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65-406: Since 1922, respectfully 1926, the growing company was managed by the sons of Emil Siepmann and Hugo Siepmann . In 1968, Ernst L. Siepmann (1906–1968), the only heir of Emil died and the company fell in the ownership of his cousins, leaving his ownership part split between many passive heirs. After the death of Alfred Siepmann (1899–1974), his younger brother Walter acquired the entire concern in

130-575: A family-buy-out . Since 2014, the concern is managed by Korinna Schwittay ( née Siepmann), the youngest granddaughter of Walter Siepmann , respectively through the corporate vehicles Siepmann Beteiligungs-GmbH and Siepmann-Industries GmbH & Co KG. Siepmann is family-owned and entirely controlled by the Hugo Siepmann branch of the family. The company is still at the same location where it moved in 1909, with headquarters at Emil-Siepmann-Strasse named after Emil Siepmann . Siepmann manufactures for

195-403: A search performed by an International Searching Authority (ISA), accompanied by a written opinion regarding the patentability of the invention, which is the subject of the application. It is optionally followed by a preliminary examination , performed by an International Preliminary Examining Authority (IPEA). Finally, the relevant national or regional authorities administer matters related to

260-517: A PCT application may be published earlier if the applicant requests early publication. Secondly, if 18 months after the priority date, the PCT application designates only the United States, then the application is not automatically published. From the publication of the PCT application until 28 months after the priority date, any third party may file observations regarding the novelty and inventive step of

325-613: A commercial apprenticeship since his parents were not able to afford university studies in the first place, and therefore passed on the opportunity to complete the Abitur . After completing his apprenticeship, Siepmann served one year as a volunteer soldier on the Royal Bavarian Infantry Lifeguards Regiment in Munich . After completing his military service, Siepmann worked in the railway industry , until his mid-20s. In

390-443: A competent patent office, called a Receiving Office (RO). This application is called an international application or simply a PCT application since it neither results in an international patent nor in a PCT patent, neither of which exists. The PCT application needs to be filed in one language only, although a translation of the application may be required for the international search and the international publication, depending on

455-539: A demand". However, "[for] cases where the written opinion of the ISA contains negative findings, the savings in the applicant's/agent's time and, where applicable, agent's fees, required by multiple responses to national offices may well justify the use of the Chapter II procedure." The demand for an international preliminary examination also gives the applicant an opportunity to amend the claims, description and drawings. Otherwise,

520-534: A gradual improvement from 1925 onwards. In the years 1926/27 the latest welding technology was used, which allowed forgings to be welded together. Large quantities of these welded pieces were manufactured for the Deutsche Reichsbahn and for the victorious powers of the time as reparations. In 1927 the number of employees rose to over 400. During the Great Depression , triggered by the stock market crash on

585-415: A national or resident of a contracting state to the PCT needs, however, "only to be complied with at the time of filing the international application. Later changes in the applicant's country of residence (or nationality) ... have no consequence on the validity of the international application itself." In most member states, the applicant or at least one of the applicants of the application is required to be

650-527: A national or resident of the state of the receiving office where the application is filed. Applicants from any contracting state may file a PCT application at the International Bureau in Geneva, subject to national security provisions. Upon filing of the PCT application, all contracting states are automatically designated. Subject to reservations made by any contracting state, a PCT application fulfilling

715-496: A translation of the IPRP Chapter I into English. The international search report can help the applicant decide whether it would be worthwhile seeking national protection, and if so, in how many countries, as fees and other expenses, including translation costs, must be paid to enter the national phase in each country. Yet another advantage of filing a PCT application under the PCT is that many national patent authorities will rely on

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780-402: Is an international patent law treaty , concluded in 1970. It provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states. A patent application filed under the PCT is called an international application , or PCT application . A single filing of a PCT application is made with a Receiving Office (RO) in one language. It then results in

845-400: Is conducted by an authorized International Preliminary Examination Authority (IPEA) and its objective is "to formulate a preliminary and non-binding opinion on the questions whether the claimed invention appears to be novel, to involve an inventive step (to be non-obvious), and to be industrially applicable". This results in an International Preliminary Examination Report (IPER). Since 2004,

910-637: Is initially confidential, but unless it is superseded by an International Preliminary Examination Report (see optional examination, below), it is made available in the form of an International Preliminary Report on Patentability (Chapter I of the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or IPRP Chapter I), within 30 months of the filing date or a priority date, if any. If the ISR is not in English, it is translated into English for publication. A designated Office may require

975-533: Is published by the International Bureau at the WIPO , based in Geneva , Switzerland , in one of the ten "languages of publication": Arabic , Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Korean , Portuguese , Russian, and Spanish. The publication normally takes place promptly after 18 months from the filing date or, if a priority is claimed, from the earliest priority date. There are two exceptions to this rule, however. First,

1040-401: Is to reduce the likelihood of seeing new prior art being cited in the subsequent national phases. A supplementary international search is said to allow applicants to obtain an additional search report "taking into account the growing linguistic diversity of the prior art being found". In 2009 and 2010, the demand for supplementary international searches was relatively low. The PCT application

1105-671: The Japan Patent Office (JPO) (20.7%) and the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO) (14.8%). The ISA must establish the ISR and its accompanying written within "three months from the receipt of the search copy by the International Searching Authority, or nine months from the priority date , whichever time limit expires later." The ISR is published together with the PCT application (or as soon as possible afterwards). The written opinion

1170-496: The New York Stock Exchange , the companies sales rapidly shrank and the production had to be severely curtailed. In 1932, the workforce fell to around 80 employees. Even the few remaining employees could at times only be employed on short-time work. At the end of the 1920s, Walter Siepmann, Sr. , took over the majority of the shares through a family-buy-out. He made significant profits through his international patents and

1235-509: The Warstein area and established a manufacturing company for shovels made out of sheet steel . His companies employed 305 people in 1855. After he filed for bankruptcy due to failure in management the company was taken-over by Louis Peters in 1891. He was the namesake for Peters & Cie. until it changed to the current Siepmann name. However, Louis Peters, did hand the daily business to his brothers-in-law Emil (1863–1950) and Hugo Siepmann

1300-466: The claimed subject matter. The search results in an international search report (ISR), together with a written opinion regarding patentability . The ISA(s) that the applicant can choose depends on the receiving Office with which the applicant filed the international application. In 2013, the most selected ISAs were the European Patent Office (EPO) (with 37.7% of all ISRs issued), followed by

1365-520: The railway , wind power , heavy duty, valve , marine , construction equipment , production and mining industries. It currently has the following divisions: The conglomerate Siepmann had a predecessor company founded by the German industrialist Wilhelm Bergenthal (1805–1893) and his brother-in-law Ferdinand Gabriel in 1834 which was growing rapidly at the time. Bergenthal was an inventor and pioneer who brought production principles from Brandenburg to

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1430-522: The IPER bears the title " international preliminary report on patentability (Chapter II of the Patent Cooperation Treaty) " (commonly abbreviated " IPRP Chapter II "). The filing of a demand for international preliminary examination, which must be done within a time limit, is subject to the payment of a "handling fee" for the benefit of the International Bureau and a "preliminary examination fee" for

1495-558: The PCT. The main advantages of the PCT procedure, also referred to as the international procedure, are that (a) it allows the filing of a single patent application, replacing the need for filing a multiplicity of separate applications, with a procedure taking place in a predictable way; (b) the international search and, optionally, the international preliminary examination "give applicants a better basis for deciding whether and in which countries to further pursue their applications", thus allowing "for better management of patent portfolios and

1560-535: The Patent Cooperation Treaty was held in Washington from 25 May to 19 June 1970. The Patent Cooperation Treaty was signed on the last day of the conference on 19 June 1970. The Treaty entered into force on 24 January 1978, initially with 18 contracting states. The first international applications were filed on 1 June 1978. The Treaty was subsequently amended in 1979, and modified in 1984 and 2001. As of December 2022, PCT membership consisted of 157 contracting states. It

1625-603: The Siepmann works became one of the most modern drop forges in Europe. The development led from the simple charcoal forge and coke oven to the oil-fired and finally gas-fired forge. After years of trials, a separate gas production plant was built in 1937/38. The gas was obtained from anthracite coals . In 1938, the Siepmann's built the first production line for forgings in Germany, consisting of three counterblow hammers, three presses and

1690-524: The accident and there were also numerous injuries. In the second generation the concern was led by Walter Siepmann, Sr. (1902-1985), Alfred Siepmann (1899–1974) and their cousin Ernst L. Siepmann (1906–1968), the successor of Emil Siepmann . Ernst studied at the Technical University of Aachen , where he met and acquainted Alfried Krupp von Bohlen and Hallbach , sole heir to Krupp , who was appointed to

1755-593: The agricultural and bicycle industries. In 1916, they began to manufacture for the automobile industry and were highly successful in delivering parts to German car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz , BMW or Adler . From 1917 they began to produce for the German government with larger armaments orders. The post-war period with galloping inflation up to the introduction of the Rentenmark in November 1923 also caused great difficulties for domestic industry, which only led to

1820-470: The applicant can only modify the claims once within two months from the time of the ISR has been transmitted. There are many advantages, such as cost and effort savings ("as well as possibly shortened pendency/faster grants" ), in receiving a favourable IPRP Chapter II, i.e. a favourable report following an international preliminary examination. For instance, national offices "with a smaller examining staff and those without examiners tend to rely more heavily on

1885-543: The associated furnaces. At that time, armaments for the German Wehrmacht were already on full production. The Siepmann works were the largest forge for armored track links. Siepmann grew rapidly during World War II and became the largest manufacturing company of the region with steady and fast growth. Own supply systems were created, investments were made in new technologies and also machines and hammers. In this way, productivity could be significantly increased. In 1932

1950-430: The avoidance of unnecessary expenses"; and (c) it allows the deferral of national processing. A PCT application (also called "international patent application") has two phases. The first phase is the international phase in which patent protection is pending under a single patent application filed with the patent office of a contracting state of the PCT. The second phase is the national and regional phase which follows

2015-463: The benefit of the IPEA. The cost of filing a demand varies depending on the IPEA used by the applicant. The IPEA(s) that the applicant can choose however depends on the receiving Office with which the applicant filed the PCT application (the same applies to ISAs). If the written opinion established by the International Searching Authority (ISA) is positive, "there is little value to be obtained from filing

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2080-415: The company board soon thereafter. The group continued to grow with the founding of PERSTA-Stahlarmaturen GmbH & Co. KG . A manufacturing and supply company for industrial fittings. In the 1970s, Walter Siepmann, Sr. , acquired the entire concern after the death of his brother. He gained substantial wealth through his industrial patents, which were used worldwide, only a minority of the company remained in

2145-413: The construction of a children's home on the island of Norderney . He also put his skills at the service of the public when he was elected to the district council Arnsberg in November 1904 in the regular supplementary election from the electoral association of larger landowners. He campaigned for new railway connections and a power station. He was a member of the relevant commissions. From 1909 to 1929 he

2210-489: The designated offices, which are free to require a translation of the informal comments. The PCT does not make any specific provision concerning the types of invention which may be the subject of an international application. Rules 39 and 67 permit International Searching and Preliminary Examining Authorities not to carry out search and examination on certain types of subject matter, such as scientific and mathematical theories, methods of doing business and computer programs to

2275-601: The end of the war, the company had steadily grown, and the output of tank tracks was constantly increasing. In addition to German specialists, French, Russian and, from 1943, also Italian prisoners of war were employed, as well as men and women from the occupied countries who had been conscripted by the Nazis , especially from the USSR . Towards the end of the Second World War, the company had between 1,700 and 3,000 employees . The area of

2340-413: The examination of application (if provided by national law) and issuance of patent. A PCT application does not itself result in the grant of a patent, since there is no such thing as an "international patent", and the grant of patent is a prerogative of each national or regional authority. In other words, a PCT application, which establishes a filing date in all contracting states, must be followed up with

2405-437: The express request of the applicant, even before publication of the international application. If the entry into national or regional phase is not performed within the prescribed time limit, the PCT application generally ceases to have the effect of a national or regional application. The millionth PCT application was filed at the end of 2004, whereas the two millionth application was filed in 2011. The first ever decline in

2470-667: The extent that the Authority is not equipped to carry out a search or international preliminary examination concerning such programs. However, this does not affect the issue of whether the invention is patentable under the laws of the contracting states, as "[n]othing in [the PCT] and the Regulations is intended to be construed as prescribing anything that would limit the freedom of each contracting state to prescribe such substantive conditions of patentability as it desires." Finally, at 30 months from

2535-514: The filing date of the PCT application or from the earliest priority date of the application if a priority is claimed, the international phase ends and the PCT application enters in national and regional phase. However, any national law may fix time limits which expire later than 30 months. For instance, it is possible to enter the European regional phase at 31 months from the earliest priority date. National and regional phases can also be started earlier on

2600-409: The filing of a demand for international preliminary examination is to file informal comments in response to the written opinion established by the ISA. These informal comments are not published. The informal comments should be submitted to the International Bureau (IB), and not to the ISA or the IPEA. They are kept in the file of the PCT application and, in the case where no demand is filed, forwarded to

2665-670: The first one handling the technical development and the lather the commercial and sales departments. In 1909, Peters & Cie., bought a plot of industrial land in Belecke near the Warstein freight depot. They started to construct a new manufacturing plant as well as a intermodal connection to the railway system. The brothers, wo managed the company successfully, acquired the business in 1910 and subsequently officially became their owner. Shovels and spades pressed from sheet steel, forged hay and fertilizer forks, lattice spikes etc. were produced in both factories. Until then their main clients were in

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2730-462: The group is still owned by the heirs of Emil Siepmann , of which Nicolai Siepmann (board member) is a great-grandson. Emil Siepmann Emil Ludwig Siepmann known as Emil Siepmann ( / s ɪ ə p m ɑː n / ; August 25, 1863 – November 2, 1950) was a German industrialist, patron and politician. He served as a member of the District Council of Arnsberg from 1904 to 1915. Siepmann

2795-519: The hands of the heirs of Emil Siepmann . In 2014, the concern management was handed from Walter Siepmann, Jr. (1943–2021), to the fourth generation. Korinna Schwittay ( née Siepmann) became the Chief executive officer of the group, having previously being employed with BASF in several executive positions for over a decade. Schwittay is also a member and vice president of the general assembly of IHK Arnsberg (Chamber of Commerce and Industry). A minority of

2860-412: The international phase in which rights are continued by filing necessary documents with the patent offices of separate contracting states of the PCT. A PCT application, as such, is not an actual request that a patent be granted, and it is not converted into one unless and until it enters the "national phase". The first step of the procedure consists in filing an international (patent) application with

2925-461: The international search report (although the PCT does not obligate them to do so) instead of performing a prior art search themselves, and the applicant may thus be able to save search fees. In addition to the compulsory international search, at least one optional supplementary international search may also be carried out by participating International Searching Authorities, upon request by the applicant and payment of corresponding fees. The purpose

2990-504: The invention. The observations may be submitted anonymously, and no fee is due for filing such observations. An international application may also be withdrawn to prevent its publication. To do so, the International Bureau (IB) "must receive the notice of withdrawal of the application before the corresponding technical preparations for publication are completed". An international preliminary examination may optionally be requested ("demanded"). The international preliminary examination

3055-551: The language of filing and the competent or chosen International Searching Authority. At least one applicant (either a physical or legal person ) must be a national or resident of a contracting state to the PCT; otherwise, no PCT filing date is accorded. If a PCT filing date is erroneously accorded, the Receiving Office may, within four months from the filing date, declare that the application should be considered withdrawn. The requirement that at least one applicant must be

3120-439: The number of filed PCT applications in over 30 years occurred in 2009, with a 4.5 percent drop compared to 2008. In 2013, about 205,000 international applications were filed, making 2013 the first year during which more than 200,000 PCT applications were filed in one year. The 3 millionth PCT application was published on 2 February 2017. It was predicted that by the end of 2020, the total number of PCT applications filed since

3185-411: The production facility in Belecke increased from 2,600 m when it was founded to 26,000 m in 1944. Sales and workforce peaked in 1944. The Siepmann works alone employed 572 Russian laborers. After the end of the war, large parts of the factory were dismantled. Nevertheless, the number of employees increased again to 1,300 in 1960. In March 1963, a heavy explosion occurred at the plant. 20 employees died in

3250-409: The proportion of drop forgings was 1,533 tons, in 1944 39,980 tons were produced. The number of employees also rose sharply from an average of 141 employees in 1932 to 3,000 employees in 1945. The economic situation was excellent. Then came the war and with it the first casualties. Forced rationing reduced the population's quality of life considerably, even if there was no depressing lack of food due to

3315-408: The requirements of the treaty and accorded a PCT filing date has the effect of a regular national application in each designated state as of the PCT filing date, which date is considered to be the actual filing date in each designated State. A search or "international search" is then made by an authorized international searching authority (ISA) to find the most relevant prior art documents regarding

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3380-476: The results in the IPRP Chapter II". When an international preliminary examination is demanded, the contracting states for which the examination is demanded are called elected Offices (under Chapter II ), otherwise they are called designated Offices (under Chapter I ). The election of a contracting state correspondingly means electing it when demanding (requesting) the examination. An alternative to

3445-554: The step of entering into national or regional phases to proceed towards grant of one or more patents. The PCT procedure essentially leads to a standard national or regional patent application, which may be granted or rejected according to applicable law, in each jurisdiction in which a patent is desired. The contracting states, the states which are parties to the PCT, constitute the International Patent Cooperation Union . The Washington Diplomatic Conference on

3510-417: The still rural structure. But the last years of the war, with low-flying aircraft and artillery fire, made it clear to everyone where the demagogue Hitler and his followers had led the people. The importance of Siepmann for armaments is shown by the laying of a gas pipeline from Freieohl via Warstein to Belecke in 1941, i.e. during World War II . This eliminated the need for in-house gas production. By

3575-468: The system became operational in 1978 would reach 4 million. Applications in 2018 were filed by users from 127 countries. The United States of America continued to be the largest source of applications, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and the Republic of Korea. Applications from China have grown at the fastest rate, rising to 21.1% of all applications in 2018. The top individual filer of applications in 2018

3640-413: The time. All bridges from Soest to Warstein had to be reinforced for its transport to Siepmann's works. The company had been an important supplier to the bicycle and later to the automobile and railroad industries since the turn of the century. Siepmann was also active as a patron in his workforce and the place. In 1921, the Siepmann brothers donated 250,000 marks (equal to about 1m$ today's currency) for

3705-476: The week before new years 1891, he went back to his home town of Warstein , where he was offered a position by his brother-in-law Louis Peters who had taken over the former manufacturing plant of Hüsing & Company in Warstein . They were known for producing spades, shovels, hay and manure forks forged from steel and iron. From this period the company was named Peters & Co, however the two initiators and entrepreneurs behind it were Emil and Hugo Siepmann . He

3770-557: Was Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. , which filed 5,405 applications, followed by Mitsubishi Electric with 2,812 applications, Intel with 2,499 applications, Qualcomm with 2,404 applications, and ZTE with 2,080 applications. Countries located in Asia were the source of 50.5% of all PCT applications in 2018. Applicants in Europe (24.5%) and North America (23.1%) were the other major sources of filings. The combined share for Africa, Latin America and

3835-448: Was able to afford to acquire the entire company making him sole-owner. During this period of economic difficulty, the main manufacturing plant in Warstein , was shut down in August 1930. All the facilities were moved to the newer plant in Belecke. From 1932, the energy previously generated by steam engines was replaced by electricity.With these and other technical investments, the cornerstone

3900-663: Was also a board member of the Sparkasse Warstein . In 1896, Emil Siepmann married Marie Magdalene Conradine (née Schuette; 1875-1941). The couple had five children of which four reached adulthood . Siepmann resided closely to his brothers family as well. They shared two residences on split acreage. While Hugo and family occupied the house at Hauptstrasse 145 , he owned the house at Hauptstrasse 143 in Warstein. He died only four weeks after his younger brother. International patents The Patent Cooperation Treaty ( PCT )

3965-641: Was expected that by the end of 2020 the total number of PCT applications filed since the system became operational in 1978 would reach 4 million. Any contracting state to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property can become a member of the PCT. A majority of the world's countries are parties to the PCT, including all of the major industrialized countries (with a few exceptions, notably Argentina , Uruguay , Venezuela and Pakistan ). As of 26 December 2022, there were 157 contracting states to

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4030-547: Was laid for the rapid rise of Siepmann-Werke as a supplier to the automotive industry , which later seamlessly merged into the armaments industry . The C hronicle of the 1000-year anniversary of the Town of Belecke in 1938 states: "Siepmann-Werke are the most important industrial company in Belecke and the Möhne valley and have around 700 employees in the anniversary year." By securing the energy supply and important technical innovations,

4095-513: Was one of the founders of Siepmann , together with his younger brother Hugo Siepmann and was also a long-term executive director of Sparkasse Warstein from 1909 to 1929. He had Emil-Siepmann-Straße in Warstein named after him. Emil Ludwig Siepmann was born in Hagen , Province of Westphalia , Kingdom of Prussia on August 25, 1863, the third of six children, to Heinrich-Wilhelm Siepmann (1827-1902) and Louise (née Siepmann; 1828-1899). His father

4160-429: Was the commercial and technical director while his brother, also a partner, was mainly active in the distribution of the products. Around 1895 they employed already about 90 people and became very influential local industrialists. Over time, the company was completely converted to drop forging. In 1916 a new hammer was built with an 85 ton anvil. That was the heaviest hammer that existed in a production plant in Germany at

4225-490: Was the proprietor of the lumber wholesale company H.W. Siepmann in Hagen . Both his maternal and paternal ancestors hailed from Schwelm and farmed on grounds named Windgarten, Auf der Weuste and Auf der Kemna . Those acreages are today still owned by distant relatives of the family. Siepmann hailed from a privileged background, which was deprived by the downturn of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870/71. He completed

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