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61-490: The Singapore Combat Engineers ( SCE ) is a formation of the Singapore Army . Combat Engineers provide mobility by bridging gaps and clearing minefields to facilitate speedy advance of troops into enemy territory, and counter-mobility by constructing obstacles such as anti-tank ditches to impede the enemy's movement. The Combat Engineers also construct trenches , drainage systems and other related infrastructure to enhance

122-538: A force-multiplier and a means to sustain combat power given Singapore's population constraints. Jointness across four branches of the SAF is integral to the Army's warfighting doctrine. Joint operations undertaken with the Navy and Air Force include amphibious landings and critical disaster relief operations in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . The Army has

183-481: A 46-metre span of bridge. Also used is the Cobra Projection Line Charge (PLC), a man-packed portable, rocket propelled minefield lane clearing charge used to clear infantry lanes through minefields. Plant Engineers are known to operate commercial construction equipment such as excavators, shovels, bulldozers and cranes. The battalion's motto is Overcome With Speed, Fortify With Strength , and its mascot

244-567: A basic engineer officer's course in Fort Belvoir , Virginia , United States . Upon completion of their course, these two officers, with the Commanding Officer, MAJ George Mitchell, conducted the first Engineer Commanders' Course from April to August 1968. The graduate officers and NCOs from the course formed the nucleus of the SCE. As its role became more defined and her responsibilities expanded,

305-519: A combined arms, tri-service affair involving the Navy and Air Force. Because training space is limited in Singapore—artillery fire would quickly traverse the island—some military exercises are conducted overseas. Reservists periodically train abroad, their units regularly evaluated for combat readiness. The Army also trains bilaterally with some host nations, and military exchanges are frequent. Training

366-873: A growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition. A number of companies are currently developing ( Caterpillar and Bobcat ) or have launched ( Built Robotics ) commercial solutions to the market. These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. Tractor Grader Excavator Backhoe Timber Pipelayer Scraper Mining Articulated Compactor Loader Track loader Skid-steer loader Material handler Paving Underground Hydromatic tool Hydraulic machinery Highway Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility

427-624: A large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage. A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects. Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment. Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions. Due to

488-479: A number of companies, the battalion provides the transportation means in the form of float bridges , rafts and assault boats for the projection of combat troops and vehicles across rivers and water obstacles to facilitate troop movements. Established in 1969, the 35th Battalion Singapore Combat Engineers was first called 35 CEB, based at Loyang Camp with ten officers and 30 NCOs. In 1971, the battalion relocated to its current base at Seletar Camp . The 35th battalion

549-491: A technically proficient, relatively well-educated draftee pool and officer corps (non-commissioned and commissioned) reflective of the population at large, and has sought to leverage this to ease its transition into a more sophisticated, networked fighting force. Combat readiness is a linchpin of Army policy, and military exercises up to divisional level are conducted many times yearly, simulating full-spectrum operations, up to and including full-scale war. Divisional war games are

610-616: Is Prepared and Vigilant . Formed in 1969 as the Bomb Disposal Unit (BDU), the 36th Battalion, Singapore Combat Engineers is the Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Unit of the Singapore Armed Forces, specialising in defusing explosive devices. In peacetime, 36SCE handles security sweeps, attends to discovered old war relics and Improvised explosive devices . In 1978, 36 SCE sent a team to Bangladesh to aid in

671-463: Is Seek. Strive. Excel. . Originally formed as the 30th Combat Engineer Battalion (30 CEB) on 1 November 1968, the 30th Battalion, Singapore Combat Engineers (30SCE) provides the combat engineering capability of the 3rd Singapore Division, as well as Field and Plant Engineer support to the divisions and brigades of the Singapore Army. Typical Field Engineer tasks include demolition, fortification and

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732-685: Is " Yang Pertama Dan Utama " ("first and foremost" in Malay). Two stalks of laurel flank the escutcheon. The laurels are green for the Singapore Army and gold for the Singapore Armed Forces . The Singapore Army has participated in peacekeeping operations overseas. In the aftermath of the Gulf War , Singapore contributed to the United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) formed in 1991. From May 2007 to June 2013,

793-479: Is billed as "tough, realistic and safe," with a premium on safety, given the sensitivity of military deaths in a largely conscript army. Following the revolution in military affairs , and in tandem with modernising its weapons systems, the Army is forging a transition to a more network-centric fighting doctrine that better integrates the Air Force and Navy. The Singapore Army originated with two infantry battalions,

854-468: Is in charge of counter-terrorism and homeland security , and two are army operational reserves (AOR). The three combined arms divisions are the 3rd Division (3 DIV), 6th Division (6 DIV) and 9th Division (9 DIV), each of which has active and reserve units that are operationally ready and capable of being mobilised in the event of war. The 2nd People's Defence Force (2 PDF) is in charge of counter-terrorism and homeland security , including

915-496: Is known to use a variety of bridging equipment. Each company is split into three platoons and each bridging platoon operates 4 M3G Float Bridges which each require an operating crew of 4 men (2 sergeants and 2 Pioneer (military) ). Each raft consists of two rigs, which form a Class 60 raft or a float bridge when coupled together further. Separately, the battalion houses a specialised Boat unit that comprises an undisclosed number of platoons . This unit operates in key areas such as

976-667: Is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earthmoving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are

1037-558: Is the land service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The largest of the four branches of the SAF, the Singapore Army traces its origins to the 1st Battalion, Singapore Infantry Regiment (1 SIR), which was formed in 1957, when Singapore was still under British colonial rule. After Singapore's independence on 9 August 1965, the Singapore Army Bill was passed in Parliament on 23 December 1965, and National Service (NS)

1098-406: Is the polar bear . The Army Combat Engineer Group (ARMCEG) was formed on 31 March 1993, as an operational command for bridging engineers in the SAF. It ensures that the SAF is equipped with the necessary mobility and counter-mobility capabilities so that troops are able to remain mobile and overcome obstacles in their missions. 35SCE is the battalion specialised in military bridging. Consisting of

1159-567: Is the combination of three former Combat Engineer training schools, namely School of Combat Engineers (SOCE), Division Engineer Training Centre (DETC) and Armoured Engineer Training Centre (AETC). AETC was removed from ETI as of 1997 and re-established as an active unit, now officially known as the 38th Battalion, Singapore Combat Engineers (38SCE). ETI currently comprises Engineer Commander Training School (ECTS), Engineer Vocational Training School (EVTS), Division Engineer Training Centre (DETC) and Engineer Staff Training Centre (ESTC). The motto for ETI

1220-449: The 1st and 2nd Battalions, Singapore Infantry Regiment (1 SIR and 2 SIR), which were respectively formed in 1957 and 1962 when Singapore was still a British colony. After a merger with Malaysia which resulted in separation in 1965, Singapore passed the Singapore Army Bill in Parliament on 23 December 1965 and gained complete control of the two battalions from Malaysia in January 1966. At

1281-689: The September 11 attacks , the Singapore Combat Engineer's EOD and CBRD battalions have worked with Home Affairs agencies to provide security coverage for significant international events. On 4 April 2019, 39 SCE bid farewell to Seletar Camp and moved to its new home with 36 SCE and CBRE DG within the CBRE Cluster in Nee Soon Camp . Its motto is Protect & Preserve . Its mascot is the mongoose . Singapore Army The Singapore Army

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1342-626: The forklift . Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company . The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917. The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler . The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I , and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators , built since

1403-423: The mechanical advantage of a simple machine that multiplies the ratio between input force applied and force exerted, easing and speeding tasks which often could otherwise take hundreds of people and many weeks' labor. Some such equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion. The word plant , in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in

1464-400: The 1920s. Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel —moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow , or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal . In antiquity, an equivalent of

1525-551: The Combat Engineers as seen in the bridges, fortifications, roads and obstacles often built by them. The interlocking bricks show the strength, endurance and high degree of teamwork required to accomplish engineer tasks. The bayonet represents the offensive spirit of the Engineers in piercing the enemy defences, while the twin bolts of lightning stand for the destructive demolition power of the Combat Engineers. On 22 January 1977,

1586-585: The Engineer Wing was renamed to School of Field Engineers and moved from SAFTI (now Pasir Laba Camp ) to new premises on Pulau Blakang Mati (now Sentosa ) in the same year and subsequently branched out to other camps such as Gillman Camp and Loyang Camp (both now defunct). In April 1970, the Engineer Headquarters (EHQ) was established with MAJ Mitchell as the Senior Engineer Officer. The EHQ

1647-680: The General Staff, there is also a Chief Systems Integration Officer and a Head of the Army Information Centre. The commanders of Training & Doctrine Command (TRADOC), Combat Service Support (CSS), the four main divisions , the two operational reserve divisions, the 15 formations of the Army, and the SAF Volunteer Corps also report to the Chief of Army. The Army has six divisions, of which three are combined arms divisions, one

1708-645: The Home Team agencies on both the home and international fronts. On 4 April 2019, CBRE DG bid farewell to Seletar Camp and moved to its new home with 36 SCE and 39 SCE within the CBRE Cluster in Nee Soon Camp . The CBRE DG comprises the 36th and 39th Battalions, Singapore Combat Engineers, and the Medical Response Force (MRF) from the SAF Medical Corps, which provides on-scene medical treatment for casualties of chemical and biological agents. Its motto

1769-581: The Island Defence Task Force (IDTF), Joint Task Force (JTF), Special Operations Task Force (SOTF) and the Army Deployment Force (ADF). Heavy equipment (construction) Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC, when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane powered by human or animal labor in De architectura . Heavy equipment functions through

1830-519: The National Service (Amendment) Act, introducing National Service ( conscription ) for all able-bodied young men aged 18 and above. In June 1967, the Singapore Army introduced its first artillery battalion, the 20th Singapore Artillery Battalion (20 SAB). Two new infantry battalions, the 3rd and 4th Battalions, Singapore Infantry Regiment (3 SIR and 4 SIR) were formed in August 1967. In November 1968,

1891-505: The Sergeant Major of the Army. The General Staff consists of six branches from G1 to G6, as well as a National Service Affairs Department handling National Service issues, and an Army Safety Inspectorate. The six branches handle issues relating to personnel (G1), intelligence (G2), operations (G3), logistics (G4), plans (G5) and training (G6). The G1, G2, G3, G5, and G6 branches are each headed by an Assistant Chief of General Staff. Among

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1952-612: The Singapore Army deployed about 500 personnel to join the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in maintaining stability and assist in reconstruction in war-torn Afghanistan . Since 2014, the Singapore Army has provided logistical support to the international coalition in the War against the Islamic State . The Army is headed by the Chief of Army, who is assisted by the Chief of Staff – General Staff and

2013-650: The Singapore Army's first armoured battalion, 41st Battalion, Singapore Armoured Regiment (41 SAR), was formed. This was followed by the creation of the 1st Commando Battalion (1 Cdo Bn) in December 1969. In 1972, Parliament passed the Singapore Armed Forces Act to reorganise and consolidate the Singapore Armed Forces ' disparate commands and administrative functions. The emblem's escutcheon reads " Tentera Singapura " (meaning "Singapore Army" in Malay). The national coat of arms sits in its interior. The motto

2074-416: The battalion is a Combat Support company with a Singapore Signals platoon, a Surveillance platoon and a Plant ( Heavy equipment ) platoon. It is tasked with supporting the overall operations of the bridging battalion. In January 2005, 35SCE was deployed to Meulaboh as part of Operation Flying Eagle, Singapore's response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . A 45-man combat engineering team

2135-533: The brigade commander, while each infantry battalion has an organic platoon of pioneers to support battalion movement. Unlike the usual infantry sections of seven men, a field engineer section consists of six men. There are two specialists in a section, the section commander and the section 2IC. Specialist HQ to the SAF on all matters pertaining to Combat Engineer Operations. Responsible for developing core engineer capabilities in terms of Mobility, Countermobility & Survivability. The Engineer Training Institute

2196-470: The building of wire obstacles and minefields, while Plant Engineers operate heavy construction machinery . The battalion consists of three field companies and a Mechanized Equipment Company, and is responsible for the clearing of obstacles in the paths of advancing forces, the opening of main and alternate supply routes, and ensuring the mobility of the army's manoeuvre elements (i.e. armour and infantry forces). They also construct obstacles to deny movement to

2257-498: The clearing of a 500 lb aerial bomb. On 4 April 2019, 36 SCE bid farewell to Selarang Camp and moved to its new home with 39 SCE and CBRE DG within the CBRE Cluster in Nee Soon Camp . Its motto is Towards Perfection . Its mascot is the German Shepherd Dog . The 39th Battalion, Singapore Combat Engineers, is the chemical, biological and radiological defence (CBRD) unit of the Singapore Armed Forces, formed to improve

2318-647: The enemy during retrograde operations and field fortifications for the protection of friendly forces. Field Engineers employ the Medium Girder Bridge , introduced to the Singapore Combat Engineers in 1975. A field engineer company of around 100 men would take seven hours to construct a bridge spanning more than 50 metres. It was eventually replaced by the Foldable Longspan Bridge (FLB) in 2001, where 12 men require three hours to construct

2379-465: The equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge

2440-472: The equipment. These costs are as follows: The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair . A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life , while a minor repair is normal maintenance . How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to

2501-459: The first Combat Engineers Colours were presented to the Combat Engineers formation by the former President Benjamin Henry Sheares at Jurong Town Stadium. The presentation of Colours signifies esprit de corps, pride and identity. "The brown base colour represented the harsh terrain that Engineers must always advance through and overcome. The sword, wings and anchor depicted the support given to

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2562-507: The hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane , levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by

2623-457: The land, airborne and amphibious forces while the laurel and words formed a golden circle representing unity." It was replaced with a different design in October 1991. The Combat Engineers formation consists of two headquarters, a training institute, five active battalions, and ten reservist battalions. Each brigade of the army has an organic company of field engineers, deployed at the discretion of

2684-475: The new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine , that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller . During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as

2745-638: The protection of key military and civilian installations around Singapore. It is also responsible for the coordination and secondment of military resources to civilian agencies in the event of a civil emergency. The two AOR divisions are the 21st Division (21 DIV) and 25th Division (25 DIV). The Army has 15 formations: Ammunition Command , Armour , Army Intelligence , Army Medical Services , Artillery , Combat Engineers , Commandos , Guards , Infantry , Maintenance and Engineering Support , Military Police Command , Personnel Command , Signals , Supply , and Transport . The Army has task forces such as

2806-544: The rapid deployment alongside an elite fighting force for projection across water bodies and the execution of tactical coastal hook operations (an offensive flanking manoeuvre). It operates with 2 different open-top launch boats namely, the Assault Boat ("AB") and General Support Boat ("GSB"). The company's motto is "Forge in Toughness", achieving mission critical success regardless of time, terrain, tide or weather. Accompanying

2867-493: The same sense as powerplant ). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, often in the phrase "plant and equipment". The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura . The pile driver

2928-566: The simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text: m = some year in the future N = equipment useful life (years) and D n = Annual depreciation amount Book value (BV) in year m example: N = 5 purchase price = $ 350,000 m = 3 years from now For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of

2989-432: The small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost . To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows: Depreciation can be calculated several ways,

3050-489: The survivability of troops during operations. When the Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute (SAFTI) was set up in 1967 as the first military training institute to train officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs, now known as Specialists ), an Engineer Training Wing was incorporated into the plan. Two young officers, 2LT Gurcharan Singh and 2LT Chng Teow Hua , were selected to attend

3111-649: The survivability of troops in a chemical warfare environments. It decontaminates incident sites that contain chemical or biological hazards and provides a sustained, multi-incident response capability. 39SCE also works closely with the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) in the event of a chemical attack. The Gulf War highlighted the increased threat of chemical weapons, prompting the SAF to begin Individual Chemical Defence familiarisation training for its servicemen in 1991. In response, 39SCE

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3172-601: The technology of that time. Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible. Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites. Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar, Volvo, Liebherr, and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020. Robotics and autonomy has been

3233-569: The time, the Singapore Army had only the two infantry battalions and the old Singapore Volunteer Artillery Corps . Months later, the Army had a reserve force , the People's Defence Force , which was formed from an old volunteer unit mobilised for service during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation . A third battalion, the 10th Battalion, People's Defence Force (10 PDF), was raised as a volunteer infantry reserve battalion. In 1967, Parliament passed

3294-409: The way – all part of their efforts to better fulfill missions of providing mobility, counter-mobility and ensuring survivability for the Army. The gold colour stands for the sterling qualities of the Combat Engineers – their steadfast spirit and durable nature. The black is for their ability to provide continuous support throughout hours of darkness. The castle is a symbol of the construction power of

3355-473: Was established in October 2002 with the integration of the operations and training of CBRD and EOD under a unified command. The CBRE DG manages all issues concerning counter-terrorist CBRE development. Since its inception, CBRE DG has been an integral part of the SAF's ongoing effort in the build-up of a comprehensive counter-terrorism capability against conventional and non-conventional threats, and conducts Preventive and Response CBRE operations in conjunction with

3416-413: Was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818. Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester . The design of a core tractor evolved around

3477-547: Was raised on 1 December 1993 as a company strength unit at Seletar East Camp to develop a chemical defence capability, and to conduct training and experimentation in the areas of chemical protection, detection and decontamination. By 1996, the SAF had developed a limited chemical response capability, which it fielded for the first time during the World Trade Organization Conference held in Singapore. Following

3538-410: Was renamed HQ Singapore Combat Engineer in 1974 and the commander's designation was changed to Chief Engineer Officer. The Formation's motto, "Advance and Overcome" is derived from the Combat Engineers' fundamental role in providing mobility for advancing troops by overcoming all obstacles. The Combat Engineers believe they are advancing in terms of technology and techniques, overcoming adversities along

3599-608: Was renamed to 38 SCE on 29 April 2009 following its reprofiling as an active Armoured Engineer unit. The battalion's motto is Steadfast and Gallant , with the African Elephant as its mascot. The Battalion employs the Leopard 2 Vehicle Launched Bridge, Bionix Vehicle Launched Bridge, Trailblazer, Broncos ATTC, M113 Land Assault Mine Breaching Equipment, FV180 Combat Engineer Tractor, M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle The Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosives Defence Group (CBRE DG)

3660-459: Was sent ashore to prepare landing points for supplies and equipment to be offloaded from the three Endurance class landing platform dock ships of the Republic of Singapore Navy anchored off Meulaboh. The engineers also assisted in the clearing of debris and roads and the creation of the helicopter landing points. The mascot of 35SCE is the crocodile , and its motto is Power Projection . The unit

3721-584: Was subsequently introduced in 1967. Mostly made up of conscripts, the Singapore Army can mobilise all operationally-ready military reservists in the event of war or national exigencies. The mission of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) is to deter armed aggression, and to secure a swift and decisive victory should deterrence fail. The Army is also tasked with conducting peace-time operations to further Singapore's national interests and foreign policy. These range from disaster relief to peacekeeping, hostage rescue and other contingencies. The Army views technology as

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