The Maitraka dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Valabhi in western India from approximately 475 to 776 from their capital at Vallabhi . With the sole exception of Dharapaṭṭa (the fifth king in the dynasty), who is associated with sun-worship , they were followers of Shaivism . Their origin is uncertain but they were probably Chandravanshi Kshatriyas .
88-871: Sihor ( Gujarati : સિહોર Sihor ) is a town, a municipality in Bhavnagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat . Placed along the river Gautami, this erstwhile capital of the Gohil Rajputs, surrounded by hills is situated about 20 km from Bhavnagar. It becomes Sihor by corrupting its name from Saraswatpur, Sinhalpur, Sinhpur, Sinhor, and Shihor. Regionally, Sihor is all-time famous and known for its hills, their rock pattern, Gautameshwar Mahadev & Lake, Sihor's Festivals, Navnath Pilgrimage (Navnath Yatra) of Shiva Temples, Brahma Kund , 'Sihori Rajwadi Penda' ( Peda or chocolate cake ), old town's ascends and descends, walled city and fort, narrow lanes, Nana Sahib Peshwa and
176-724: A Railway Junction in Bhavnagar Division, Sihor got the first rail access ( Meter gauge ) in form of Bhavnagar State Railway in year 1880 after the Princely state of Bhavnagar became the first in the province and third (after Baroda and Hyderabad ) in the country to construct their own railway line. There is direct connection from Sihor to Bhavnagar, Rajkot, Junagadh, Jamnagar, Somnath, Okha, Dwarka, Palitana, Botad, Mahuva, Ahmedabad, Surendranagar, Surat, Mumbai, Delhi, Jaipur, Kakinada, Kochuveli and many intermediate stations. The line has been converted into Broad gauge now. By Road, Sihor
264-554: A better option and success for Nana Sahib and his allies to settle out there post 1857 revolt and after leaving Nepal. Also with the fact Sihor and its people had continuing connections with Mumbai and various parts of now Maharashtra, which in turn seemed to have helped Nana Sahib to keep a regular touch with few his allies down in Mumbai and Maharashtra. This may be seen from the correspondence, people who kept coming to meet him in Sihor. As per
352-477: A common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsam s and their derived tadbhav s can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning: What remains are words of foreign origin ( videśī ), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories ( deśaj ). The former consists mainly of Persian , Arabic , and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish . While
440-523: A current of water," from V.L. * stanticare (see stanch ). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones. Gujarati is a head-final, or left- branching language. Adjectives precede nouns , direct objects come before verbs , and there are postpositions . The word order of Gujarati is SOV , and there are three genders and two numbers . There are no definite or indefinite articles . A verb
528-459: A definite texture and architecture through a numerous ancient temples and buildings. According to Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia , the name Sihor is derived from Siṁhapura , which is attested in inscriptions from the Maitraka and Chaulukya eras. The name is either a reference to the lion ( siṁha ), which is native to Gujarat, or to someone named Siṁha. The name underwent several sound changes over
616-590: A long carrying telltale and story for several hundred years now about a local Prince called Vijaya to reach Sri Lanka with an army of 700, marry and settle there. Two immigration events, one that is Sinhabahu coming and settling in Sinhapura, Kathiawar - Gujarat from the Northeastern coast of India, and his son from Sinhapura, western coast, settling in Sri Lanka, these two different events, the mixed ancestry has influenced
704-456: A major natural calamity in form of earthquake, tsunami or volcanic eruption can not be ruled out too. And therefore, the relics and old Vedic civilization may have been a matter of disappearance especially when the Vallabhi and Maitraka dynasty struggled to exist further, either a natural calamity or attacks by barbarians and/or later the known and frequent attacks by Mongols and Turks have to be
792-634: A medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature, and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society 's 12th meeting. Some Mauritians and many Réunion islanders are of Gujarati descent and some of them still speak Gujarati. A considerable Gujarati-speaking population exists in North America , especially in the New York City Metropolitan Area and in
880-448: A panoramic view over Gautameshwar Lake and the whole town. The old fort of Sihor with its wall art is worth a visit. The Navnath Pilgrimage covers some ancient to very ancient Shiva temples of Sihor. These temples are built and/or renovated between 1000 AD - 1600 AD. This pilgrimage is believed to have more significance when undertaken in the month of Shraavan according to Hindu Calendar. There are faith and devotion attached among people in
968-431: A reasonable span of his stay of 45 years in Sihor, and Nana Sahib's local as well as national allies & revolutionaries found reference, nearly to establish without efforts in an unbiased manner, the most probable account of disappearance of this historical figure. Most critically when all these secrets were rather for keeping them as secret and not for the claims, either to prove a personality as Nana Sahib or reveal if it
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#17330922851981056-548: A separate grammatical category unto themselves. Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms , often being calques . An example is telephone , which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ . Most people, though, just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance. So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have
1144-559: A significant hindsight is Sinhabahu's who established the Kingdom of Sinhapura in Gujarat west coast, he (Sinhabahu) hailed from Eastern part of Indian subcontinent and thus two different and in fact real historical accounts must create confusion. However, scholars and historians have agreed and reckoned for the evidences to point to Vijaya having come from western coast. Let alone, locally in the present-day Saurashtra and Gujarat region, there has been
1232-447: A storm of dust and sand from the Rann of Kutch. A ruined temple of a Mata bears the date Samvat 1625 (1569). Sihor is located at 21°25′31″N 71°34′25″E / 21.425277°N 71.573604°E / 21.425277; 71.573604 . It has an average elevation of 60 metres (196 feet). As of 2011 India census , Sihor had a population of 26000. Males constitute 13000 of
1320-541: Is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people . Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati ( c. 1100–1500 CE ). In India, it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Union. It is also the official language in the state of Gujarat, as well as an official language in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . As of 2011, Gujarati
1408-594: Is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav . India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking Muslims , amongst the most notable being the Delhi Sultanate , and the Mughal dynasty . As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke . Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit
1496-429: Is connected with all major cities of Gujarat with some direct routes connecting Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, and with another access to Saurashtra's coastal route via Bhavnagar and access to Vadodara, Mumbai and South India via Dholera Highway. These routes extend and connect to distant places and big centers of Saurashtra and Gujarat. As a popular approach for local and regional transport, people prefer road over rail as
1584-626: Is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o . khānũ – compartment, has
1672-399: Is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be , marking tense and mood , and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have a morphological basis. Translation (provided at location)— Maitraka Following the decline of
1760-459: Is in scattered form, to be more precise the period between 5000 BC-3000 BC. Denoting the west coast of India and Kathiawar peninsula, the obvious influence of Indus Civilization on this region can be mapped through further archaeological explorations and insights, and, processing existing archaeological and geological data of Sihor region along with a prime focus on study of Vallabhi and Maitraka era, exploration, survey and excavations targeting
1848-683: Is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh . In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia , perhaps 500 years ago. Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates: Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati. With
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#17330922851981936-518: Is offered as a GCSE subject for students in the UK. Some Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility that their children will not be fluent in the language. In a study, 80% of Malayali parents felt that "Children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of Kannada parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents. Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people , many non-Gujarati residents of Gujarat also speak it, among them
2024-399: Is one more research task in asking toward bridging Sinhpur and Sinhalpur as both of these names have existed, either concurrently or at different points of time. Over the time with varying pronunciations and dialects, it has been found corrupting itself as Sinhor - Shihor and finally Sihor. Interesting to note while Sinhpur becomes Sihor in a few thousand years and lions are returning again to
2112-531: Is the 6th most widely spoken language in India by number of native speakers, spoken by 55.5 million speakers which amounts to about 4.5% of the total Indian population. It is the 26th most widely spoken language in the world by number of native speakers as of 2007. Gujarati, along with Meitei (alias Manipuri ), hold the third place among the fastest growing languages of India , following Hindi (first place) and Kashmiri language (second place), according to
2200-814: Is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish , Code-switching . In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals . Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being
2288-424: Is the fifth and the only king of all Maitraka kings connected with sun-worship. All other kings were followers of Shaivism . The copperplate grants do not help in identifying their origin, they describe only that the dynasty was born from a war-like tribe whose capital was at Vallabhi and they were Shaivas . Chinese traveler Hieun-Tsang visited Vallabhi during the second quarter of the 7th century had described
2376-550: The 1857 revolt , its food and delicacy, Copper-ware & Brass-ware, Pottery, snuff manufacturing factories, Rolling Mills and Industrial Plants. Known as 'Saraswatpur' during Mahabharata period and 'Sinhpur', 'Sinhalpur' after that, locally in Gujarat, it is often regarded as ' Chhote Kashi' (sub-version or model of Kashi - Varanasi - Banaras ) also. This may be due to numerous temples and Shivalayas in and around this medium-sized town, religious activities and resemblance of town's architecture in particular. The town exhibits
2464-602: The 2011 census of India . Outside of Gujarat, Gujarati is spoken in many other parts of South Asia by Gujarati migrants, especially in Mumbai and Pakistan (mainly in Karachi ). Gujarati is also widely spoken in many countries outside South Asia by the Gujarati diaspora . In North America, Gujarati is one of the fastest-growing and most widely spoken Indian languages in the United States and Canada . In Europe, Gujaratis form
2552-985: The Greater Toronto Area , which have over 100,000 speakers and over 75,000 speakers, respectively, but also throughout the major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. According to the 2016 census, Gujarati is the fourth most-spoken South Asian language in Toronto after Hindustani , Punjabi and Tamil . The UK has over 200,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London area, especially in North West London (in Harrow and Wembley ), but also in Birmingham , Manchester , and in Leicester , Coventry , Rugby , Bradford and
2640-533: The Gupta Empire , Maitraka dynasty was founded by Senapati (general) Bhaṭārka, who was a military governor of Saurashtra under Gupta Empire, who had established himself as the independent around 475 CE. The first two Maitraka rulers Bhaṭārka and Dharasena I used only the title of Senapati (general). The third ruler Droṇasiṁha declared himself as the Maharaja . During the reign Dhruvasena I, Jain council at Vallabhi
2728-512: The Kutchis (as a literary language ), the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue ), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan. Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognised in the state of Gujarat and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Gujarati is recognised and taught as a minority language in
Sihor - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-591: The United Arab Emirates . Gujarati (sometimes spelled Gujerati , Gujarathi , Guzratee , Guujaratee , Gujrathi , and Gujerathi ) is a modern Indo-Aryan (IA) language evolved from Sanskrit . The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages: Another view postulates successive family tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages: The principal changes from
2904-484: The 12th century. Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs. It had three genders , as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name Old Western Rajasthani, based upon the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct. Factoring into this preference
2992-532: The 17th century Vijay Vilas Palace of the Maharajahs, with fine paintings and wood carvings. Another archaeological ancient site of Saat Sheri (a mountaintop or a mound) along with some of the nine major Shiva temples spread around the town are an important pilgrimage worth visiting. Other tourist interests in and around the town include the famous Khodiyar Mata Temple and the Sihori Mata Temple – which offers
3080-753: The Bengal style." Coolie — 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli , name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat. Tank — c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken , or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back
3168-724: The Central Government, India . Presently, there is a house signified to Nana Sahib in old town of Sihor, remnants and materials, an old tomb as a tribute to him by the locals, a few existing connections/references and recently a recreational park named after Nana Sahib Peshwa in Sihor. Sihor is a Chunval village, about twelve miles north of Viramgam, where, in 1825, were the well-marked remains of an old city. The line of walls could be clearly traced, bricks much larger than those now in use were found, and many bracelets and other ornaments were often dug up. Like Kangavati and Patan, Sihor is, about 300 years ago, said to have been overwhelmed in
3256-483: The Gujarati script is an abugida . It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of the Devanāgarī script, differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters. These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tadbhav , tatsam , and loanwords. તદ્ભવ tadbhava , "of
3344-591: The Middle Indo-Aryan stage are the following: Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages: Old Gujarātī ( જૂની ગુજરાતી ; 1200 CE–1500 CE), which descended from prakrit and the ancestor of modern Gujarati and Rajasthani, was spoken by the Gurjars , who were residing and ruling in Gujarat , Punjab, Rajputana , and central India. The language was used as literary language as early as
3432-804: The Sihor hills gradually since last couple of decades and increasing off late, as in the year of 2011. The first king of Sri Lanka , Vijaya the Conqueror , may have been born in ancient Sihor as a prince before being ousted and banished from the region. Other sources however claim he was from Bengal , but after some rectification and cross-verification of all research works covering, Buddhism, Pali/Sanskrit Language, many linguistic-traditional references and connections, Vallabhi , Vijaya's documented route, Geo-political evidences and, documentation and references post Vijaya's settlement in Sri Lanka, all these almost establish that he hailed from Sihor. Period somewhere 600-500BCE through Maitraka dynasty in Vallabhi represents
3520-477: The Tajjika (Arab) invasions, no historical source mention how the dynasty ended. More than hundred temples of this period are known, mostly located along the western coast of Saurashtra. Early scholars like Fleet had misread copperplate grant and considered Maitrakas as some foreign tribe defeated by Bhaṭārka. Bhagwanlal Indraji believed that Maitrakas were foreign tribe while Bhaṭārka, who defeated them, belonged to
3608-526: The background. Some of these places are famous and significant locally, while a few are significant on a larger scale as well. Many of these places serve as mediums for recreational activities for locals, various social works, educational activities, yoga, workshops and seminars, and civil works. Major points of attraction in Sihor are the 12th century Brahma Kund (a stepped tank surrounded by idols of Hindu deities) - built by Raja Jayasimha Siddharaja , Gautameshwar Temple and Lake, Sihor's hills and treks, and
Sihor - Misplaced Pages Continue
3696-703: The capacity and convenience, many devotees still pay a visit to following. Sihor hosts few notable rulers and many individuals from different sections of governance, society, industry, religion, art, literature, education, and social reforms. However, the revolutionary Nana Sahib Peshwa made Sihor his home for rest of his life, post 1857 revolt carries greater attention, Prince Vijaya is another distinct figure from Vedic Period or Iron Age who introduced Buddhism to Sri Lanka. Gujarati language Gujarati ( / ˌ ɡ ʊ dʒ ə ˈ r ɑː t i / GUUJ -ə- RAH -tee ; Gujarati script : ગુજરાતી , romanized: Gujarātī , pronounced [ɡudʒəˈɾɑːtiː] )
3784-449: The carrying of dentals. See Indian English . As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow
3872-425: The centuries to reach its present form: the root siṁha became sīha , while the suffix -pura was shortened to -or . The name Sihor evolved from Saraswatpur, Sinhalpur, Sinhpur, Sinhor, and Shihor. Purana , rishis, sages and scholars regarded this place as Pavitra Kshetra attributed by the presence of scholarship and spirituality, such class of society and places out there. According to Hinduism , Saraswatpur
3960-605: The credits, as Prince Vijaya (later known as Vijaya of Sri Lanka ) exiled from Sihor settled in Lanka, reaching there via sea-route and became medium for introduction of Aryan/Vedic culture and Buddhism in Lanka. This thriving, periodically accomplished research and ancient, popular story is often termed as "Lanka Ni Laadi Ne Ghogha No Var" meaning "Bride of Lanka and the Groom from Ghogha " in local culture and literature since very old times. There are couple of films also made on this subject as
4048-543: The detailed account of his stay, experiences and penance, are found. Even today, the Gautameshwar Mahadev Temple remains a frequently visited place for its tranquil space time, in and around Sihor and in Saurashtra / Gujarat. Sinhpur and Sinhalpur are the next to come in picture. Period between Saraswatpur and Sinhpur is not thoroughly referred or documented, and the amount of historical information of this period
4136-649: The efforts to standardise Gujarati were carried out. Of the approximately 62 million speakers of Gujarati in 2022, roughly 60 million resided in India, 250,000 in Tanzania , 210,000 in Kenya, and some thousands in Pakistan. Many Gujarati speakers in Pakistan are shifting to Urdu; however, some Gujarati community leaders in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi. Mahatma Gandhi used Gujarati to serve as
4224-464: The end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule , and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India . Besides the category of new ideas
4312-485: The fact of history. A critical fact and secret remains intact, that is Nana Sahib's remnants in Sihor. Undocumented material also suggests Nana Sahib would keep changing his location between Sihor and interior Shatrunjaya Hills around Palitana periodically. However, references, mentions and evidences of Nana Sahib's consistent stay in Sihor have been more dominant and documented in regional records and articles at regular intervals since many decades, for he spent his rest of
4400-451: The former mill towns within Lancashire . A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly independent resident countries (especially Uganda , where Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships . Most, with British passports , settled in the UK. Gujarati
4488-403: The impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ] . Bungalow — 1676, from Gujarati bangalo , from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in
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#17330922851984576-543: The indigenous dynasty. Later readings corrected that Bhaṭārka was himself Maitraka who had succeeded in many battles. The earlier scholars had suggested the name Maitraka is derived from Mithra , the Sun or solar deity , and their supposed connection to Mihira and their sun-worshiping inclination . Though Mitra and Mihira are synonyms for the sun, the Sanskrit literature does not use it in sense of sun-worshipers. Dharapaṭṭa
4664-509: The life in Sihor, initially as a sage. There were some active freedom fighters and volunteers from Sihor during British rule, and one of them, had he been associated with Nana Sahib is often anticipated to have facilitated Nana Sahib's hideout and his group's safe passage to Sihor during early 60s (1860s), while he would leave Nepal and striving to settle out against British aggression in North India and Kanpur which became evident post 1857. Sihor
4752-845: The mode of transportation to reach the town quickly. Private public transport is also available frequently to access nearby centers. A medium-sized town drawing a large number of historical and religious places and monuments, many of them religious structures and temples, is something interesting and worth studying; it catches one by surprise. There may be many reasons for this, influenced by sociocultural transitions, various events, and different time periods in history. These different religious places have, in fact, varying and unique aspects to present, not limited to religion or religious rituals. Some places denote major historical events, spiritual significance, archaeological significance, social and cultural landmarks, architecture, community works, philanthropy, astronomical significance, and environmental messages in
4840-505: The name itself may suggest and support to the active power and significance of this place, as a place of knowledge, scholarship and spirituality while deriving from Saraswati the name of Saraswatpur should have been bestowed upon by those responsible. There are references of Saraswatpur in Purana, its references and references of lord Krishna 's visits are found in Mahabharata and peculiarly in
4928-594: The native languages of areas where the Gujarati people have become a diaspora community, such as East Africa ( Swahili ), have become loanwords in local dialects of Gujarati. The Linguistic Survey of India noted nearly two dozen dialects of Gujarati: Standard, Old, Standard Ahmedabad, Standard Broach, Nāgarī, Bombay, Suratī, Anāvla or Bhāṭelā, Eastern Broach, Pārsī, Carotarī, Pāṭīdārī, Vaḍodarī, Gāmaḍiā of Ahmedabad, Paṭanī, Thar and Parkar, Cutch, Kāṭhiyāvāḍī, Musalmān (Vhorāsī and Kharwā), Paṭṇulī, Kākarī, and Tārīmukī or Ghisāḍī. Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems,
5016-453: The nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of
5104-558: The neuter ũ . Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ , a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ – to admit (fault), kharīdvũ – to buy, kharǎcvũ – to spend (money), gujarvũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel. Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary so that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā , neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z
5192-439: The peak of Buddhism along with Jainism in the region of Sihor and Vallabhi where the rulers were following Vedas and Hinduism but these philosophies co-existed and rather flourished, to the extent, to cross the shores and borders across Indian sub-continent. This is how, Sihor offers some exciting chapters of its connection with Sri Lanka , Sri Lanka's early history and Sinhala people/culture. Sihor while significantly claiming
5280-665: The period when the Vallabhi kingdom declined in the 8th century AD. The Maitrakas were follower of the Shiva except Dhruvasena I who was Vaiṣnava and Dharapaṭṭa who was sun-worshiper. They all used title of parama-maheshwara before the names of king except those two. It is evident from the use of symbols like Nandi , the Bull and Trishula , the trident in their coins and inscriptions. There were presence of Vaishnavism and Goddess worship under their rule. There were large number of Buddhist Viharas in
5368-489: The phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it
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#17330922851985456-465: The population and females 13000. Sihor has an average literacy rate of 81.11%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 87.81%, and female literacy is 73.62%. In Sihor, 12.51% of the population is under 6 years of age. The nearest airport to Sihor is Bhavnagar Airport which has direct flights to Mumbai. Sihor is a railway junction.(SOJN) Sihor is connected to major parts of Saurashtra, Ahmedabad, Mumbai and rest of India by rail. As
5544-469: The presence of Lions in this region (Sihor hills) from olden times to very much till mid of 20th Century and therefore the gradual social transformation of this piece of civilization into Sinhpur or Sinhalpur may be understandable where the lion is called as 'Sinh' or 'Sinha' in a Sanskrit variant. Adding to the aesthetics of Sinhpur, King Sinhavarma is equally regarded for the Saraswatpur became Sinhpur. There
5632-501: The reasons behind the diminishing of a flourishing era of this region. Sihor is considered to be a prominent Buddhist circuit from about 5th-6th Centuries BC through Maitraka dynasty (till 8th century). Geologists are of opinion that rocks and the pattern of Sihor hills are unique and the age of this region would be older than that of Himalayas mountain range. The hill range is often observed as an outcome of volcanic activity. While efforts from historians and scholars for validating
5720-435: The records of Sihor history, Nana Sahib died in 1909 in Sihor, but curiosity, facts and revelations had started emerging peculiarly post 1947 across the region (Sihor) and Saurashtra , with some official efforts starting toward the 70s (1970s). Subsequently, opening of more links, correspondence, his writings, a few empirical archives, documents with the then state of Bhavnagar , few his rare photographs, some events, altogether
5808-425: The region. Adding to that, some steps and initiatives taken by him, and the belongings & remnants, these all when acknowledged and realized later, post 1947, eventually to acknowledge they were just Nana Sahib, are all a serious subject of learning and retrospection. This account poses re-evaluation of an incomplete task, a structured approach and serious initiative in asking for the state government of Gujarat and
5896-527: The region. However, devotees generally don't miss a chance to undertake this brief pilgrimage anytime during the year. Making this pilgrimage by foot is basically preferred and celebrated since old times, and those who are in hurry take up vehicle to cover it. The following places and temples fall on the way or off the track in Navnath Yatra. Some are close and a few are distant from the Navnath route. Depending on
5984-456: The reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anhilwara (Patan). MIddle Gujarati (AD 1500–1800) split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem ch -, and the possessive marker - n -. Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are: These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i
6072-453: The research on Vijaya of Sri Lanka and his origin for his voyage to Ceylon in 543BC, the kingdom and dominance of Sinhapur need a greater attention. Its significance and mentions come out evident since early Vedic Period and Gupta empire through Maitraka dynasty during the peak of Vallabhi with its significance as Sinhapur, it should be the period post 6th century, the name Sinhapur would have transformed into Shihor / Sihor. However,
6160-419: The rule of Harṣa in the mid-7th century, but retained local autonomy, and regained their independence after Harṣa's death. When I-Tsing , another Chinese traveller, visited Vallabhi in the last quarter of the seventh century, he found Vallabhi as a great center of learning including Buddhism . Gunamati and Sthiramati were two famous Buddhist scholars of Vallabhi in the middle of the seventh century. Vallabhi
6248-702: The ruler as a Kshatriya. Later Mahayana Buddhist work Manju-Shri-Mula-Kalpa had described them as Varavatya Yadava. The late Jain traditional work Shatrunjaya-Mahatmaya of Dhaneshwara describes Śilāditya as the Yadavas of Lunar race . Virji concludes that Maitrakas were a Kshatriya of Lunar race and their origin was probably from Mitra dynasty which once ruled region around Mathura (now in Uttar Pradesh , India). Several scholars like Benerjee, D. Shastri, D. R. Bhandarkar agree with her conclusion. The Maitrakas ruled from their capital at Vallabhi . They came under
6336-455: The same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning. The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be ( see Portuguese India , Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka ). Comparatively,
6424-645: The second largest of the British South Asian speech communities, and Gujarati is the fourth most commonly spoken language in the UK 's capital London . Gujarati is also spoken in Southeast Africa , particularly in Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia , and South Africa . Elsewhere, Gujarati is spoken to a lesser extent in Hong Kong , Singapore , Australia , and Middle Eastern countries such as Bahrain and
6512-643: The spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources: તત્સમ tatsama , "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan , it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as
6600-425: The states of Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , and Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Delhi . According to British historian and philologist William Tisdall , who was an early scholar of Gujarati grammar , three major varieties of Gujarati exist: a standard 'Hindu' dialect, a ' Parsi ' dialect and a ' Muslim ' dialect. However, Gujarati has undergone contemporary reclassification with respect to
6688-414: The submerged city of Vallabhi which has been critically responsible for Aryan Colonization across the continent with significance of Buddhism and Jainism during that period. Periodic excavations and findings, along with few existing ruins and monuments, already ask for thorough validation of their age. Eventually a large portion of Bhavnagar district falling under tectonically unstable zone, possibility of
6776-502: The texts related to Krishna as Krishna spent the remaining half of his life at Dvārakā / Dwarka . Another remarkable reference is Gautameshwar Temple , its Swayambhu Shivling in the cave, a proclaimed secret tunneled trek to Somnath from Gautameshwar, inscription and the legend of Gautama Maharishi , Ahalya and lord Rama . According to the legend and ancient inscription, Rishi Gautam's mention of tranquility, vibrations and holiness of this place, its old name as Saraswatpur and
6864-581: The title itself and there are few songs woven in folklore depicting the story of Prince Vijay and his succeeding march to Lanka. Ghogha, an all-weather port near Sihor-Bhavnagar, from where prince Vijay set off with his army to Lanka, after he was exiled by his father King Sinhavarma / Sinhabahu from Sinhpur. In ancient times, the region of Gujarat was known as Lata or Lala or Laldesa, which suggests to be Gujarat. Mahavamsa and various references mention of this. Confusion and issues still must be prevailing in settling Vijaya's origin either to North-East or North-West,
6952-508: The widespread regional differences in vocabulary and phrasing; notwithstanding the number of poorly attested dialects and regional variations in naming. Kharwa, Kakari and Tarimuki (Ghisadi) are also often cited as additional varieties of Gujarati. Kutchi is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi . In addition, the Memoni is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly. Furthermore, words used by
7040-431: Was Sihor which was marked by Nana Sahib's remainder of life, which almost carried along for 45–46 years. Among the locals, very interesting piece of history referring the remainder, Nana Sahib's life in Sihor, his character, his thoughts and deeds, his subtle nature and identity, his local and general involvement, all these conveyed by those who were close to him directly or indirectly in Sihor, periodically got published in
7128-509: Was a place still quiet, serene, surrounded by hills, with difficult passages and forests stretching up to Girnar range. Religiously to interview the land and region of Kathiawar or the Saurashtra (region) , this province often known for its nobility, bravery, sacrifice and spirituality, the place of Sihor in Bhavnagar, Kathiawar, its dormant hills and the jungle surrounding the town may have been
7216-402: Was described by Hiuen Tsang , visited in 640 CE, as a "monarch of great administrative ability and of rare kindness and compassion". Śilāditya I was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I. Virdi copperplate grant (616 CE) of Kharagraha I proves that his territories included Ujjain . During the reign of the next ruler, Dharasena III, north Gujarat was included in this kingdom. Dharasena II
7304-453: Was famous for its liberalism and the students from all over the country, including the Brahmana boys, visited it to have higher education in secular and religious subjects. We are told that the graduates of Valabhi were given higher executive posts. The Charanas of the region connect themselves with the last Maitraka ruler Śilāditya VI. Goddess Khodiyar is considered a contemporary figure of
7392-458: Was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative/accusative singular in -ə. A major phonological change was the deletion of final ə , such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of - o developed. In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition. In 1920s,
7480-468: Was probably held. The next ruler Dharapaṭṭa is the only ruler considered as a sun-worshipper. King Guhasena stopped using the term Paramabhattaraka Padanudhyata along his name like his predecessors, which denotes the cessation of displaying of the nominal allegiance to the Gupta overlords. He was succeeded by his son Dharasena II, who used the title of Mahadhiraja . His son, the next ruler Śilāditya I Dharmāditya
7568-434: Was succeeded by another son of Kharagraha I, Dhruvasena II, Balāditya. He married the daughter of Harṣavardhana . His son Dharasena IV assumed the imperial titles of Paramabhattaraka Mahrajadhiraja Parameshvara Chakravartin . Sanskrit poet Bhatti was his court poet. The next powerful ruler of this dynasty was Śilāditya II. During the reign of Śilāditya V, Arabs probably invaded this kingdom. The last known ruler of this dynasty
7656-425: Was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ]. A formal grammar , Prakrita Vyakarana , of the precursor to this language, Gurjar Apabhraṃśa , was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Acharya Hemachandra Suri in
7744-581: Was Śilāditya VI. Maitrakas set up a Vallabhi University which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the Nalanda University . They came under the rule of Harṣa of Vardhana dynasty in the mid-seventh century, but retained local autonomy, and regained their independence after Harṣa's death. After repeated attacks by Arabs from the sea, the kingdom had weakened considerably. The dynasty ended by 783 CE. Apart from legendary accounts which connect fall of Vallabi with
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