69-3350: Swiss mountain running race [REDACTED] Sierre-Zinal 2014 The Sierre-Zinal race is an annual mountain running race that takes place in the Swiss canton of Valais each August. It is also known as the race of five 4000ers ("La course des cinq 4000"), as five peaks over four thousand meters are visible along its path: Weisshorn (4506 m), Zinalrothorn (4221 m), Obergabelhorn (4073 m), Matterhorn (4478 m), and Dent Blanche (4357 m). Results [ edit ] Men [ edit ] Edition Date Distance Winner Time Notes 1st 1974 31 km [REDACTED] Eddy Hauser 2:38:14 2nd 1975 31 km [REDACTED] Jeff Norman 2:37:56 3rd 1976 31 km [REDACTED] Aldo Allegranza 2:46:33 4th 1977 31 km [REDACTED] Chuck Smead 2:41:18 5th 1978 31 km [REDACTED] Stefan Soler 2:40:18 6th 1979 31 km [REDACTED] Pablo Vigil 2:33:49 7th 1980 31 km [REDACTED] Pablo Vigil 2:35:09 8th 1981 31 km [REDACTED] Pablo Vigil 2:35:46 9th 1982 31 km [REDACTED] Pablo Vigil 2:37:57 10th 1983 31 km [REDACTED] Aldo Allegranza 2:36:35 11th 1984 31 km [REDACTED] Fabrizio Valentini 2:37:49 12th 1985 31 km [REDACTED] Jack Maitland 2:36:11 13th 1986 31 km [REDACTED] Phil Makepiece 2:35:04 14th 1987 31 km [REDACTED] Beat Imhof 2:36:17 15th 1988 31 km [REDACTED] Pierre-André Gobet 2:34:16 16th 1989 31 km [REDACTED] Pierre-André Gobet 2:32:15 17th 1990 31 km [REDACTED] Jairo Correa 2:34:05 18th 1991 31 km [REDACTED] Francisco Sánchez Martínez 2:32:51 19th 1992 31 km [REDACTED] Jean-François Cuennet 2:37:57 20th 1993 31 km [REDACTED] Jairo Correa 2:32:44 21st 1994 31 km [REDACTED] Jacinto Lopez 2:35:25 22nd 1995 31 km [REDACTED] Jairo Correa 2:34:21 23rd 1996 31 km [REDACTED] Eticha Tesfaye 2:41:05 24th 1997 31 km [REDACTED] Martin Horacek 2:39:53 25th 1998 31 km [REDACTED] Ricardo Mejia 2:34:56 26th 1999 31 km [REDACTED] Ricardo Mejia 2:32:38 27th 2000 31 km [REDACTED] Billy Burns 2:35:45 28th 2001 31 km [REDACTED] Ricardo Mejia 2:30:59 29th 2002 12 km [REDACTED] Jonathan Wyatt 1:07:17 Shortened edition due to snow on
138-552: A Willensnation ("nation of volition") rather than a nation state . The English name Switzerland is a portmanteau of Switzer , an obsolete term for a Swiss person which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries, and land . The English adjective Swiss is a loanword from French Suisse , also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer , in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory , one of
207-609: A lower house (the National Council , with representatives elected from across the country). Referendums were made mandatory for any amendments. This new constitution ended the legal power of nobility in Switzerland . A single system of weights and measures was introduced, and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency , complemented by the WIR franc in 1934. Article 11 of
276-513: A change of policy following threats from Germany. Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned. Between 1940 and 1945, Switzerland was bombed by the Allies , causing fatalities and property damage. Among the cities and towns bombed were Basel , Brusio , Chiasso , Cornol , Geneva, Koblenz , Niederweningen , Rafz , Renens , Samedan , Schaffhausen , Stein am Rhein , Tägerwilen , Thayngen , Vals , and Zurich. Allied forces maintained that
345-666: A remarkable size, while hundreds of agricultural estates ( Villae rusticae ) were established in the countryside. Around 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to shelter near Roman fortresses, like
414-523: A sign of support. In September 2020, a referendum calling for a vote to end the pact that allowed a free movement of people from the European Union was introduced by the Swiss People's Party (SVP). However, voters rejected the attempt to retake control of immigration, defeating the motion by a roughly 63%–37% margin. On 9 February 2014, 50.3% of Swiss voters approved a ballot initiative launched by
483-405: A significant impact on the psychology and society of Switzerland. The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength. Swiss from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more from merging their economic and religious interests. Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings ,
552-547: A whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time. This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly. The population rejected an early draft in 1872, but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874. It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level. It also established federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters. In 1891,
621-442: Is a sports discipline which takes place mainly off-road in mountainous terrain, but if there is significant elevation gain on the route, surfaced roads may be used. In this it differs from fell running ; also its courses are more clearly marked and avoid dangerous sections. It is a form of trail running if it is run on unpaved surfaces. Mountain running is a combination of running, jogging , and walking, depending on how steep
690-463: Is considered the confederacy's founding document, even though similar alliances likely existed decades earlier. The document was agreed among the rural communes of Uri , Schwyz , and Unterwalden . By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne , Zurich and Bern city-states to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states that obtained through
759-409: Is one of the world's most developed countries having the highest nominal wealth per adult , and the eighth-highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita . Switzerland performs highly on several international metrics , including economic competitiveness and democratic governance . Cities such as Zurich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in terms of quality of life, albeit with some of
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#1733093192270828-636: Is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is the best known. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais , on the border with Italy. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and Mönch peaks, and its many picturesque valleys. In
897-670: The Waldstätte cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy . The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for "Confederates", Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath ), used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland , CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica ( Helvetic Confederation ). The toponym Schwyz itself
966-534: The Axis and Allied powers. Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to Nazi Germany varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland (together with Liechtenstein ) entirely isolated from
1035-608: The Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defence at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes). At the end of the fourth century, the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept. The Swiss Plateau was finally open to Germanic tribes . In the Early Middle Ages , from the end of the fourth century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland
1104-548: The Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence, and the European powers recognised permanent Swiss neutrality. Swiss troops served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the siege of Gaeta . The treaty allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the admission of the cantons of Valais , Neuchâtel and Geneva . Switzerland's borders saw only minor adjustments thereafter. The restoration of power to
1173-651: The First War of Villmergen , in 1656, and the Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712. In 1798, the revolutionary French government invaded Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen left Switzerland and the Valtellina valley became part of the Cisalpine Republic . The new regime, known as
1242-617: The Hallstatt and La Tène cultures , named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel . La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly influenced by Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most prominent La Tène tribes were the Helvetii , who primarily occupied the Swiss Plateau , alongside the Rhaetians in
1311-597: The Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD. In the 10th century, as the rule of the Carolingians waned, Magyars destroyed Basel in 917 and St. Gallen in 926. In response, Henry the Fowler , the then ruler of East Francia, decreed the fortification of key settlements to defend against these invasions. Large villages and towns, including strategic locations like Zurich and St.Gallen, were fortified. This initiative led to
1380-580: The League of Nations , which was based in Geneva , after it was exempted from military requirements. During World War II , detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune, as larger events during the war intervened. General Henri Guisan , appointed
1449-559: The Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a mountain range running across the central and south of the country, constituting about 60% of the country's area. The majority of the population live on the Swiss Plateau. The Swiss Alps host many glaciers, covering 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate
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#17330931922701518-593: The Swiss Confederation , is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe . It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps and the Jura ; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country's population of 9 million are concentrated on
1587-590: The Swiss economy . During the Cold War , Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb . Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility. In 1988, the Paul Scherrer Institute was founded in his name to explore the therapeutic uses of neutron scattering technologies. Financial problems with
1656-944: The WTO , the WHO , the ILO , FIFA , the WEF , and the UN. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area , or the eurozone ; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area . Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities based in Bern . Switzerland
1725-453: The commander-in-chief for the duration of the war ordered a general mobilisation of the armed forces. The Swiss military strategy changed from static defence at the borders to organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps, known as the Reduit . Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides and often mediated communications between
1794-595: The Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries . The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire . In 1501, Basel and Schaffhausen joined the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Confederacy acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of
1863-605: The EU was attained that eliminated quotas on EU citizens, but still allowed favourable treatment of Swiss-based job applicants. On 27 September 2020, 62% of Swiss voters rejected the anti-free movement referendum by SVP. Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west -central Europe, Switzerland encompasses diverse landscapes and climates across its 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi). Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N , and longitudes 5° and 11° E . It contains three basic topographical areas:
1932-573: The French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The Act of Mediation was the result, which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons. Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons' tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government. In 1815
2001-682: The Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. An invading foreign army had imposed and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state . The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population's resistance to the occupation. When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside
2070-577: The Helvetii were forced by Caesar to return to their original lands, where they were subjected to stringent restrictions on their autonomy and movements. In 15 BC, Tiberius (later the second Roman emperor) and his brother Drusus conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire . The area occupied by the Helvetii first became part of Rome's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province. The eastern portion of modern Switzerland
2139-571: The Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality . During the Early Modern period of Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the Thirty Years' War led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653 . In the background to this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at
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2208-493: The Swiss Alps. 90% of Switzerland's 65,000-kilometre-long network of rivers and streams have been straightened, dammed, canalized or channeled underground, in an effort to prevent natural disasters such as flooding, landslides, and avalanches. 80% of all Swiss drinking water comes from groundwater sources. Forty-eight mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) or higher in height. At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa
2277-569: The Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration . This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approval) and suburban groups (51.2% approval), and isolated towns (51.3% approval) as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) rejected it. In December 2016, a political compromise with
2346-602: The Swiss drew up a constitution that provided for a federal layout , much of it inspired by the American example . This constitution provided central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States , two representatives per canton) and
2415-491: The adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848. Switzerland's precursors established a defensive alliance in 1291, forming a loose confederation that persisted for centuries. The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date to about 150,000 years ago. The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, which were found at Gächlingen , date to around 5300 BC. The earliest known tribes formed
2484-820: The best athletes in a series of the biggest and most prominent races in the sport. The Valsir Mountain Running World Cup usually takes place between July and October predominantly in Continental Europe. The series encompasses a variety of races in categories including; Classic (Up & Down), Vertical (Steep Uphill > 20%) and Long Distance Mountain Running with there usually being at least 3 races making up each category. [REDACTED] Media related to Mountain running at Wikimedia Commons Switzerland in Europe (green and dark grey) Switzerland , officially
2553-488: The bombings, which violated the 96th Article of War , resulted from navigation errors, equipment failure, weather conditions, and pilot errors. The Swiss expressed fear and concern that the bombings were intended to put pressure on Switzerland to end economic cooperation and neutrality with Nazi Germany. Court-martial proceedings took place in England. The US paid SFR 62M for reparations. Switzerland's attitude towards refugees
2622-543: The citizens, the membership application was withdrawn. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually changing to conform with that of the EU, and the government signed bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty , a result that EU commentators regarded as
2691-568: The confederation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano . This ended the so-called "heroic" epoch of Swiss history. The success of Zwingli 's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 ( Wars of Kappel ). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the Peace of Westphalia , European countries recognised Switzerland's independence from
2760-515: The constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, marking the end of foreign service. It came with the expectation of serving the Holy See , and the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the siege of Gaeta in 1860 . An important clause of the constitution was that it could be entirely rewritten, if necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as
2829-469: The constitution was revised with uncommonly strong elements of direct democracy , which remain unique today. Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars. During World War I , Switzerland was home to the revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union Vladimir Illych Ulyanov ( Vladimir Lenin ) who remained there until 1917. Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the short-lived Grimm–Hoffmann affair in 1917. In 1920, Switzerland joined
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2898-404: The country top-level domain ".ch", are both taken from the state's Latin name). Helvetica is derived from the Helvetii , a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss Plateau before the Roman era . Helvetia appeared as a national personification of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century in a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach. The state of Switzerland took its present form with
2967-402: The country, Schwiiz , is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article ( d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town). The long [iː] of Swiss German is historically and still often today spelled ⟨y⟩ rather than ⟨ii⟩ , preserving the original identity of
3036-4838: The course 30th 2003 31 km [REDACTED] Jonathan Wyatt 2:29:12 31st 2004 31 km [REDACTED] Ricardo Mejia 2:34:35 32nd 2005 31 km [REDACTED] Ricardo Mejia 2:34:10 33rd 2006 31 km [REDACTED] Tarcis Ançay 2:36:09 34th 2007 31 km [REDACTED] Jean-Christophe Dupont 2:41:44 35th 2008 31 km [REDACTED] Marco De Gasperi 2:30:50 36th 2009 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:35:30 37th 2010 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:37:27 38th 2011 31 km [REDACTED] Marco De Gasperi 2:30:18 39th 2012 31 km [REDACTED] Marco De Gasperi 2:31:36 40th 2013 31 km [REDACTED] Marc Lauenstein 2:32:14 41st 2014 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:31:54 42nd 2015 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:33:14 43rd 2016 31 km [REDACTED] Petro Mamu 2:33:38 44th 2017 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:33:05 45th 2018 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:31:39 46th 2019 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:25:35 47th 2020 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:33:15 Shorter Course due Covid Edition 48th 2021 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:31:44 49th 2022 31 km [REDACTED] Andreu Blanes Reig 2:29:19 50th 2023 31 km [REDACTED] Philemon Ombogo Kiriago 2:27:27 51st 2024 31 km [REDACTED] Kilian Jornet 2:25:34 Course Record and 10th win (highest number of wins) Women [ edit ] Edition Date Distance Winner Time Notes 1st 1974 31 km [REDACTED] Chantal Langlacé 3:51:59 2nd 1975 31 km [REDACTED] Annick Loir 3:50:48 3rd 1976 31 km [REDACTED] Annick Loir 3:26:35 4th 1977 31 km [REDACTED] Marijke Moser 3:47:05 5th 1978 31 km [REDACTED] Marijke Moser 3:48:00 6th 1979 31 km [REDACTED] Chantal Langlacé 3:32:29 7th 1980 31 km [REDACTED] E. Ljungström 3:22:53 8th 1981 31 km [REDACTED] Marie Subot 3:19:41 9th 1982 31 km [REDACTED] Véronique Billat 3:19:44 10th 1983 31 km [REDACTED] Marie Subot 3:29:44 11th 1984 31 km [REDACTED] Véronique Marot 3:12:08 12th 1985 31 km [REDACTED] Véronique Marot 3:06:55 13th 1986 31 km [REDACTED] Annick Mérot 3:28:05 14th 1987 31 km [REDACTED] Véronique Marot 3:01:57 15th 1988 31 km [REDACTED] Sally Goldsmith 3:04:37 16th 1989 31 km [REDACTED] Sally Goldsmith 3:11:00 17th 1990 31 km [REDACTED] Marie-Christine Ducret 3:12:49 18th 1991 31 km [REDACTED] Marie-Christine Ducret 3:10:59 19th 1992 31 km [REDACTED] Odile Léveque 3:22:55 20th 1993 31 km [REDACTED] Beverley Redfern 3:11:31 21st 1994 31 km [REDACTED] Brigitte Eustache 3:24:29 22nd 1995 31 km [REDACTED] Isabella Crettenand-Moretti 3:09:44 23rd 1996 31 km [REDACTED] Isabella Crettenand-Moretti 3:05:23 24th 1997 31 km [REDACTED] Isabella Crettenand-Moretti 3:04:20 25th 1998 31 km [REDACTED] Svetlana Netchaeva 3:10:31 26th 1999 31 km [REDACTED] Vera Sukhova 3:10:57 27th 2000 31 km [REDACTED] Irina Poupaza 3:05:12 28th 2001 31 km [REDACTED] Angela Mudge 2:56:41 29th 2002 12 km [REDACTED] Gudrun de Pay 1:29:20 Shortened edition due to snow on
3105-6016: The course 30th 2003 31 km [REDACTED] Tsige Worku 3:16:07 31st 2004 31 km [REDACTED] Angéline Joly 3:09:22 32nd 2005 31 km [REDACTED] Angéline Joly 2:55:35 33rd 2006 31 km [REDACTED] Anna Pichrtova 2:58:42 34th 2007 31 km [REDACTED] Anna Pichrtova 2:55:19 35th 2008 31 km [REDACTED] Anna Pichrtova 2:54:26 36th 2009 31 km [REDACTED] Anna Pichrtova 2:58:24 4th win (highest number of wins) 37th 2010 31 km [REDACTED] Megan Lund 3:09:28 38th 2011 31 km [REDACTED] Oiha Kortazar Aranzeta 3:11:25 39th 2012 31 km [REDACTED] Aline Camboulives 3:02:58 40th 2013 31 km [REDACTED] Elisa Desco 2:58:33 41st 2014 31 km [REDACTED] Stevie Kremer 3:03:12 42nd 2015 31 km [REDACTED] Lucy Wambui Murigi 2:56:40 43rd 2016 31 km [REDACTED] Michelle Maier 2:58:40 44th 2017 31 km [REDACTED] Lucy Wambui Murigi 2:58:39 45th 2018 31 km [REDACTED] Lucy Wambui Murigi 2:57:54 46th 2019 31 km [REDACTED] Maude Mathys 2:49:20 Course record 47th 2020 31 km [REDACTED] Maude Mathys 2:48:48 Shorter Course due Covid Edition 48th 2021 31 km [REDACTED] Maude Mathys 2:46:03 Shorter Course due Covid Edition 49th 2022 31 km [REDACTED] Maude Mathys 2:52:32 4th win (highest number of wins) 50th 2023 31 km [REDACTED] Sophia Laukli 2:53:17 51st 2024 31km [REDACTED] Joyline Chepngeno 2:54:06 References [ edit ] ^ "Sierre-Zinal: How to do it" . runthealps.com . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . ^ Datasport.com. 2022. [online] Available at: < https://www.datasport.com/live/ranking?racenr=24138&kat=11 > [Accessed 1 August 2023]. External links [ edit ] Official website v t e Skyrunner World Series races 2017 season Sky Classic Yading Skyrun (CHN) Zegama-Aizkorri (ESP) Livigno SkyMarathon (ITA) Olympus Marathon (GRE) Buff Epic Trail (ESP) Dolomites SkyRace (ITA) SkyRace Comapedrosa (AND) Matterhorn Ultraks (SUI) The Rut 25K (USA) Ring of Steall Skyrace (GBR) Limone SkyRace (ITA) Sky Ultra Transvulcania Ultramarathon (ESP) Ultra SkyMarathon Madeira (POR) Scenic Trail (SUI) High Trail Vanoise (FRA) The Rut 50K (USA) Devil’s Ridge Ultra (CHN) Salomon Ben Nevis Ultra (GBR) Ultra Pirineu (ESP) Sky Extreme Royal Ultra Sky Marathon (ITA) Tromsø SkyRace (NOR) Salomon Glen Coe Skyline (GBR) Former Sky Classic X-Marathon de la Val d'Aran (ESP) Barr Trail Mountain Race (USA) Ville d'Aoste SkyRace (ITA) Sierre-Zinal (SUI) Mount Kinabalu International Climbathon (MAS) Valmalenco-Valposchiavo (SUI) 6000D SkyRace (FRA) Sentiero delle Grigne (ITA) OSJ Ontake SkyRace (JPN) SkyRace Andorra (AND) Ben Nevis Race (GBR) Circuito dos 3 Cântaros (GBR) SkyRace de Serre Chevalier (FRA) Giir di Mont (ITA) Irazú SkyRace (CRC) SkyRace Mexiquense (MEX) Avila SkyRace (VEN) (2009, 2010) Puyada Oturia (ESP) (2009) Travessa de Canilllo (AND) Carrera La Sagra (ESP) Ziria Skyrace (GRE) Snowdon Race (GBR) Sorginen Lasterketa (ESP) Elbrus Race (RUS) Ronda dels Cims (AND) Lantau 2 Peaks (HKG) Sky Marathon Sentiero 4 Luglio SkyMarathon (ITA) Maratón Alpino Madrileño (ESP) Cervinia SkyMarathon (ITA) Pikes Peak Marathon (USA) Marató de Muntanya de Berga (ESP) Monte Rosa SkyMarathon (ITA) Chaberton Marathon (FRA) Red Rock SkyMarathon (ITA) SkyMarathon Ribagorza Románica (ESP) Marathon du Montcalm (FRA) Marathon du Mont Blanc (FRA) Sky Ultra Trofeo Kima (ITA) UltraTrail de Mexico (MEX) Bettelmatt Ultra Trail (ITA) Speedgoat (USA) Cavalls del Vent (ESP) Gran Trail des Templiers (FRA) Ice Trail Tarentaise (FRA) Ultra Race of Champions (USA) Vertical Kilometer Kilomètre Vertical de Val d’Isère (FRA) Kilomètre Vertical Arles/Tech (FRA) Elbrus Vertical Kilometer (RUS) Gerania Vertical Kilometer (GRE) Dolomites Vertical Kilometer (ITA) Kilomètre vertical de Fully (SUI) Vertical Kilometer del Puig Campana (ESP) Cara Amon Vertical (ESP) Chamonix Kilomètre Vertical (FRA) Limone Extreme Vertical Kilometer (ITA) Transvulcania Vertical (ESP) Lone Peak Vertical (USA) Tromsø Vertical Kilometer (NOR) Santa Caterina Vertical Kilometer (ITA) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierre-Zinal&oldid=1247754913 " Categories : Athletics competitions in Switzerland Skyrunning competitions Skyrunner World Series Summer events in Switzerland Golden Trail Series Sport in Valais Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Misplaced Pages Mountain running Mountain running
3174-409: The defence budget and ethical considerations prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. Plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988. Switzerland joined the Council of Europe in 1963. Switzerland was the last Western republic (the Principality of Liechtenstein followed in 1984) to grant women
3243-415: The development of what were essentially early urban strongholds and city governments in Eastern Switzerland. By 1200, the Swiss Plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy , Zähringer , Habsburg , and Kyburg . Some regions ( Uri , Schwyz , Unterwalden , later known as Waldstätten ) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With
3312-423: The eastern regions. Facing pressures from Germanic tribes, in 58 BC, the Helvetii, influenced by Orgetorix , a wealthy aristocrat, decided to abandon the Swiss Plateau for better opportunities in western Gallia. After Orgetorix's mysterious death, the tribe continued their migration but was decisively defeated by Julius Caesar's armies at the Battle of Bibracte , in present-day eastern France. Following their defeat,
3381-465: The end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the confederation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains , and the University of Basel was founded (with a faculty of medicine) establishing a tradition of chemical and medical research. This increased after victories against the Habsburgs ( Battle of Sempach , Battle of Näfels ), over Charles
3450-485: The event is called the World Mountain and Trail Running Championships and was first held in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2022. Until 2019 there was a standalone World Mountain Running Championships also known for a time as the World Mountain Running Trophy, the World Long Distance Mountain Running Championships was discontinued in 2019 after the adoption of the new combined event. The World Mountain Running Association runs an annual World Cup competition, which pulls together
3519-539: The extinction of its male line in 1263, the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264. The Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them, extending their territory to the eastern Swiss Plateau. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps. The Confederacy was governed by nobles and patricians of various cantons who facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on mountain trade routes. The Federal Charter of 1291
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#17330931922703588-500: The headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine , Inn , Ticino and Rhône , which flow in the four cardinal directions, spreading across Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of fresh water in Central and Western Europe, among which are Lake Geneva (Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore . Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes and contains 6% of Europe's freshwater stock. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of
3657-607: The highest costs of living . Switzerland holds an international reputation for its established banking sector, alongside its distinctive recognition for their watchmaking and chocolate production. It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh . Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy , and Alpine symbolism. Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as
3726-408: The last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA but not the European Economic Area (EEA). An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but did not advance since rejecting the EEA in December 1992 when Switzerland conducted a referendum on the EEA. Several referendums on the EU issue ensued; due to opposition from
3795-522: The national territory. Lake Geneva is the largest lake and is shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest and, like Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border with Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camargue region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam , about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) apart, both springs are only about 22 kilometres (14 miles) apart in
3864-401: The patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes, such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg ) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund ). The war lasted less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire . The Sonderbundskrieg had
3933-409: The plateau, which hosts its largest cities and economic centres, including Zurich , Geneva , and Basel . Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages , following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy ; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country's founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire
4002-414: The right to vote . Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level, it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde , along with Glarus ) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance. The first woman on the seven-member Federal Council executive
4071-400: The route, surfaced roads may be used. Courses involve considerable amounts of ascent (for mainly uphill races), or both ascent and descent (for up and down races with the start and finish at similar heights). The average incline is normally between five and twenty percent. Courses are clearly marked and should avoid dangerous sections. The WMRA co-organises a bi-annual world championships ,
4140-546: The sixth century, following Clovis I 's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians. Throughout the rest of the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries, Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony ( Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties) but after its extension under Charlemagne , the Frankish Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. The territories of present-day Switzerland became divided into Middle Francia and East Francia until they were reunified under
4209-414: The trail is. It is recognized by World Athletics and governed by the World Mountain Running Association which has been organising world championships since 1985. The World Mountain Running Association (WMRA) is the global governing body of mountain running. For World Athletics purposes, mountain running takes place on terrain that is mainly off-road , but if there is significant elevation gain on
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#17330931922704278-439: The two names even in writing. The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was neologised and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic . It appeared on coins from 1879, inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal (e.g., the ISO banking code "CHF" for the Swiss franc , the Swiss postage stamps ('HELVETIA') and
4347-502: The wider world by Axis-controlled territory. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees aided by the International Red Cross , based in Geneva. Strict immigration and asylum policies and the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, only at the end of the 20th century. During the war, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes in May and June 1940, then forcing down other intruders after
4416-441: Was Elisabeth Kopp , who served from 1984 to 1989, and the first female president was Ruth Dreifuss in 1999. In 1979 areas from the canton of Bern attained independence from the Bernese, forming the new canton of Jura . On 18 April 1999, the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised federal constitution . In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving Vatican City as
4485-399: Was complicated and controversial; over the course of the war, it admitted as many as 300,000 refugees while refusing tens of thousands more, including Jews persecuted by the Nazis. After the war, the Swiss government exported credits through the charitable fund known as the Schweizerspende and donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe's recovery, efforts that ultimately benefited
4554-402: Was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes , perhaps related to swedan 'to burn' (cf. Old Norse svíða 'to singe, burn'), referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of
4623-474: Was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815 . It joined the United Nations only in 2002 but pursues an active foreign policy that includes frequent involvement in peace building . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions including
4692-405: Was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia . Sometime around the start of the Common Era , the Romans maintained a large camp called Vindonissa , now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch . The first and second century AD was an age of prosperity on the Swiss Plateau. Towns such as Aventicum , Iulia Equestris and Augusta Raurica reached
4761-403: Was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians , who introduced the French language to the area. The Alemanni settled the Swiss Plateau in the fifth century and the valleys of the Alps in the eighth century, forming Alemannia . Modern-day Switzerland was then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy . The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in
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