Siklós ( Serbo-Croatian : Šikloš / Шиклош ) is the 4th largest town in Baranya county , Hungary . The Malkocs Bey Mosque was built by the order of the Malkoçoğlu family .
127-664: During Sultân Süleymân 's 1543 campaign into Hungary, the Ottoman army first took Valpovo , in Slavonia, on June 23. Süleymân then sent his army north of the Drava River to take Siklós, which belonged to the Perényi family [ hu ], who, during the civil war raging in Hungary, was on the side of King Ferdinand I of Habsburg . Either on June 24 or 25, Siklós was given an opportunity to surrender but
254-679: A Polish–Ottoman alliance . In her first short letter to Sigismund II, Hürrem expresses her highest joy and congratulations to the new king on the occasion of his ascension to the Polish throne after the death of his father Sigismund I the Old in 1548. There was a seal on the back of the letter. For the first and only time in the Ottoman Empire, a female sultan exchanged letters with a king. After that, although Hürrem's successor Nurbanu Sultan and her successor Safiye Sultan exchanged letters with queens, there
381-596: A campaign against the Persian Safavid empire during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55) , when he awarded himself a title including the word " Sultan ". Another conflict occurred when Ibrahim and his former mentor, İskender Çelebi , repeatedly clashed over military leadership and positions during the Safavid war. These incidents launched a series of events which culminated in his execution in 1536 by Suleiman's order. It
508-534: A former concubine, became the legal wife of the Sultan, much to the astonishment of the observers in the palace and the city. He also allowed Hurrem Sultan to remain with him at court for the rest of her life, breaking another tradition—that when imperial heirs came of age, they would be sent along with the imperial concubine who bore them to govern remote provinces of the Empire, never to return unless their progeny succeeded to
635-494: A former slave been elevated to the status of the sultan's lawful spouse, a development which astonished observers in the palace and in the city. The wedding celebration took place in 1534. Hürrem became the first consort to receive the title Haseki Sultan . This title, used for a century, reflected the great power of imperial consorts (most of them were former slaves) in the Ottoman court, elevating their status higher than Ottoman princesses. In this case, Suleiman not only broke
762-717: A great patron of culture, overseeing the " Golden Age " of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic , literary and architectural development. Breaking with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Hurrem Sultan , a woman from his harem, an Orthodox Christian of Ruthenian origin who converted to Sunni Islam , and who became famous in Western Europe of his time by the name Roxelana, due to her red hair. Their son, Selim II , succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. Suleiman's other potential heirs, Mehmed and Mustafa , had died; Mehmed had died in 1543 from smallpox, and Mustafa had been strangled to death in 1553 at
889-509: A harem girl from Ruthenia , then part of Poland . Western diplomats, taking notice of the palace gossip about her, called her "Russelazie" or "Roxelana", referring to her Ruthenian origins. The daughter of an Orthodox priest, she was captured by Tatars from Crimea , sold as a slave in Constantinople, and eventually rose through the ranks of the Harem to become Suleiman's favorite . Hurrem,
1016-621: A lasting presence in the province of Van , control of the western half of Azerbaijan and some forts in Georgia . In 1553, Suleiman began his third and final campaign against the Shah. Having initially lost territories in Erzurum to the Shah's son, Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum, crossing the Upper Euphrates and laying waste to parts of Persia. The Shah's army continued its strategy of avoiding
1143-540: A legitimate sultan. Suleiman was born in Trabzon on the southern coast of the Black Sea to Şehzade Selim (later Selim I ), probably on 6 November 1494, although this date is not known with absolute certainty or evidence. His mother was Hafsa Sultan , a concubine convert to Islam of unknown origins, who died in 1534. At the age of seven, Suleiman began studies of science, history, literature, theology and military tactics in
1270-581: A mausoleum within the Süleymaniye Mosque complex. Leslie P. Peirce has written that her birth name may have been either Aleksandra or Anastazja Lisowska . Among the Ottomans, she was known mainly as Haseki Hürrem Sultan or Hürrem Haseki Sultan . Hürrem or Khurrem ( Persian : خرم ) means " the joyful one " in Persian. The name Roxalane derives from Roksolanes , which was the generic term used by
1397-522: A mere tribute to political expediency. The letters also suggest Hürrem's strong desire to establish personal contact with the king. In his 1551 letter to Sigismund II concerning the embassy of Piotr Opaliński, Suleiman wrote that the Ambassador had seen "Your sister and my wife." Whether this phrase refers to a warm friendship between the Polish King and Ottoman Haseki, or whether it suggests a closer relation,
SECTION 10
#17328554881051524-675: A phenomenon often referred to as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire . Suleiman the Magnificent ( محتشم سليمان Muḥteşem Süleymān ), as he was known in the West , was also called Suleiman the First ( سلطان سليمان أول Sulṭān Süleymān-ı Evvel ), and Suleiman the Lawgiver ( قانونی سلطان سليمان Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān ) for his reform of the Ottoman legal system. It is unclear when exactly
1651-464: A push towards Persia, only to find the Shah sacrificing territory instead of facing a pitched battle, resorting to harassment of the Ottoman army as it proceeded along the harsh interior. In 1535 Suleiman made a grand entrance into Baghdad. He enhanced his local support by restoring the tomb of Abu Hanifa , the founder of the Hanafi school of Islamic law to which the Ottomans adhered. Attempting to defeat
1778-584: A result, an Ottoman expedition to Aceh was launched, which was able to provide extensive military support to the Acehnese. The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Ajuran Sultanate allied with
1905-549: A series of projects, including bridges, mosques, palaces and various charitable and social establishments. The greatest of these were built by the Sultan's chief architect, Mimar Sinan , under whom Ottoman architecture reached its zenith. Sinan became responsible for over three hundred monuments throughout the empire, including his two masterpieces, the Süleymaniye and Selimiye mosques—the latter built in Adrianople (now Edirne ) in
2032-450: A servant in the household of Hançerli Hanzade Fatma Zeynep Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Mahmud, one of the sons of Sultan Bayezid II , who gifted her to Suleiman when he rose to the throne. In Constantinople, Hafsa Sultan , mother of Suleiman, selected Hürrem as a gift for her son. Other versions claim that it was Suleiman's confidant and future Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha who introduced Hürrem into his harem. Hürrem later managed to become
2159-425: A set of fines for specific offenses, as well as reducing the instances requiring death or mutilation. In the area of taxation, taxes were levied on various goods and produce, including animals, mines, profits of trade, and import-export duties. Higher medreses provided education of university status, whose graduates became imams ( امام ) or teachers. Educational centers were often one of many buildings surrounding
2286-462: A single legal code, all the while being careful not to violate the basic laws of Islam. It was within this framework that Suleiman, supported by his Grand Mufti Ebussuud , sought to reform the legislation to adapt to a rapidly changing empire. When the Kanun laws attained their final form, the code of laws became known as the kanun‐i Osmani ( قانون عثمانی ), or the "Ottoman laws". Suleiman's legal code
2413-553: A slave raid and eventually taken via the Crimean trade to Constantinople , the Ottoman capital. She entered the Imperial Harem where her name was changed to Hürrem, rose through the ranks and became the favourite concubine of Sultan Suleiman. Breaking Ottoman tradition, he married Hürrem, making her his legal wife. Sultans had previously married only foreign freeborn noblewomen. She
2540-408: Is also rumored that Hürrem Sultan conspired against Mustafa with the help of her daughter and son-in-law Rustem Pasha ; they wanted to portray Mustafa as a traitor who secretly contacted the Shah of Iran. Acting on Hürrem Sultan's orders, Rustem Pasha had engraved Mustafa's seal and sent a letter seemingly written by him to Shah Tahmasb I , and then sent the shah's response to Suleiman . After
2667-558: Is aptly named, enjoys reading, is knowledgeable and shows good judgment." Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually leading to a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of Damascus in 1521. Suleiman soon made preparations for the conquest of Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary —something his great-grandfather Mehmed II had failed to achieve because of John Hunyadi 's strong defense in
SECTION 20
#17328554881052794-431: Is believed that Hürrem's influence contributed to Suleiman's decision. After three other grand viziers in eight years, Suleiman selected Hürrem's son-in-law, Damat Rüstem Pasha , husband of Mihrimah , to become the grand vizier. Scholars have wondered if Hürrem's alliance with Mihrimah Sultan and Rüstem Pasha helped secure the throne for one of Hürrem's sons. Many years later, towards the end of Suleiman's long reign,
2921-564: Is considered one of the reasons behind her being heavily favoured by Suleiman, who was a great admirer of poetry. Hürrem is known to have been very generous to the poor. She built numerous mosques, madrasahs, hammams, and resting places for pilgrims travelling to the Islamic holy city of Makkah . Her greatest philanthropical work was the Great Waqf of AlQuds, a large soup kitchen in Jerusalem that fed
3048-682: Is no other example of a sultana who personally contacted a king other than Hürrem Sultan. She pleads with the King to trust her envoy Hassan Ağa, who verbally delivered another message from her. Some sentences of the letter sent to Warsaw by Haseki Sultan her are as follows: "We learned that you became the king of Poland after your father passed away. Allah knows the truth of everything; we were very happy and pleased. Light came to our hearts, joy and happiness came to our hearts. We wish your reign to be auspicious, fruitful and long-lasting. The command belongs to Allah Almighty; we advise you to act in accordance with
3175-475: Is now Ukraine . Her native language was Ruthenian , the precursor to modern Ukrainian . According to late 16th-century and early 17th-century sources, such as the Polish poet Samuel Twardowski (died 1661), who researched the subject in Turkey, Hürrem was seemingly born to a man named Hawrylo Lisovski, who was an Orthodox priest of Ruthenian origin, and his wife Leksandra. During the reign of Selim I , which
3302-541: Is the sultan's consort with the most portraits in her name in the Ottoman Empire, though the portraits are imaginary depictions by painters. Hürrem Sultan probably entered the harem around sixteen years of age. The precise year that she entered the harem is unknown, but it believe that she became Suleiman's concubine around the time he became sultan in 1520, because their first child was born in 1521. Hürrem's unprecedented rise from harem slave to Suleiman's legal wife attracted jealousy and disfavor not only from her rivals in
3429-634: The Barbary pirates of North Africa can be seen in the context of the wars against Spain. In 1541, the Spaniards led an unsuccessful expedition to Algiers . In 1542, facing a common Habsburg enemy during the Italian Wars , Francis I sought to renew the Franco-Ottoman alliance . In early 1542, Polin successfully negotiated the details of the alliance, with the Ottoman Empire promising to send 60,000 troops against
3556-689: The Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace . Despite his following marriage and his new sumptuous residence, Ibrahim sometimes spent the night with Suleiman I at Topkapı Palace. In turn, the sultan occasionally slept at Ibrahim's lodgings. Ibrahim Pasha rose to Grand Vizier in 1523 and commander-in-chief of all the armies. Suleiman also conferred upon Ibrahim Pasha the honor of beylerbey of Rumelia (first-ranking military governor-general), granting Ibrahim authority over all Ottoman territories in Europe, as well as command of troops residing within them in times of war. At
3683-650: The Haseki Sultan Imaret in 1552, a public soup kitchen to feed the poor, which was said to have fed at least 500 people twice a day. She built a public soup kitchen in Makkah . In a foundation charter (Vakfiye) signed by a judge ( Qādī ) and witnesses, not only were the buildings concerned listed, but their long-term maintenance was also ensured. Such documented maintenance could also refer to existing foundations of her own or those of other donors. Hurrem's foundation charters from 1540 and 1551 record donations for
3810-478: The Islamic calendar of 1543 AD. In addition to Suleiman's own work, many great talents enlivened the literary world during Suleiman's rule, including Fuzûlî and Bâkî . The literary historian Elias John Wilkinson Gibb observed that "at no time, even in Turkey, was greater encouragement given to poetry than during the reign of this Sultan". Suleiman's most famous verse is: The people think of wealth and power as
3937-710: The Mughal imperial ports of Thatta , Surat and Janjira . The Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great himself is known to have exchanged six documents with Suleiman the Magnificent. Suleiman led several naval campaigns against the Portuguese in an attempt to remove them and reestablish trade with the Mughal Empire . Aden in Yemen was captured by the Ottomans in 1538, in order to provide an Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on
Siklós - Misplaced Pages Continue
4064-642: The Persian Gulf , while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what is now Azerbaijan . Ottoman ships had been sailing in the Indian Ocean since the year 1518. Ottoman admirals such as Hadim Suleiman Pasha , Seydi Ali Reis and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis are known to have voyaged to
4191-577: The Topkapı Palace after a fire destroyed the old harem. Some sources say she moved to Topkapı, not because of the fire, but as a result of her marriage to Suleiman. Either way, this was another significant break from established customs, as Mehmed the Conqueror had specifically issued a decree to the effect that no women would be allowed to reside in the same building where government affairs were conducted. After Hürrem resided at Topkapı it became known as
4318-537: The politics of the Ottoman Empire . Through her husband, she played an active role in affairs of the state. She probably acted as the sultan's advisor, wrote diplomatic letters to King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland ( r. 1548–1572 ) and patronized major public works (including the Haseki Sultan Complex and the Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse ). She died in 1558, in Constantinople and was buried in
4445-495: The All-Merciful God, with this king we will be as father and son." With this letter, Hurrem sent Sigismund II the gift of two pairs of linen shirts and pants, some belts, six handkerchiefs, and a hand-towel, with a promise to send a special linen robe in the future. There are reasons to believe that these two letters were more than just diplomatic gestures, and that Suleiman's references to brotherly or fatherly feelings were not
4572-628: The Christian powers in Central Europe and the Mediterranean. Belgrade fell to him in 1521 and the island of Rhodes in 1522–1523. At Mohács , in August 1526, Suleiman broke the military strength of Hungary. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering
4699-557: The Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf . At
4826-752: The Eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes , the home base of the Knights Hospitaller . Suleiman built a large fortification, Marmaris Castle , that served as a base for the Ottoman Navy . Following a five-month siege , Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Rhodes to depart. The conquest of the island cost the Ottomans 50,000 to 60,000 dead from battle and sickness (Christian claims went as high as 64,000 Ottoman battle deaths and 50,000 disease deaths). As relations between Hungary and
4953-551: The Knights killed in battle; but a relief force from Spain entered the battle, resulting in the loss of 10,000 Ottoman troops and the victory of the local Maltese citizenry. While Sultan Suleiman was known as "the Magnificent" in the West, he was always Kanuni Suleiman or "The Lawgiver" ( قانونی ) to his Ottoman subjects. The overriding law of the empire was the Shari'ah , or Sacred Law, which as
5080-532: The Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ottoman Turkish: قانونى سلطان سليمان , romanized: Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān ) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman Empire ruled over at least 25 million people. Suleiman succeeded his father, Selim I , as sultan on 30 September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against
5207-463: The New Palace ( saray-ı jedid ). She wrote many love letters to Suleiman when he was away for campaigns. In one of her letters, she wrote: Under his pen name, Muhibbi, Sultan Suleiman composed this poem for Hürrem Sultan: "Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love, my moonlight. My most sincere friend, my confidant, my very existence, my Sultan, my one and only love. The most beautiful among
Siklós - Misplaced Pages Continue
5334-475: The Ottoman Empire deteriorated, Suleiman resumed his campaign in Central Europe, and on 29 August 1526 he defeated Louis II of Hungary (1506–1526) at the Battle of Mohács . Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off before he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty." While Suleiman
5461-457: The Ottoman court that the sultan had been bewitched. Her influence with Suleiman made her one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history and in the world at that time. Even as a consort, her power was comparable with the most powerful woman of the Imperial Harem, who by tradition was the sultan's mother or valide sultan . Hürrem Sultan was the most powerful Haseki Sultan, because she was
5588-433: The Ottoman custom according to which each concubine could only give the Sultan one male child, to maintain a balance of power between the various consorts. However, not only did Hürrem bear more children to the sultan after the birth of her first son in 1521, but she was also the mother of all of Suleiman's children born after her entry into the harem at the beginning of his reign. Hürrem eventually achieved power, influencing
5715-511: The Ottoman fleet. In 1535, Charles V led a Holy League of 26,700 soldiers (10,000 Spaniards, 8,000 Italians, 8,000 Germans, and 700 Knights of St. John) to victory against the Ottomans at Tunis , which together with the war against Venice the following year, led Suleiman to accept proposals from Francis I of France to form an alliance against Charles . Huge Muslim territories in North Africa were annexed. The piracy carried on thereafter by
5842-613: The Ottomans defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese. Having consolidated his conquests on land, Suleiman was greeted with the news that the fortress of Koroni in Morea (the modern Peloponnese , peninsular Greece) had been lost to Charles V 's admiral, Andrea Doria . The presence of
5969-628: The Ottomans to describe girls from Podolia and Galicia who were taken in slave raids . Sources are mostly in agreement to indicate that Hürrem was originally from Ruthenia , which was then part of the Polish Crown . She was born in the town of Rohatyn 68 km (42 mi) southeast of Lwów ( Lviv ) , a major city of the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , in what
6096-640: The Ottomans, leading to a stalemate from which neither army made any significant gain. In 1555, a settlement known as the Peace of Amasya was signed, which defined the borders of the two empires. By this treaty, Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the two, with Western Armenia , western Kurdistan , and western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe ) falling in Ottoman hands while Eastern Armenia , eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Safavid hands. The Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq , including Baghdad, which gave them access to
6223-547: The Shah once and for all, Suleiman embarked upon a second campaign in 1548–1549. As in the previous attempt, Tahmasp avoided confrontation with the Ottoman army and instead chose to retreat, using scorched earth tactics in the process and exposing the Ottoman army to the harsh winter of the Caucasus . Suleiman abandoned the campaign with temporary Ottoman gains in Tabriz and the Urmia region,
6350-423: The Spanish in the Eastern Mediterranean concerned Suleiman, who saw it as an early indication of Charles V's intention to rival Ottoman dominance in the region. Recognizing the need to reassert naval preeminence in the Mediterranean, Suleiman appointed an exceptional naval commander in the form of Khair ad Din , known to Europeans as Barbarossa . Once appointed admiral-in-chief, Barbarossa was charged with rebuilding
6477-456: The West. With a reinforced garrison of 16,000 men, the Austrians inflicted the first defeat on Suleiman, sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman–Habsburg rivalry that lasted until the 20th century. His second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532, as Ottoman forces were delayed by the siege of Güns and failed to reach Vienna. In both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather, forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment, and
SECTION 50
#17328554881056604-434: The ambassadors of European countries, corresponded with the rulers of Venice and Persia, and stood by Suleiman at receptions and banquets. She imprinted her seal and watched the council meetings through a wire mesh window. With many other revolutionary movements like these, she had started an era in Ottoman Empire called the Sultanate of Women . Hürrem's Influence over Suleiman was so significant that rumors circulated around
6731-409: The attacks and defended the Eger Castle . Suleiman's father had made war with Persia a high priority. At first, Suleiman shifted attention to Europe and was content to contain Persia , which was preoccupied by its own enemies to its east. After Suleiman stabilized his European frontiers, he now turned his attention to Persia, the base for the rival Shia Muslim faction. The Safavid dynasty became
6858-423: The beautiful... My springtime, my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart, laughing leaf... My plants, my sweet, my rose, the one only who does not distress me in this world... My Istanbul, my Caraman, the earth of my Anatolia My Badakhshan, my Baghdad and Khorasan My woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the slanted brow, my love of eyes full of mischief... I'll sing your praises always I, lover of
6985-403: The breadth of Suleiman's patronage of the arts, the earliest of the documents dating from 1526 list 40 societies with over 600 members. The Ehl-i Hiref attracted the empire's most talented artisans to the Sultan's court, both from the Islamic world and from the recently conquered territories in Europe, resulting in a blend of Arabic, Turkish and European cultures. Artisans in service of
7112-399: The caliph Harun al-Rashid 's consort Zubaida . Among her first foundations were a mosque , two Quranic schools ( madrassa ), a fountain, and a women's hospital near the women's slave market ( Avret Pazary ) in Constantinople ( Haseki Sultan Complex ). It was the first complex constructed in Constantinople by Mimar Sinan in his new position as the chief imperial architect. The mosque
7239-466: The city. Our ancestors said that the plague goes away once the trees shed their leaves in autumn." Later, Hürrem became the first woman to remain in the sultan's court for the duration of her life. In the Ottoman imperial family tradition, a sultan's consort was to remain in the harem only until her son came of age (around 16 or 17), after which he would be sent away from the capital to govern a faraway province, and his mother would follow him. This tradition
7366-495: The court included painters, book binders, furriers, jewellers and goldsmiths. Whereas previous rulers had been influenced by Persian culture (Suleiman's father, Selim I, wrote poetry in Persian), Suleiman's patronage of the arts saw the Ottoman Empire assert its own artistic legacy. Suleiman himself was an accomplished poet, writing in Persian and Turkish under the takhallus (nom de plume) Muhibbi ( محبی , "Lover"). Some of Suleiman's verses have become Turkish proverbs, such as
7493-602: The courtyards of mosques, others included libraries, baths, soup kitchens, residences and hospitals for the benefit of the public. Under Suleiman's patronage, the Ottoman Empire entered the golden age of its cultural development . Hundreds of imperial artistic societies (called the اهل حرف Ehl-i Hiref , "Community of the Craftsmen") were administered at the Imperial seat, the Topkapı Palace . After an apprenticeship, artists and craftsmen could advance in rank within their field and were paid commensurate wages in quarterly annual installments. Payroll registers that survive testify to
7620-443: The death of Mustafa, Mahidevran lost her status in the palace as the mother of the heir apparent and moved to Bursa . She did not spend her last years in poverty, as Hürrem's son, Selim II , the new sultan after 1566, put her on a lavish salary. Her rehabilitation had been possible after the death of Hürrem in 1558. Cihangir, Hürrem's youngest child, allegedly died of grief a few months after of his half-brother's murder. Although
7747-400: The death of Suleiman's mother, Hafsa Sultan, in 1534, Hürrem became Suleiman's most trusted news source. In one of her letters to Suleiman, she informs him about the situation of the plague in the capital. She wrote, "My dearest Sultan! If you ask about Istanbul, the city still suffers from the plague; however, it is not like the previous one. God willing, it will go away as soon as you return to
SECTION 60
#17328554881057874-419: The decrees (orders) of Allah Almighty..." In her second letter to Sigismund Augustus, written in response to his letter, Hürrem expresses in superlative terms her joy at hearing that the king is in good health and that he sends assurances of his sincere friendliness and attachment towards Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. She quotes the sultan as saying, "with the old king we were like brothers, and if it pleases
8001-570: The degree of their intimacy definitely points to a special link between the two states at the time. Some of her embroideries, or at least made under her supervision, have come down to us, such as those given in 1547 to Tahmasp I Shah of Iran and in 1549 to Sigismund II Augustus of Poland . Esther Handali acted as her secretary and intermediary on several occasions. Aside from her political concerns, Hürrem engaged in several major works of public buildings, from Makkah to Jerusalem (Al-Quds) , perhaps modelling her charitable foundations in part after
8128-446: The divine law of Islam was outside of the Sultan's powers to change. Yet an area of distinct law known as the Kanuns ( قانون , canonical legislation) was dependent on Suleiman's will alone, covering areas such as criminal law, land tenure and taxation. He collected all the judgments that had been issued by the nine Ottoman Sultans who preceded him. After eliminating duplications and choosing between contradictory statements, he issued
8255-472: The empire lacked, until the reign of Ahmed I (1603–1617), any formal means of nominating a successor, successions usually involved the death of competing princes in order to avert civil unrest and rebellions. In attempting to avoid the execution of her sons, Hürrem used her influence to eliminate those who supported Mustafa's accession to the throne. A skilled commander of Suleiman's army , Ibrahim eventually fell from grace after an imprudence committed during
8382-401: The first Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman imperial harem . Michalo Lituanus wrote in the 16th century that "the most beloved wife of the present Turkish emperor – mother of his first [son] who will govern after him, was kidnapped from our land". European ambassadors of that period called her Roxelana, meaning "Ruthenian woman" or "the Ruthenian one" for her alleged Ruthenian origins. She
8509-417: The garden of paradise, perhaps in homage to her smiling and joyful nature. Her mausoleum is adjacent to Suleiman's, a more somber, domed structure, at the courtyard of the Süleymaniye Mosque . Hürrem's contemporaries describe her as a woman who was strikingly good-looking, and different from everybody else because of her red hair. Hürrem was also intelligent and had a pleasant personality. Her love of poetry
8636-458: The garrison, led by castellan Mihály Vas, refused. On June 26, Siklós was besieged, bombarded, and attacked but the garrison stood strong. While Siklós was besieged, representatives from Pécs arrive and surrender the city. On July 6, after 3,000 cannonballs had hit the fortress, the garrison surrendered, and Süleymân entered the city the next day. From Siklós, the Sultân marched to Pécs. After 143 years of Ottoman rule, Siklós
8763-454: The grand viziers Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha and Kara Ahmed Pasha . Hürrem and Mahidevran had given birth to Suleiman's six şehzades (Ottoman princes): Mustafa, Mehmed, Selim, Abdüllah (died at three), Bayezid, and Cihangir. Of these, Mahidevran's son Mustafa was the eldest and preceded Hürrem's children in the order of succession. Traditionally, when a new sultan rose to power, he would order all of his brothers killed in order to ensure there
8890-422: The great feeling of love that the sultan felt for Roxelana and the lack of her that he felt of her. Historical scholars note that, in the early stages of his reign, Suleiman relied on correspondence, not with Haseki, but with his mother, as Hürrem did not know the language well enough. In fact, the first letters to the sultan written by Hürrem contain bureaucratic language, which suggests that they were written with
9017-414: The greatest fate, But in this world a spell of health is the best state. What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war; Worship of God is the highest throne, the happiest of all estates. Suleiman also became renowned for sponsoring a series of monumental architectural developments within his empire. The Sultan sought to turn Constantinople into the center of Islamic civilization by
9144-596: The harem rumours. Most other sixteenth-century Western sources on Hürrem, which are considered highly authoritative today – such as Turcicae epistolae (English: The Turkish Letters ) of Ogier de Busbecq , the Emissary of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I at the Porte between 1554 and 1562; the account of the murder of Şehzade Mustafa by Nicholas de Moffan; the historical chronicles on Turkey by Paolo Giovio ; and
9271-424: The harem, but also from the general populace. She soon became Suleiman's most prominent consort beside Gülbahar Mahidevran Hatun and their relationship was monogamous. While the exact dates for the births of her children are disputed, there is academic consensus that the births of her first five children — Şehzade Mehmed , Mihrimah Sultan , Selim II , Şehzade Abdullah and Şehzade Bayezid – occurred quickly over
9398-416: The helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major judicial changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi , harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law: sultanic ( Kanun ) and religious ( Sharia ). He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became
9525-641: The help of the court scribe. In her letters to her husband, she conveyed the greetings of the statesmen and the Sheikh-ul-Islam of Istanbul, and talked about the problems in Istanbul. Hürrem was one of the most educated women in the world at that time and she played an important role in the political life of the Ottoman Empire. Thanks to her intelligence, she acted as Suleiman's chief adviser on matters of state, and seems to have had an influence upon foreign policy and international politics. She freely communicated with
9652-472: The inner circle of the imperial harem, which was surrounded by multiple walls, they largely relied on the testimony of the servants or courtiers or on the popular gossip circulating around Constantinople. Even the reports of the Venetian ambassadors ( baili ) at Suleiman's court, the most extensive and objective first-hand Western source on Hürrem to date, were often filled with the authors' own interpretations of
9779-564: The ire of the Ottomans, who assembled another massive army in order to dislodge the Knights from Malta. The Ottomans invaded Malta in 1565, undertaking the Great Siege of Malta , which began on 18 May and lasted until 8 September, and is portrayed vividly in the frescoes of Matteo Perez d'Aleccio in the Hall of St. Michael and St. George. At first, it seemed that this would be a repeat of the battle on Rhodes, with most of Malta's cities destroyed and half
9906-529: The main enemy after two episodes. First, Shah Tahmasp killed the Baghdad governor loyal to Suleiman, and put his own man in. Second, the governor of Bitlis had defected and sworn allegiance to the Safavids. As a result, in 1533, Suleiman ordered his Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha to lead an army into eastern Asia Minor where he retook Bitlis and occupied Tabriz without resistance. Suleiman joined Ibrahim in 1534. They made
10033-423: The maintenance of long-established dervish convents in various Istanbul districts. She had a Kira who acted as her secretary and intermediary on several occasions, although the identity of the kira is uncertain (it may have been Strongilah . ). Hürrem died on 15 April 1558 due to an unknown illness. In the last years of her life she was in very poor health. It is said that the Sultan, in order not to disturb
10160-403: The mother's influence over the sultan and the feuds of the blood brothers for the throne. She was to bear the majority of Suleiman's children. Hürrem gave birth to her first son Mehmed in 1521 (who died in 1543) and then to four more sons, destroying Mahidevran's status as the mother of the sultan's only surviving son. Suleiman's mother, Hafsa Sultan , partially suppressed the rivalry between
10287-409: The next five to six years. Suleiman and Hürrem's last child, Şehzade Cihangir was born later, in 1531, but by that time Hürrem had given birth to enough healthy sons to secure the future of the Ottoman dynasty . Hürrem was allowed to give birth to more than one son which was a stark violation of the old imperial harem principle, "one concubine mother – one son," which was designed to prevent both
10414-514: The nobleman John Zápolya , whom Suleiman supported. Under Charles V and his brother Ferdinand I, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took possession of Hungary. Reacting in 1529, Suleiman marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda; in the following autumn, his forces laid siege to Vienna . This was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive to
10541-558: The old custom, but began a new tradition for the future Ottoman sultans: to marry in a formal ceremony and to give their consorts significant influence on the court, especially in matters of succession. Hürrem's salary was 2,000 akçe a day, making her one of the highest-paid Ottoman Imperial women. After the wedding, the idea circulated that the sultan had limited his autonomy and was dominated and controlled by his wife. Also, in Ottoman society, mothers played more influential roles in their sons' educations and in guiding their careers. After
10668-416: The one only who does not distress me in this room ... My Istanbul, my karaman, the earth of my Anatolia My Badakhshan, my Baghdad and Khorasan My woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the slanted brow, my love of eyes full of misery ... I'll sing your praises always I, lover of the tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears, I am happy. Before his downfall, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
10795-478: The only one who obtained the role and power of a Valide Sultan when she legally married the Sultan. For this reason, she has become a controversial figure in Ottoman history – subject to allegations of plotting against and manipulating her political rivals. Hürrem's influence in state affairs not only made her one of the most influential women, but also a controversial figure in Ottoman history, especially in her rivalry with Mahidevran and her son Şehzade Mustafa , and
10922-401: The opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna. In 1541, the Habsburgs attempted to lay siege to Buda but were repulsed, and more Habsburg fortresses were captured by the Ottomans in two consecutive campaigns in 1541 and 1544 as a result, Ferdinand and Charles were forced to conclude a humiliating five-year treaty with Suleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and
11049-442: The peace of his wife during the course of her illness, ordered all the musical instruments in the palace to be burned. He did not leave Hurrem's bed until the last day, when she died. The farewell dedications written by the Sultan to Haseki after her death, which have been preserved to the present day, demonstrated Suleiman's love for Hürrem. She was buried in a domed mausoleum ( türbe ) decorated in exquisite Iznik tiles depicting
11176-404: The poor. It is believed that Hürrem was a cunning, manipulative and stony-hearted woman who would execute anyone who stood in her way. However, her philanthropy is in contrast to this as she cared for the poor. Prominent Ukrainian writer Pavlo Zahrebelny describes Hürrem as "an intelligent, kind, understanding, openhearted, candid, talented, generous, emotional and grateful woman who cares about
11303-750: The region. Its capture was vital in removing the Hungarians and Croats who, following the defeats of the Albanians , Bosniaks , Bulgarians , Byzantines and the Serbs , remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the Danube . Belgrade, with a garrison of only 700 men, and receiving no aid from Hungary, fell in August 1521. The road to Hungary and Austria lay open, but Suleiman turned his attention instead to
11430-789: The reign of Suleiman's son Selim II . Suleiman also restored the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Walls of Jerusalem (which are the current walls of the Old City of Jerusalem ), renovated the Kaaba in Mecca , and constructed a complex in Damascus . Suleiman loved gardens and his shaykh grew a white tulip in one of the gardens. Some of the nobles in the court had seen the tulip and they also began growing their own. Soon images of
11557-408: The rivalry between his sons became evident. Mustafa was later accused of causing unrest. During the campaign against Safavid Persia in 1553, because of fear of rebellion, Suleiman ordered the execution of Mustafa. According to a source he was executed that very year on charges of planning to dethrone his father; his guilt for the treason of which he was accused remains neither proven nor disproven. It
11684-469: The ruling of the harem. Hürrem became the only partner of the ruler and received the title of Haseki, which means the favorite. When Suleiman freed and married her, or in the years before, she became the Haseki Sultan (adding the word sultan to a woman's name or title indicated that she was a part of the dynasty). Around 1533, Suleiman married Hürrem in a magnificent formal ceremony. Never before had
11811-521: The schools of the imperial Topkapı Palace in Constantinople . As a young man, he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim , a Greek slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers (but who was later executed on Suleiman's orders). At age seventeen, he was appointed as the governor of first Kaffa (Theodosia), then Manisa , with a brief tenure at Edirne . Upon the death of his father, Selim I (r. 1512–1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and ascended to
11938-666: The soul rather than the body; who is not carried away with ordinary glimmers such as money, prone to science and art; in short, a perfect woman." Hürrem is well-known both in modern Turkey and in the West, and is the subject of many artistic works. In 1561, three years after her death, the French author Gabriel Bounin wrote a tragedy titled La Soltane . This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France. She has inspired paintings, musical works (including Joseph Haydn 's Symphony No. 63 ), an opera by Denys Sichynsky ,
12065-466: The stories about Hürrem's role in executions of Ibrahim, Mustafa, and Kara Ahmed are very popular, actually none of them are based on first-hand sources. All other depictions of Hürrem, starting with comments by sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman historians as well as by European diplomats, observers, and travellers, are highly derivative and speculative in nature. Because none of these people – neither Ottomans nor foreign visitors – were permitted into
12192-455: The sultan's order. His other son Bayezid was executed in 1561 on Suleiman's orders, along with Bayezid's four sons, after a rebellion. Although scholars typically regarded the period after his death to be one of crisis and adaptation rather than simple decline , the end of Suleiman's reign was a watershed in Ottoman history. In the decades after Suleiman, the empire began to experience significant political, institutional, and economic changes,
12319-469: The term Kanunî (the Lawgiver) first came to be used as an epithet for Suleiman. It is entirely absent from sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman sources and may date from the early 18th century. There is a tradition of western origin, according to which Suleiman the Magnificent was "Suleiman II", but that tradition has been based on an erroneous assumption that Süleyman Çelebi was to be recognised as
12446-567: The territories of the German king Ferdinand, as well as 150 galleys against Charles, while France promised to attack Flanders , harass the coasts of Spain with a naval force, and send 40 galleys to assist the Turks for operations in the Levant. In August 1551, Ottoman naval commander Turgut Reis attacked and captured Tripoli , which had been a possession of the Knights of Malta since 1530. In 1553, Turgut Reis
12573-450: The throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan. An early description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided by the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini : The sultan is only twenty-five years [actually 26] old, tall and slender but tough, with a thin and bony face. Facial hair is evident, but only barely. The sultan appears friendly and in good humor. Rumor has it that Suleiman
12700-496: The throne in 1703. Ahmet III’s gardens in Istanbul were adorned with tulips from Turkey’s mountains and the finest bulbs imported from Dutch commercial growers. Throughout his reign, he imported millions of Dutch tulip bulbs, reflecting the enduring legacy of Suleiman’s influence and the extravagant height of tulip culture during this period. Suleiman had two known consorts: Suleiman I had at least eight sons: Süleyman had two daughters: Suleiman fell in love with Hurrem Sultan ,
12827-423: The throne. Under his pen name, Muhibbi, Sultan Suleiman composed this poem for Hurrem Sultan: Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love, my moonlight. My most sincere friend, my confidant, my very existence, my Sultan, my one and only love. The most beautiful among the beautiful ... My springtime, my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart, laughing leaf ... My plants, my sweet, my rose,
12954-491: The throne. Ibrahim eventually fell from grace with the Sultan and his wife. Suleiman consulted his Qadi , who suggested that Ibrahim be put to death. The Sultan recruited assassins and ordered them to strangle Ibrahim in his sleep. Roxelana Hürrem Sultan ( Turkish: [hyɾˈɾæm suɫˈtan] ; Ottoman Turkish : خرّم سلطان , " the joyful one "; c. 1504 – 15 April 1558), also known as Roxelana ( Ukrainian : Роксолана , romanized : Roksolana ),
13081-414: The time, Ibrahim was only about thirty years old and lacked any actual military expertise; it is said that 'tongues wagged' at this unprecedented promotion straight from palace service to the two highest offices of the empire. During his thirteen years as Grand Vizier, his rapid rise to power and vast accumulation of wealth had made Ibrahim many enemies at the Sultan's court. Suleiman's suspicion of Ibrahim
13208-410: The tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears, I am happy." Hürrem Sultan is known as the first woman in Ottoman history to concern herself with state affairs. Hürrem Sultan was able to achieve what no concubine before her had achieved. She officially became Suleiman's wife, and although there were no laws at the time prohibiting marriages between sultans and concubines, the entire Ottoman court
13335-518: The trade routes to the Portuguese and maintained a significant level of trade with the Mughal Empire throughout the 16th century. From 1526 until 1543, Suleiman stationed over 900 Turkish soldiers to fight alongside the Somali Adal Sultanate led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during the Conquest of Abyssinia . After the first Ajuran-Portuguese war , the Ottoman Empire would in 1559 absorb
13462-412: The travel narrative by Luidgi Bassano – derived from hearsay. Hürrem acted as Suleiman's advisor on matters of state, and seems to have had an influence upon foreign policy and on international politics . Two of her letters to King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (reigned 1548–1572) have survived, and during her lifetime the Ottoman Empire generally had peaceful relations with the Polish state within
13589-511: The tulip were woven into rugs and fired into ceramics. Suleiman is credited with large-scale cultivation of the tulip and it is thought that the tulips spread throughout Europe because of Suleiman. It is thought that diplomats who visited him were gifted the flowers while visiting his court. Suleiman’s passion for tulips set a precedent for their cultivation and cultural significance in the Ottoman Empire. This fascination continued to flourish, reaching its zenith under Sultan Ahmet III, who ascended
13716-407: The two women. According to Bernardo Navagero 's report, as a result of the bitter rivalry a fight between the two women broke out, with Mahidevran beating Hürrem, which angered Suleiman . According to Necdet Sakaoğlu, a Turkish historian, these accusations were not truthful. After the death of Suleiman 's mother Hafsa Sultan in 1534, Hürrem's influence in the palace increased, and she took over
13843-623: The weakened Adal Sultanate into its domain. This expansion furthered Ottoman rule in Somalia and the Horn of Africa . This also increased its influence in the Indian Ocean to compete with the Portuguese Empire with its close ally, the Ajuran Empire . In 1564, Suleiman received an embassy from Aceh (a sultanate on Sumatra , in modern Indonesia ), requesting Ottoman support against the Portuguese. As
13970-469: The well-known Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many are the versions of the story . When his young son Mehmed died in 1543, he composed a moving chronogram to commemorate the year: Peerless among princes, my Sultan Mehmed . In Turkish the chronogram reads شهزادهلر گزیدهسی سلطان محمدم ( Şehzadeler güzidesi Sultan Muhammed'üm ), in which the Arabic Abjad numerals total 955, the equivalent in
14097-538: The western coast of the Mughal Empire. Sailing on, the Ottomans failed against the Portuguese at the siege of Diu in September 1538, but then returned to Aden, where they fortified the city with 100 pieces of artillery. From this base, Sulayman Pasha managed to take control of the whole country of Yemen, also taking Sana'a . With its strong control of the Red Sea , Suleiman successfully managed to dispute control of
14224-541: Was against the marriage. Suleiman had not respected traditions. The wedding probably took place in June 1533, although the exact date of this event is still unknown. Hürrem's position was unique, as was the title of Haseki. Suleiman spent most of his time on military campaigns, consequently he needed someone reliable to provide him with information about the situation in the palace: he chose Hürrem Sultan. The letters written by Suleiman to Hürrem have been preserved; from these emerges
14351-487: Was an inseparable friend and possible lover of Suleiman. In fact, he is referred to by his chroniclers as "the favourite" (Maḳbūl) along with "the executed" (Maḳtūl). Historians state that Suleiman I is remembered for "his passion for two of his slaves: for his beloved Ibrahim when the sultan was a hot-blooded youth, and for his beloved Hurrem when he was mature." Ibrahim was originally a Christian from Parga (in Epirus ), who
14478-508: Was called Sancak Beyliği . The consorts were never to return to Constantinople unless their sons succeeded to the throne. In defiance of this age-old custom, Hürrem stayed behind in the harem, even after her sons went to govern the empire's remote provinces. Moreover, remaining in Costantinople, she moved out of the harem located in the Old Palace ( Eski Saray ) and permanently moved into
14605-582: Was campaigning in Hungary, Turkmen tribes in central Anatolia (in Cilicia ) revolted under the leadership of Kalender Çelebi . Some Hungarian nobles proposed that Ferdinand , who was the ruler of neighboring Austria and tied to Louis II's family by marriage, be King of Hungary, citing previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs. However, other nobles turned to
14732-483: Was captured in a raid during the 1499–1503 Ottoman–Venetian War , and was given as a slave to Suleiman most likely in 1514. Ibrahim converted to Islam and Suleiman made him the royal falconer , then promoted him to first officer of the Royal Bedchamber. It was reported that they slept together in the same bed. The sultan also built Ibrahim a lavish palace on the ancient Hippodrome , Istanbul's main forum outside
14859-484: Was completed in 1538–39, the madrasa was completed a year later in 1539–40 and the soup-kitchen in 1540–41. The hospital was not completed until 1550–51. She built mosque complexes in Adrianopole and Ankara . She commissioned a bath, the Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse , to serve the community of worshippers in the nearby Hagia Sophia . It was Constructed in 1556 and was designed by Mimar Sinan . In Jerusalem she established
14986-414: Was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control. Of more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as "Emperor" but as the "King of Spain", leading Suleiman to identify as the true "Caesar". In 1552, Suleiman's forces laid siege to Eger , located in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by István Dobó repelled
15113-452: Was hobbled by overstretched supply lines. In 1533 the Treaty of Constantinople was signed by Ferdinand I , in which he acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty and recognised Suleiman as his "father and suzerain", he also agreed to pay an annual tribute and accepted the Ottoman grand vizier as his brother and equal in rank. By the 1540s, a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with
15240-580: Was liberated on October 30, 1686. [ hu ] Siklós is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Siklós at Wikimedia Commons This Baranya County–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I ( Ottoman Turkish : سليمان اول , romanized : Süleyman-ı Evvel ; Turkish : I. Süleyman , pronounced [syleiˈman] ; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman
15367-452: Was no power struggle. This practice was called kardeş katliamı , literally "fraternal massacring". Mustafa was supported by Ibrahim Pasha, who became Suleiman's grand vizier in 1523. Hürrem has usually been held at least partly responsible for the intrigues in nominating a successor. Although she was Suleiman's wife, she exercised no official public role. This did not, however, prevent Hürrem from wielding powerful political influence. Since
15494-538: Was nominated commander of Tripoli by Suleiman, making the city an important center for piratical raids in the Mediterranean and the capital of the Ottoman province of Tripolitania . In 1560, a powerful naval force was sent to recapture Tripoli, but that force was defeated in the Battle of Djerba . Elsewhere in the Mediterranean, when the Knights Hospitallers were re-established as the Knights of Malta in 1530, their actions against Muslim navies quickly drew
15621-484: Was some time between 1512 and 1520, Crimean Tatars kidnapped her during one of their Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe . The Tatars may have first taken her to the Crimean city of Kaffa , a major centre of the Ottoman slave trade , before she was taken to Constantinople. Shaykh Qutb al-Din al-Nahrawali, a Meccan religious figure, who visited Constantinople in 1558, noted in his memoirs that she had been
15748-596: Was the chief consort and legal wife of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . She became one of the most powerful and influential women in Ottoman history , and as well a prominent figure during the period known as the Sultanate of Women . Born in Ruthenia (then an eastern region of the Kingdom of Poland , now Rohatyn , Ukraine) to a Ruthenian Orthodox family, she was captured by Crimean Tatars during
15875-438: Was the first imperial consort to receive the title, created for her, to Haseki Sultan . Hürrem remained in the sultan's court for the rest of her life, enjoying a close relationship with her husband, and having six children with him, including the future sultan, Selim II , which makes Hürrem an ancestor of all following sultans and currently living members of the Ottoman dynasty. Of Hürrem's six children, five were male, breaking
16002-592: Was to last more than three hundred years. The Sultan also played a role in protecting the Jewish subjects of his empire for centuries to come. In late 1553 or 1554, on the suggestion of his favorite doctor and dentist, the Spanish Jew Moses Hamon , the Sultan issued a firman ( فرمان ) formally denouncing blood libels against the Jews. Furthermore, Suleiman enacted new criminal and police legislation, prescribing
16129-399: Was worsened by a quarrel between the latter and the finance secretary ( defterdar ) İskender Çelebi . The dispute ended in the disgrace of Çelebi on charges of intrigue, with Ibrahim convincing Suleiman to sentence the defterdar to death. Ibrahim also supported Şehzade Mustafa as the successor of Suleiman. This caused disputes between him and Hurrem Sultan, who wanted her sons to succeed to
#104895