66-629: Sicily Island is a village in Catahoula Parish , Louisiana , United States. The population was 336 at the 2020 census . Sicily Island is located in northeastern Catahoula Parish at 31°50′48″N 91°39′32″W / 31.84667°N 91.65889°W / 31.84667; -91.65889 (31.846573, -91.658925). U.S. Route 425 passes through the village, leading north 23 miles (37 km) to Winnsboro and southeast 30 miles (48 km) to Natchez, Mississippi . Louisiana State Highway 8 leads southwest 11 miles (18 km) to Harrisonburg ,
132-644: A Natchez settlement. In January 1731, towards the end of the Natchez Revolt , French forces besieged the Natchez fort, compelling the surrender of 45 men and 450 women and children. Although the bulk of the Natchez leaders and warriors escaped, the siege marked the last major engagement of the war. In 1881, a Jewish agricultural colony was created in Sicily Island with the support of the Am Olam organization. The colony
198-476: A hamlet in New York state, or even a relatively small community within an incorporated city or town, may be termed a village. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as incorporated municipalities and is similar to the usage of the term "unincorporated town" in states having town governments. States that formally recognize villages vary widely in the definition of the term. Most commonly,
264-507: A special tax district . An example of the latter is the Village of Friendship Heights . The distinction is legally relevant to the level of police power that a village may exercise. In Michigan , villages differ from cities in that, whereas villages remain part of the townships in which they are formed, thereby reducing their home-rule powers, cities are not part of townships. Because of this, village governments are required to share some of
330-460: A declaration, if gentlemen will allow that the fact is as stated. I am sure I understand it so, and do therefore propose it. The states ratified the Tenth Amendment, declining to signal that there are unenumerated powers in addition to unenumerated rights. The amendment rendered unambiguous what had previously been at most a mere suggestion or an implication. The origin of the last 4 words of
396-451: A farm (i.e., fed to animals or otherwise consumed on the premises). The rationale was that a farmer's growing "his own" can have a substantial cumulative effect on interstate commerce, because if all farmers were to exceed their production quotas, a significant amount of wheat would either not be sold on the market or would be bought from other producers. Hence, in the aggregate, if farmers were allowed to consume their own wheat, it would affect
462-472: A household in the village was $ 14,783, and the median income for a family was $ 23,036. Males had a median income of $ 25,750 versus $ 14,821 for females. The per capita income for the village was $ 11,972. About 45.5% of families and 47.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 61.6% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over. Village (Louisiana) In the United States ,
528-512: A legal theory suggesting that states may evaluate the legality of federal laws and declare them unconstitutional with respect to the US Constitution. The intended effect is to invalidate (nullify) the laws within the state's boundaries. A related notion of interposition refers to a belief that it is a right of a state to thwart enforcement of federal laws that the state considers unconstitutional and as such are harmful to its inhabitants. The state
594-559: A prerequisite before they would ratify the Constitution, and particularly to satisfy demands of Anti-Federalists , who opposed the creation of a stronger federal government. The purpose of this amendment is to reaffirm the principles of federalism and reinforce the notion of the Federal Government maintaining only limited, enumerated powers. Some legal scholars (including textualists and originalists ) have effectively classified
660-520: A state lacked "any right to participate" in the federal political process or was left "politically isolated and powerless" by a federal law. Since 1992, the Supreme Court has ruled the Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from forcing states to pass or not pass certain legislation, or to enforce federal law. In New York v. United States (1992), the Supreme Court invalidated part of
726-521: A village in New York; Hempstead , the largest village in the state, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than some of the state's cities. However, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km ) in area. Present law requires a minimum of 500 residents to incorporate as a village. The municipalities in North Carolina are cities, towns, and villages. There are no significant differences in legal power or status. In Ohio ,
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#1732884170065792-418: A village is a municipality of 100 through 800 inhabitants, whereas a city must have at least 800 inhabitants. In counties having townships, all villages, but only some cities, are within township areas. A city of the second class (800-5,000 inhabitants) may elect to revert to village status. In New Hampshire , a village district or precinct may be organized within a town. Such a village district or precinct
858-423: A village is an incorporated area that differs from a city in that a village is within the jurisdiction of one or more towns , whereas a city is independent of a town. Villages thus have less autonomy than cities. A village is usually, but not always, within a single town. A village may be coterminous with, and have a consolidated government with, a town. A village is a clearly defined municipality that provides
924-443: A village is an incorporated municipality with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, excluding residents of educational or correctional facilities. The minimum population for incorporation as a village is 1,600 inhabitants, but this was not always the case, resulting in many very small villages. If an existing village's population surpasses 5,000 at a federal census, or if a village comes to have more than 5,000 resident registered voters, it
990-536: A village is defined as a tract of land with more than 300 people where livestock are not allowed to roam free. Villages are erected by local circuit courts. In Vermont , villages are named communities located within the boundaries of a legally established town , unlike cities, which are outside of any town area. Villages may be incorporated or unincorporated. In West Virginia , towns and villages are Class IV municipalities, i.e., having 2,000 or fewer inhabitants. In Wisconsin , cities and villages are both outside
1056-510: A village is either a special district or a municipality. As a municipality, a village may Under Article 10, Section 2 of the Alaska Constitution , as well as law enacted pursuant to the constitution, Alaska legally recognizes only cities and boroughs as municipal entities in Alaska. In Alaska, "village" is a colloquial term used to refer to small communities, which are mostly located in
1122-483: Is a board of six elected trustees and an elected village president, all of whom are usually elected at-large . A village in Louisiana is a municipality having a population of 1,000 or fewer. In Maine , village corporations or village improvement corporations are special districts established in towns for limited purposes. In Maryland , a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or
1188-590: Is a special district with limited powers. A village in the context of New Jersey local government, refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government. Villages in New Jersey are of equal standing to other municipalities, such as cities, towns, boroughs, and townships. The municipalities in New Mexico are cities, towns, and villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes. In New York ,
1254-433: Is automatically designated as a city. Cities or villages may be located within township areas; however, if a city or village becomes coterminous with a township, the township ceases to exist as a separate government (see paper township ). In Oklahoma , unincorporated communities are called villages and are not counted as governments. In Oregon , the municipal governments are cities, towns, and villages, although there
1320-442: Is no significance in their legal powers or status. Also, one county — Clackamas County — permits the organization of unincorporated areas into villages and hamlets. The boards of such entities are advisory to the county. In Texas , villages may be Type B or Type C municipalities, but not Type A municipalities. The types differ in terms of population and in terms of the forms of government that they may adopt. In Virginia ,
1386-662: Is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled. Thomas Burke , a vehement supporter of states' rights in the Continental Congress , originally proposed the text of what would later become the Tenth Amendment as an amendment to the Articles of Confederation. Thomas Burke wanted to ensure that there was no ambiguity concerning differences in state or federal power. Other Founding Fathers of
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#17328841700651452-589: Is said to be "interposing" itself between the federal government and the people of the state. The concept of nullification stems from the so-called compact theory suggesting that because the states created the federal government by agreement ("compact") to join the Union, they alone can determine how much power they delegate to the federal authorities. This is in opposition to the current practice where only federal courts perform judicial review of allegedly offending federal laws. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson drafted
1518-590: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that lay the bedrock for arguments for nullification. In the 19th century , several states relied on this interpretation to declare nullification of federal laws or decisions of the US Supreme Court, but the Supreme Court struck down all such efforts. Among the most famous was the Nullification Crisis , when South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 void in
1584-548: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly referred to as the ACA or Obamacare) unconstitutionally coerced the states to expand Medicaid . The Court classified the ACA's language as coercive because it effectively forced States to join the federal program by conditioning the continued provision of Medicaid funds on states agreeing to materially alter Medicaid eligibility to include all individuals who fell below 133% of
1650-489: The federal government has only those powers delegated to it by the Constitution, and that all other powers not forbidden to the states by the Constitution are reserved to each state , or to the people. The amendment, with origins before the American Revolution, was proposed by the 1st United States Congress in 1789 during its first term following the adoption of the Constitution. It was considered by many members as
1716-423: The federal government to powers "expressly" delegated, which would have denied implied powers . James Madison opposed the amendments, stating that "it was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia." When a vote on this version of the amendment with "expressly delegated"
1782-658: The 10th amendment, added by the Senate, is in dispute. See the Talk page. The Tenth Amendment, which makes explicit the idea that the powers of the federal government are limited to those powers granted in the Constitution, has been declared to be a truism by the Supreme Court. In United States v. Sprague (1932) the Supreme Court asserted that the amendment "added nothing to the [Constitution] as originally ratified." States and local governments have occasionally attempted to assert exemption from various federal regulations, especially in
1848-547: The 1950s as the Supreme Court ordered desegregation of schools in Brown v. Board of Education , and Southern states in response mounted a campaign of massive resistance to oppose it, arguing that federal desegregation orders infringed on states' rights . Ten ex-Confederate states passed declarations of interposition to oppose these efforts. But the Supreme court in Cooper v. Aaron rejected
1914-531: The Catahoula Parish seat. According to the United States Census Bureau , Sicily Island has a total area of 0.58 square miles (1.49 km), all land. Despite its name, Sicily Island is not an island; instead, nearby lakes and rivers gave the area a shape early settlers considered reminiscent of the island of Sicily . In the early 1700s, the area that would become Sicily Island was the site of
1980-524: The Constitution to be the supreme law of the land, and Marbury v. Madison in holding that the states must abide by the Court's decision in Brown . Expectedly, many states' right advocates and state officials criticized the ruling as an attack on the Tenth Amendment. Moreover, they claimed the Court's decision on Cooper as being inconsistent with the constitutional vision of the Framers. Nullification refers to
2046-539: The Court ruled that part of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violated the Tenth Amendment. The act required state and local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on people attempting to purchase handguns. Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority, applied New York v. United States to show that the act violated the Tenth Amendment. Since the act "forced participation of
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2112-612: The Court's 1985 Garcia decision. Most recently, in Gonzales v. Raich (2005), a California woman sued the Drug Enforcement Administration after her medical cannabis crop was seized and destroyed by federal agents. Medical cannabis was explicitly made legal under California state law by Proposition 215 , despite cannabis being prohibited at the federal level by the Controlled Substances Act . Even though
2178-559: The Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985. The act provided three incentives for states to comply with statutory obligations to provide for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste. The first two incentives were monetary. The third, which was challenged in this case, obliged states to take title to any waste within their borders that was not disposed of prior to January 1, 1996, and made each state liable for all damages directly related to
2244-594: The National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school and President Eisenhower responded with federal troops to escort them. Five months after the integration crisis happened, the school board filed suit in the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Arkansas requesting a two-and-a-half-year delay in implementing desegregation. Although the district court granted the relief,
2310-516: The State's executive in the actual administration of a federal program", it was unconstitutional. In Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2018), the Supreme Court ruled that the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992 , which prohibited states that banned sports betting when the law was enacted from legalizing it, violated the anti-commandeering doctrine and invalidated
2376-616: The United States disagreed with this amendment, including James Wilson , John Dickinson (who drafted the Articles of Confederation), and Richard Henry Lee . Nevertheless, the amendment was passed by the Continental Congress. After the American Revolution , with the completion of the drafting and ratification of the Constitution, South Carolina Representative Thomas Tudor Tucker and Massachusetts Representative Elbridge Gerry separately proposed similar amendments limiting
2442-596: The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed the district court's decision on August 18, 1958, and stayed its mandate pending appeal to the Supreme Court. By this time, the incident had evolved into a national issue: it had become a debate not only on racism and segregation but also on states' rights and the Tenth Amendment. The Court cited the Supremacy Clause of Article VI, which declares
2508-702: The ability of the federal government to use state governments as an instrument of the national government, as held in Printz v. United States . For this reason, Congress often seeks to exercise its powers by encouraging States to implement national programs consistent with national minimum standards; a system known as cooperative federalism . One example of the exercise of this device was to condition allocation of federal funding where certain state laws do not conform to federal guidelines. For example, federal educational funds may not be accepted without implementation of special education programs in compliance with IDEA . Similarly,
2574-512: The allowable scope of federal government. Complex economic challenges arising from the Great Depression triggered a reevaluation in both Congress and the Supreme Court of the use of Commerce Clause powers to maintain a strong national economy. In Wickard v. Filburn (1942), in the context of World War II , the Court ruled that federal regulation of wheat production could constitutionally be applied to wheat grown for "home consumption" on
2640-592: The amendment as a tautology , a statement affirming that the federal government does not have any rights that it does not have. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. The Tenth Amendment is similar to Article II of the Articles of Confederation : Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which
2706-493: The amendment superfluous or unnecessary: I find, from looking into the amendments proposed by the State conventions, that several are particularly anxious that it should be declared in the Constitution, that the powers not therein delegated should be reserved to the several States. Perhaps words which may define this more precisely than the whole of the instrument now does, may be considered as superfluous. I admit they may be deemed unnecessary: but there can be no harm in making such
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2772-629: The area of any town . Cities and villages differ in terms of the population and population density required for incorporation. Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X ) to the United States Constitution , a part of the Bill of Rights , was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism , also known as states' rights , by stating that
2838-400: The areas of labor and environmental controls, using the Tenth Amendment as a basis for their claim. An often-repeated quote, from United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , reads as follows: The amendment states but a truism that all is retained which has not been surrendered. There is nothing in the history of its adoption to suggest that it was more than declaratory of the relationship between
2904-532: The center of each town . Many of these colonial settlements still exist as town centers . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , industrial villages also sprang up around water-powered mills , mines , and factories . Because most New England villages were contained within the boundaries of legally established towns, many such villages were never separately incorporated as municipalities. A relatively small unincorporated community , similar to
2970-576: The court ordered district courts and school boards to proceed with desegregation "with all deliberate speed". Among those opposing the decision (and all efforts of desegregation) was the Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus . A group of black students known as the Little Rock Nine were to attend the previously all-white Central High School under the school board's attempt to follow the order of Brown . The tension became severe when Governor Faubus ordered
3036-624: The declarations and held nullification and interposition impermissible. Today, laws that appear to circumvent some Supreme Court decisions or federal law may sometimes be called laws of nullification, including in cases if they do not explicitly urge to defy federal law or resist federal authority. Examples of this usage include the Texas Heartbeat Act and the Missouri Second Amendment Preservation Act or immigration and marijuana laws. The federal system limits
3102-476: The determination of whether there was state immunity from federal regulation turned on whether the state activity was "traditional" for or "integral" to the state government. In Garcia , the Court noted that this analysis was "unsound in principle and unworkable in practice", and concluded that the Framers believed state sovereignty could be maintained by the political system established by the Constitution. Noting that
3168-523: The entire law. The Court ruled that the anti-commandeering doctrine applied to congressional attempts to prevent the states from taking a certain action as much as it applied in New York and Printz to Congress requiring states to enforce federal law. In the 20th century, the Commerce Clause became one of the most frequently-used sources of Congress's power. Its interpretation is important in determining
3234-489: The federal government under the Commerce Clause. In Cooper v. Aaron (1958), the Supreme Court dealt with states' rights and the Tenth Amendment. The case came about when conflicts arose in direct response to the ruling of another landmark case, Brown v. Board of Education (1954). In Brown , the Supreme Court unanimously declared racial segregation of children in public schools unconstitutional. Following Brown ,
3300-417: The interstate market. In United States v. Lopez (1995), a federal law mandating a " gun-free zone " on and around public school campuses was struck down. The Supreme Court ruled that there was no clause in the Constitution authorizing the federal law. This was the first modern Supreme Court opinion to limit the government's power under the Commerce Clause. The opinion did not mention the Tenth Amendment or
3366-531: The meaning of village varies by geographic area and legal jurisdiction. In formal usage, a " village " is a type of administrative division at the local government level. Since the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from legislating on local government, the states are free to have political subdivisions called "villages" or not to and to define
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#17328841700653432-480: The national and state governments as it had been established by the Constitution before the amendment or that its purpose was other than to allay fears that the new national government might seek to exercise powers not granted, and that the states might not be able to exercise fully their reserved powers. In Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985), the Court overruled National League of Cities v. Usery (1976). Under National League of Cities ,
3498-403: The nationwide state 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit , 0.08 legal blood alcohol limit, and the nationwide state 21-year drinking age were imposed through this method; the states would lose highway funding if they refused to pass such laws (though the national speed limit has since been repealed). In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012), the Court ruled that
3564-626: The responsibilities to their residents with the township. Villages that existed in Minnesota as of January 1, 1974, became cities , which may operate under general municipal law ("statutory city") or adopt a charter for itself to become a charter city. A village in Mississippi is a municipality of 100 to 299 inhabitants. They may no longer be created. The municipalities of Missouri are cities, towns, and villages. Unlike cities, villages have no minimum population requirement. In Nebraska ,
3630-1377: The rural areas of the state , often unconnected to the contiguous North American road system. Many of these communities are populated predominantly by Alaska Natives and are federally recognized as villages under the Indian Reorganization Act and/or the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act . As voting membership in the Alaska Municipal League is on an equal footing, regardless of population, most villages are incorporated as second-class cities. In common usage, however, these communities are thought of more often as villages than as cities. Village districts are subordinate agencies of municipal governments rather than municipalities in their own right. Municipalities in Delaware are called cities, towns, or villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes. Municipalities in Florida are called cities, towns, or villages. They are not differentiated for census purposes. All municipalities in Idaho are called cities, although
3696-479: The same Congress that extended the Fair Labor Standards Act to cover government-run mass transit systems also provided substantial funding for those systems, the Court concluded that the structure created by the Framers had indeed protected the states from overreaching by the federal government. In South Carolina v. Baker (1988), the Court said in dicta that an exception to Garcia would be when
3762-413: The services closest to the residents, such as garbage collection, street and highway maintenance, street lighting and building codes. Some villages provide their own police and other optional services. Those municipal services not provided by the village are provided by the town or towns containing the village. As of the 2000 census, there are 553 villages in New York. There is no limit to the population of
3828-411: The state, but it was resolved when tariffs were lowered to South Carolina's satisfaction and when President Andrew Jackson threatened military intervention unless the state relented. The Civil War , however, ended all appeals to state sovereignty and the Supreme Court's authority as the highest interpreter of constitutional law stopped to be challenged. The idea of nullification gained new traction in
3894-467: The terms "town" and "village" are sometimes used in statutes. A village is a type of incorporated municipality in Illinois ; the other two types are the city and the incorporated town . All incorporated municipalities, regardless of type, are independent of each other, and cannot overlap. Villages can be created by referendum under the general state law or by special state charter. The governing body
3960-503: The village was 44.81% White , 54.53% African American , 0.22% from other races , and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population. There were 197 households, out of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 19.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.7% were non-families. 41.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.3% had someone living alone who
4026-513: The waste. The Court ruled that imposing that obligation on a state violates the Tenth Amendment. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that the federal government can encourage the states to adopt certain regulations through the spending power (e.g. attach conditions to the receipt of federal funds, see South Dakota v. Dole , ) or through the commerce power (directly pre-empt state law). However, Congress cannot directly compel states to enforce federal regulations. In Printz v. United States (1997),
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#17328841700654092-502: The woman grew cannabis strictly for her own consumption and never sold any, the Supreme Court stated that growing one's own cannabis affects the interstate market of cannabis. In theory the product could enter the stream of interstate commerce, even if it clearly had not been grown for that purpose and was unlikely ever to reach any market (the same reasoning as in Wickard v. Filburn ). It therefore ruled that this practice may be regulated by
4158-435: The word in many ways. Typically, a village is a type of municipality , although it can also be a special district or an unincorporated area . It may or may not be recognized for governmental purposes. In informal usage, a U.S. village may be simply a relatively small clustered human settlement without formal legal existence. In colonial New England , a village typically formed around the meetinghouses that were located in
4224-452: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 3.23. In the village, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males. The median income for
4290-455: Was defeated, Connecticut Representative Roger Sherman drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form, omitting "expressly." Sherman's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause . When James Madison introduced the Tenth Amendment in Congress, he explained that many states were eager to ratify this amendment, despite critics who deemed
4356-567: Was mostly made up of immigrants from Yelisavetgrad who were fleeing the pogroms that began that same year. By 1882, the colony was completely disbanded as the Mississippi River flooded, destroying most farms. As of the census of 2000, there were 453 people, 197 households, and 110 families residing in the village. The population density was 790.4 inhabitants per square mile (305.2/km). There were 245 housing units at an average density of 427.5 per square mile (165.1/km). The racial makeup of
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