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48-691: The Sileti ( Kazakh : Сілеті ; Russian : Силети ) is a river in Kazakhstan . It is 407 kilometres (253 mi) long and has a catchment area of 18,500 square kilometres (7,100 sq mi). The Sileti river system is an endorheic watershed in the Akmola , Pavlodar and North Kazakhstan regions of Kazakhstan. The sources of the Sileti are near Bozaigyr village in the Kazakh Uplands . It flows roughly northeastwards in its upper and middle course, parallel to

96-485: A fixed sequence. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with Altai languages . In October 2017, Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that

144-686: A language exclusively for religious contexts, similar to how Latin served as a liturgical language in the Western European cultural sphere. The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Akhmet Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point,

192-520: A space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hâ'), however, are written without a space. On a computer, they are separated from the word using the zero-width non-joiner . As part of the russification of Central Asia , the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s. The alphabet has remained Cyrillic since then. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik

240-518: A system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /æ/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period. It can be found in some native words, however. According to Vajda,

288-579: A word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary word processors automatically join adjacent letter forms. The Persian alphabet is directly derived and developed from the Arabic alphabet . The Arabic alphabet was introduced to the Persian-speaking world after the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century. Following which, the Arabic language became

336-400: A word that ends with a vowel, letters ع , ه and و respectively become the proxy letters for zebar , zir and piš , e.g. نو ( now , meaning "new") or بسته ( bast-e , meaning "package"). Nunation ( Persian : تنوین , tanvin ) is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics to a noun or adjective to indicate that the word ends in an alveolar nasal sound without

384-638: Is 10 last letters not corresponding to a letter in the Phoenician alphabet and also the Northwest Semitic abjad as well as the Arabic alphabet. The names of the letters are mostly the ones used in Arabic except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is he , which is used for both ح and ه . For clarification, they are often called ḥä-ye jimi (literally " jim -like ḥe " after jim ,

432-776: Is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs . It is closely related to Nogai , Kyrgyz and Karakalpak . It is the official language of Kazakhstan , and has official status in the Altai Republic of Russia . It is also a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , China , and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia . The language

480-484: Is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/ and not /ɑ/ , and happens in the next syllables. Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz 'star', bügın 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz , bügün , ülkön . The following chart depicts

528-452: Is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian census ), Germany , and Turkey . Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony . Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following

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576-550: Is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion: Suda water- LOC balyq fish jüzedı swim- PRES - 3 Suda balyq jüzedı Persian alphabet It was the basis of many Arabic-based scripts used in Central and South Asia. It

624-634: Is the most notable exception to this. During the colonization of Central Asia, many languages in the Soviet Union , including Persian, were reformed by the government. This ultimately resulted in the Cyrillic-based alphabet used in Tajikistan today. See: Tajik alphabet § History . Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on

672-498: Is used for the Iranian and Dari standard varieties of Persian; and is one of two official writing systems for the Persian language, alongside the Cyrillic -based Tajik alphabet . The script is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left ; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script is cursive , meaning most letters in

720-707: The Perso-Arabic script for writing. It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031. Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea . Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers). In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in

768-599: The Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang. The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde . The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Kazakh Khanate . Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in

816-509: The Miscellaneous Symbols range. In Unicode 1.0 this symbol was known as SYMBOL OF IRAN . It is a stylization of الله ( Allah ) used as the emblem of Iran . It is also a part of the flag of Iran . The Unicode Standard has a compatibility character defined U+FDFC ﷼ RIAL SIGN that can represent ریال , the Persian name of the currency of Iran . The Persian alphabet has four extra letters that are not in

864-523: The Teneke . As it reaches its last stretch the river divides into branches and bends northwards to the west of lake Zhalauly . In periods of adequate rainfall the river flows into the endorheic lake Siletiteniz from its southern end, but in dry years it doesn't reach the lake. The main tributaries of the Sileti are Koyandy, Akzhar, Zhartas, Kedey, Sholakkarasu and Shili. The Sileti Dam (Сілеті бөгені) with an area of 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi),

912-536: The state language . In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian , placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet. The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed adoption. In 1999,

960-404: The 6 vowels of Farsi. See Persian Phonology In Farsi, none of these short vowels may be the initial or final grapheme in an isolated word, although they may appear in the final position as an inflection , when the word is part of a noun group. In a word that starts with a vowel, the first grapheme is a silent alef which carries the short vowel, e.g. اُمید ( omid , meaning "hope"). In

1008-722: The Arabic alphabet: / p / , / t͡ʃ / ( ch in chair ), / ʒ / ( s in measure ), / ɡ / . An additional fifth letter ڤ was used for /β/ ( v in Spanish huevo ) but it is no longer used. Persian uses the Eastern Arabic numerals , but the shapes of the digits 'four' ( ۴ ), 'five' ( ۵ ), and 'six' ( ۶ ) are different from the shapes used in Arabic. All the digits also have different codepoints in Unicode : sefr yek do se čahâr panj šeš haft hašt no Typically, words are separated from each other by

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1056-524: The Arabic script for writing Persian, followed by the Saffarid dynasty in the 9th century, gradually displacing the various Pahlavi scripts used for the Persian language prior. By the 9th-century, the Perso-Arabic alphabet became the dominant form of writing in Greater Khorasan . Under the influence of various Persian Empires, many languages in Central and South Asia that adopted the Arabic script use

1104-483: The Golden Horde. Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate , which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums , serving as

1152-445: The Latin script by 2025. Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the USSR , hence it has some controversial letter readings. The letter У after a consonant represents a combination of sounds і /ɘ/ , ү /ʉ/ , ы /ə/ , ұ /ʊ/ with glide /w/ , e.g. кіру [kɪ̞ˈrɪ̞w] , су [so̙w] , көру [kɵˈrʏ̞w] , атысу [ɑ̝təˈsəw] . Ю undergoes

1200-651: The Persian Alphabet as the basis of their writing systems. Today, extended versions of the Persian alphabet are used to write a wide variety of Indo-Iranian languages , including Kurdish , Balochi , Pashto , Urdu (from Classical Hindostani ), Saraiki , Panjabi , Sindhi and Kashmiri . In the past the use of the Persian alphabet was common amongst Turkic languages , but today is relegated to those spoken within Iran, such as Azerbaijani , Turkmen , Qashqai , Chaharmahali and Khalaj . The Uyghur language in western China

1248-428: The action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару ' go ' and келу ' come ' may not combine with otyr . Any verb, however, can combine with jat ' lie ' to get a progressive tense meaning. While it

1296-481: The addition of the letter nun. Taught in Islamic nations to complement Quran education. The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, a ligature in the case of the lâm alef . As to ﺀ ( hamza ), it has only one graphical form since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vâv , ye or alef , and in that case,

1344-424: The consonant inventory of standard Kazakh; many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. ( /t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are

1392-678: The final form and the letter و vâv takes the isolated form, but they are in the middle of the word, and ز also has its isolated form, but it occurs at the end of the word. Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics : zabar / æ / ( fatḥah in Arabic), zēr / e / ( kasrah in Arabic), and pēš / ou̯ / or / o / ( ḍammah in Arabic, pronounced zamme in Western Persian ), tanwīne nasb / æ n / and šaddah ( gemination ). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loanwords in Persian. Of

1440-425: The following letter, unlike the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter ا alef is at the beginning of a word such as اینجا injâ ("here"), the same form is used as in an isolated alef . In the case of امروز emruz ("today"), the letter ر re takes

1488-561: The form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language. Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases: The suffix for case is placed after the suffix for number. Forms ' child ' ' hedgehog ' ' Kazakh ' ' school ' ' person ' ' flower ' ' word ' There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh: The declension of

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1536-482: The four Arabic diacritics, the Persian language has adopted the following three for short vowels. The last one, sukūn , which indicates the lack of a vowel, has not been adopted. (Farsi/Dari) ^a. There is no standard transliteration for Persian. The letters 'i' and 'u' are only ever used as short vowels when transliterating Dari or Tajik Persian. See Persian Phonology ^b. Diacritics differ by dialect, due to Dari having 8 distinct vowels compared to

1584-424: The front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root . Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets. Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are

1632-459: The left), medial (joined on both sides) and final (joined on the right) of a word. These include the 22 letters corresponding to a letter in the Phoenician alphabet or the Northwest Semitic abjad, 6 extra letters not in any of the 22 letters of the Phoenician alphabet or the Northwest Semitic abjad and 4 extra letters not in any of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet . These combined total letters

1680-457: The letters В, Ё, Ф, Х, Һ, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь, Э are only used in loanwords—mostly those of Russian origin, but sometimes of Persian and Arabic origin. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh. Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization . Inflectional and derivational morphology , both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in

1728-489: The name for the letter ج that uses the same base form) and hâ-ye do-češm (literally "two-eyed he ", after the contextual middle letterform ـهـ ), respectively. Historically, in Early New Persian , there was a special letter for the sound / β / . This letter is no longer used, as the /β/ -sound changed to / b / , e.g. archaic زڤان /zaβān/ > زبان /zæbɒːn/ 'language'. Another obsolete variant of

1776-476: The new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language, although a presidential decree from 2017 ordered the transition from Cyrillic to Latin by 2031. Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony , with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There

1824-437: The noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives: The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(ı)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective. The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme eñ before the adjective. The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication. Kazakh may express different combinations of tense , aspect and mood through

1872-545: The principal language of government and religious institutions in Persia , which led to the widespread usage of the Arabic script. Classical Persian literature and poetry were affected by this simultaneous usage of Arabic and Persian . A new influx of Arabic vocabulary soon entered the Persian language. In the 8th century, the Tahirid dynasty and Samanid dynasty officially adopted

1920-418: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before

1968-516: The same process but with /j/ at the beginning. The letter И represents a combination of sounds: i /ɘ/ (in front-vowel contexts) or ы /ə/ (in back vowel contexts) + glide /j/ , e.g. тиіс [tɪ̞ˈjɪ̞s] , оқиды [wo̞qəjˈdə] . In Russian loanwords, it is realized as /ʲi/ (when stressed) or /ʲɪ/ (when unstressed), e.g. изоморфизм [ɪzəmɐrˈfʲizm] . The letter Я represents either /jɑ/ or /jæ/ depending on vowel harmony. The letter Щ represents /ʃː/ , e.g. ащы [ɑ̝ʃ.ˈʃə] . Meanwhile,

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2016-435: The seat behaves like an ordinary vâv , ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamza is not a letter but a diacritic. Although at first glance, they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently. Unicode has accepted U+262B ☫ FARSI SYMBOL in

2064-456: The stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/ , fricatives /s, z, ɕ, ʑ, ʁ/ , nasals /m, n, ŋ/ , liquids /ɾ, l/ , and two glides /w, j/ . The sounds /f, v, χ, h, t͡s, t͡ɕ/ are found only in loanwords. /ʑ/ is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate [d͡ʑ] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds [q] and [ʁ] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords. Kazakh has

2112-564: The subject to this harmony with the exception of /ɑ/ , and in the following syllables, e.g. өмір [ø̞mʏr] , қосы [qɒso] . Notably, urban Kazakh tends to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules. Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except: Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since 26 October 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan will adopt

2160-473: The twenty-sixth letter گ / g / is ݣ‎ which used to appear in old manuscripts. ^i. The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only; in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. ^ii. Persian yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below. Seven letters ( و , ژ , ز , ر , ذ , د , ا ) do not connect to

2208-406: The use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs , many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries otyr ' sit ' , tūr ' stand ' , jür ' go ' and jat ' lie ' , encode various shades of meaning of how

2256-487: The writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet , though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). Over one million Kazakh speakers in Xinjiang still rely on

2304-443: Was built near Sileti village in 1965, 133 km (83 mi) from the mouth of the river. Its reservoir provides water to Stepnogorsk city, located 140 km (87 mi) to the north. The water is used for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes. The river is frozen between late October or mid November until late March or early April. In some stretches it freezes to the bottom. Kazakh language China Kazakh

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