bhupati with the term head ( hoofd in Dutch),

1100-412: The island with its western coast. The large river width and depth (up to 27 meters ) support intensive cargo and passenger shipping over most of the river length. Ships with a draft of up to 3 meters can navigate up to Sintang , 465 km from the mouth, and those with a draft of up to 2 meters can reach the town of Putussibau (902 km from the mouth). Logging and rafting of timber occur all along

1144-657: The last being Central Buton , South Buton , and West Muna regencies in Southeast Sulawesi, all created on 23 July. However, a paper on fiscal decentralization and regional income inequality in 2019 argued that that fiscal decentralization reduces regional income inequality. Since 1998, a large portion of governance have been delegated from central government in Jakarta to local regencies, with regencies now playing important role in providing services to Indonesian people. Direct elections for regents and mayors began in 2005, with

1188-933: The leaders previously being elected by local legislative councils. As of 2020, there are 416 regencies in Indonesia, and 98 cities. 120 of these are in Sumatra , 85 are in Java , 37 are in Nusa Tenggara , 47 are in Kalimantan , 70 are in Sulawesi , 17 are in Maluku , and 40 in Papua . Kapuas River (Period: 2003–2016)6,012 m /s (212,300 cu ft/s) (Period: 1971–2000)6,260.1 m /s (221,070 cu ft/s) (Period: 2013–2015)5,220 m /s (184,000 cu ft/s) The Kapuas River ( Old Indonesian spelling : Kapoeas River )

1232-729: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totalling 390 rural desa and 16 urban kelurahan - the latter all in Sintang District), and its post code. Note: (a) comprising 16 urban kelurahan (Akcaya, Alai, Batu Lalau, Kapuas Kanan Hilir, Kapuas Kanan Hulu, Kapuas Kiri Hilir, Kapuas Kiri Hulu, Kedabang, Ladang, Mekar Jaya, Mengkurai, Menyumbung Tengah, Rawa Mambok, Sengkuang, Tanjung Puri and Ulak Jaya) and 13 desa . There are 193 kindergartens, 456 elementary schools, 142 junior high schools, and 44 senior high schools. In addition, there are 18 vocational high schools. The regency has

1276-455: The next day and lasted until 1905. Officially, Indonesia's current regencies were established with the proclamation of Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945. Regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into residencies headed by exclusively European residents. This term hinted that the residents had a quasi-diplomatic status in relation to the bupati (and indeed they had such

1320-427: The number of rainy days between 120 and 309; the largest precipitation was observed in 1976 (120 rainy days) and the wettest in 1988, with only 184 rainy days. The temperature is rather stable with a typical minimum of 24 °C (75 °F) and a maximum of 32 °C (90 °F) throughout the whole year. In the upper and middle reaches, the river flows through dense tropical forests ; the rich flora and fauna are

1364-448: The precolonial monarchies of Java . When the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not, strictly speaking, "native rulers" because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, but in practice, they had many of the attributes of petty kings, including elaborate regalia and palaces and a high degree of impunity. The Indonesian title of bupati

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1408-583: The rainy seasons in April and November, during which the water level may rise by 10–12 m (33–39 ft) overnight, overflowing river banks and flooding the nearby areas. The river originates near the center of Borneo, south of the Indonesian- Malaysian border, in the joint between the western slope of the Müller Mountain Range , which runs through the island center, and the southern slope of

1452-478: The regency has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. Following the separation of the former southern part (eleven districts) to form the separate Melawi Regency on 18 December 2003, the residual Sintang Regency consists of fourteen districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with their official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes

1496-409: The river after falling from large trees that bend over its waters. The feeding habits of the fish in the Kapuas River are distributed as follows: 54% are omnivores ; 36% are carnivorous and eat other fish (14%), insects (5%), and mixed small forest animals (17%). The remaining 10% are herbivorous, with 4% of them specialising in algae . The Kapuas River is the major waterway connecting the center of

1540-504: The river basin. In the headwaters are fast-flowing highland streams , typically dominated by small loaches , and small —often acidic ( blackwater )— forest streams and peat swamps with species such as the tiny Sundadanio rasboras, Sphaerichthys gouramis, and macropodusine gouramis. The main river itself also includes several habitats, ranging from the nearshore to open waters. In the deepest sections, no light exists and in one species, Lepidocephalus spectrum , this has resulted in

1584-429: The river overflows its banks, diverting much of its waters to the lakes at a rate of up to 1,000 m /s (35,000 cu ft/s), and forming a single volume of water with them. This outflow prevents massive flooding of the lower reaches of the river; it also promotes fish migration from the river to the lakes for spawning, but drives birds away from the lakes. The river discharges into the South China Sea creating

1628-459: The river, lies a system of Kapuas Lakes which are connected to the river by numerous channels. These lakes are Bekuan (area 1,268 hectares), Belida (600 ha), Genali (2,000 ha), Keleka Tangai (756 ha), Luar (5,208 ha), Pengembung (1,548 ha), Sambor (673 ha), Sekawi (672 ha), Sentarum (2,324 ha), Sependan (604 ha), Seriang (1,412) Sumbai (800 ha), Sumpa (664) and Tekenang (1,564 ha). When the monthly precipitation exceeds about 300 mm (12 in),

1672-516: The river. Fishing is also common, especially at the Kapuas Lakes and near the river delta. The Tayan Bridge which opened in 2016, crosses over the river and is the longest bridge in Kalimantan. Another major bridge over the area is the Kapuas I Bridge. In 2022, the local government decided to build a newer bridge to accommodate increased traffic in commuters and goods, located to be in parallel with

1716-612: The subject of international research. Discoveries of new species are frequent, such as the Kapuas mud snake ( Enhydris gyii ), which was discovered in 2003–2005 by German and American herpetologists . This species is remarkable in that it can spontaneously change its skin color, similar to the chameleon . Otters and crocodiles are common in the Kapuas River, but frogs are nearly absent. Agile gibbons ( Hylobates agilis ), Müller's Bornean gibbons ( Hylobates muelleri ), Prevost's squirrels ( Callosciurus prevostii ), and treeshrews inhabit

1760-422: The surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the fall of Soeharto in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies (and cities) from around 300 at the end of 1998 to 514 in 2014 sixteen years later. This secession of new regencies, welcome at first, has become increasingly controversial within Indonesia because

1804-517: The top tourist destinations in West Kalimantan. Here are some of the must-visit natural attractions in Sintang: One of the largest monoliths in the world, Bukit Kelam is an iconic tourist attraction in Sintang Regency. It offers spectacular views for hikers and nature enthusiasts. From its peak, visitors can enjoy a stunning vista of lush green forests and the beautiful Kapuas River. Although not

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1848-449: The trees above the river. There are two national parks on the river banks, Betung Kerihun with an area of 8,000 km , and Danau Sentarum (an area of 1,320 km ), the latter includes the Kapuas Lakes. About 300 species of fish have been identified in the river basin , of which 234 are of high economic value. There are more fish species than any other river basin in Indonesia. They belong to 120 genera and 40 families with

1892-423: The two major groups being cyprinids and catfish . More than 30% of the species originate from the sea and inhabit the delta areas. Among the economically important species are food fish such as Pangasius catfish, giant gourami , kissing gourami , snakeheads , and large cyprinids such as Tor mahseers and barbs such as Leptobarbus and Puntioplites , and species for the aquarium trade such as

1936-686: The word bhupati is also found in the Ligor inscription , which was found in the Nakhon Si Thammarat province of Thailand . In the 17th century, Europeans called the area Ligor . this inscription was identified in 775 AD 7th century AD, the term bhupati was used to refer to the king of Srivijaya Hujunglangit in the 9th century AD Since the start of the Reform Era in 1998 a remarkable secession of regency governments has arisen in Indonesia. The process has become known as pemekaran (division). Following

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