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71-426: Rana amurensis ( Khabarovsk frog , Siberian wood frog , Heilongjiang brown frog or Amur brown frog ) is a species of true frog found in northern Asia . Rana coreana was previously included in this species as a subspecies. It ranges across western Siberia , as well as northeastern China , northeastern Mongolia , and on the northern Korean Peninsula and on Sakhalin . Found at latitudes up to 71° N , it

142-724: A Greater India formed of extended continental crust 2000 - 3000 km wide. The Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt in Southeast Asia extends from the Himalayas in India through Myanmar ( West Burma block ) Sumatra , Java to West Sulawesi . During the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene, the northward movement of the Indian Plate led to the highly oblique subduction of the Neotethys along the edge of

213-577: A distance to rifting, and that rifting propagated towards, rather than away from the plume, has led to the suggestion the plume and associated magmatism may have been a result, rather than a cause, of the plate tectonic forces that led to the propagation of rifting from the Central to the North Atlantic. Mountain building continued along the North America Cordillera in response to subduction of

284-473: A frequent subject of hunting in Russia since the 1990s. It is not considered threatened on a global scale though. Adults are light brown with smooth skin and irregular dark brown and yellow stripes, with a body length of 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in). Rana amurensis favors beetles , and consumes 1.2–2.5 g (0.0026–0.0055 lb) of food per day. The average lifespan is three years. Their breeding season

355-569: A land bridge formed across the Bering Straits between North America and Eurasia allowing the movement of land animals between the two continents. The PETM was followed by the less severe Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (c. 53.69 Ma), and the Eocene Thermal Maximum 3 (c. 53 Ma). The early Eocene warm conditions were brought to an end by the Azolla event . This change of climate at about 48.5 Ma,

426-588: A major period of global warming. The change in climate was due to a rapid release of frozen methane clathrates from seafloor sediments at the beginning of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). The Oligocene is the third and youngest series/epoch of the Paleogene, and lasted from 33.9 Ma to 23.03 Ma. It is divided into two stages: the Rupelian 33.9 Ma to 27.82 Ma; and, Chattian 27.82 - 23.03 Ma. The GSSP for

497-619: A single plate, several thousand kilometres wide, with the Tethyan Himalaya microcontinent separated from the Indian continent by an oceanic basin . The microcontinent collided with southern Eurasia c. 58 Ma (late Paleocene), whilst the velocity of the plate did not decrease until c. 50 Ma when subduction rates dropped as young, oceanic crust entered the subduction zone; 3) This model assigns older dates to parts of Greater India, which changes its paleogeographic position relative to Eurasia and creates

568-690: A subduction zone along its western edge. This changed the forces acting on the Pacific Plate and led to a major reorganisation of plate motions across the entire Pacific region. The resulting changes in stress between the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates initiated subduction along the Izu-Bonin-Mariana and Tonga-Kermadec arcs. Subduction of the Farallon Plate beneath the American plates continued from

639-489: Is believed to have been caused by a proliferation of aquatic ferns from the genus Azolla , resulting in the sequestering of large amounts of CO 2 from the atmosphere by the plants. From this time until about 34 Ma, there was a slow cooling trend known as the Middle-Late Eocene Cooling. As temperatures dropped at high latitudes the presence of cold water diatoms suggests sea ice was able to form in winter in

710-562: Is largely composed of oceanic crust of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province that formed during the Late Cretaceous. During the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, subduction of Atlantic crust was established along its northern margin, whilst to the southwest, an island arc collided with the northern Andes forming an east dipping subduction zone where Caribbean lithosphere was subducted beneath the South American margin. During

781-694: Is much reduced in size. While too little of the vast diversity of true frogs has been subject to recent studies to say something definite, as of mid-2008, studies are going on, and several lineages are recognizable. The following phylogeny of some genera was recovered by Che et al ., 2007 using mitochondrial genes . Staurois Amolops Pelophylax Clinotarsus Meristogenys Pulchrana Hylarana Sylvirana (1) Papurana Sylvirana (2) Hydrophylax Indosylvirana Sylvirana (3) Sylvirana (4) Chalcorana Glandirana Pseudorana Odorrana Nidirana Rana Lithobates Most of

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852-719: Is no evidence for ice sheets at the poles during the Paleocene. The relatively cool conditions were brought to an end by the Thanetian Thermal Event, and the beginning of the PETM. This was one of the warmest times of the Phanerozoic eon, during which global mean surface temperatures increased to 31.6 °C. According to a study published in 2018, from about 56 to 48 Ma, annual air temperatures over land and at mid-latitude averaged about 23–29 °C (± 4.7 °C). For comparison, this

923-481: Is the northernmost wild amphibian species. Favoring lowlands, it is seldom encountered at elevations of more than 600 m. A habitat generalist, Rana amurensis favors open ground, but is also found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. In the winter, it hibernates on pond bottoms. According to the IUCN , the chief threat to the species is habitat loss, as it is only mildly tolerant of disturbance. In addition, it has become

994-524: Is the second series/epoch of the Paleogene, and lasted from 56.0 Ma to 33.9 Ma. It is divided into four stages: the Ypresian 56.0 Ma to 47.8 Ma; Lutetian 47.8 Ma to 41.2 Ma; Bartonian 41.2 Ma to 37.71 Ma; and, Priabonian 37.71 Ma to 33.9 Ma. The GSSP for the base of the Eocene is at Dababiya, near Luxor , Egypt and is marked by the start of a significant variation in global carbon isotope ratios, produced by

1065-594: Is very early, starting in late February in Korea. An egg sac contains 30-60 eggs . True frog See text True frogs is the common name for the frog family Ranidae . They have the widest distribution of any frog family. They are abundant throughout most of the world, occurring on all continents except Antarctica. The true frogs are present in North America, northern South America, Europe, Africa (including Madagascar ), and Asia. The Asian range extends across

1136-556: The Afar mantle plume began to impact the base of the African lithosphere. Rifting across the southern Red Sea began in the mid Oligocene, and across the central and northern Red Sea regions in the late Oligocene and early Miocene. Climatic conditions varied considerably during the Paleogene. After the disruption of the Chicxulub impact settled, a period of cool and dry conditions continued from

1207-582: The East Indies to New Guinea and a single species, the Australian wood frog ( Hylarana daemelii ), has spread into the far north of Australia. Typically, true frogs are smooth and moist-skinned, with large, powerful legs and extensively webbed feet. The true frogs vary greatly in size, ranging from small—such as the wood frog ( Lithobates sylvatica )—to large. Many of the true frogs are aquatic or live close to water. Most species lay their eggs in

1278-646: The Farallon plate beneath the North American Plate. Along the central section of the North American margin, crustal shortening of the Cretaceous to Paleocene Sevier Orogen lessened and deformation moved eastward. The decreasing dip of the subducting Farallon Plate led to a flat-slab segment that increased friction between this and the base of the North American Plate. The resulting Laramide Orogeny , which began

1349-685: The Iberian and European plates led to the Pyrenean Orogeny and, as Adria pushed northwards the Alps and Carpathian orogens began to develop. The collision of Adria with Eurasia in the early Palaeocene was followed by a c.10 million year pause in the convergence of Africa and Eurasia, connected with the onset of the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean as Greenland rifted from the Eurasian Plate in

1420-575: The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) ratify global stages based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype ) identifying the lower boundary of the stage. The Paleocene is the first series/epoch of the Paleogene and lasted from 66.0 Ma to 56.0 Ma. It is divided into three stages: the Danian 66.0 - 61.6 Ma; Selandian 61.6 - 59.2 Ma; and, Thanetian 59.2 - 56.0 Ma. The GSSP for

1491-624: The North America and Eurasian plates, and Australia and South America rifted from Antarctica , opening the Southern Ocean . Africa and India collided with Eurasia forming the Alpine-Himalayan mountain chains and the western margin of the Pacific Plate changed from a divergent to convergent plate boundary. The Alpine Orogeny developed in response to the collision between

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1562-647: The San Andreas Fault . At the Paleogene-Neogene boundary, spreading ceased between the Pacific and Farallon plates and the Farallon Plate split again forming the present date Nazca and Cocos plates. The Kula Plate lay between Pacific Plate and North America. To the north and northwest it was being subducted beneath the Aleutian trench . Spreading between the Kula and Pacific and Farallon plates ceased c. 40 Ma and

1633-738: The African and Eurasian plates during the closing of the Neotethys Ocean and the opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean. The result was a series of arcuate mountain ranges, from the Tell - Rif - Betic cordillera in the western Mediterranean through the Alps , Carpathians , Apennines , Dinarides and Hellenides to the Taurides in the east. From the Late Cretaceous into the early Paleocene, Africa began to converge with Eurasia. The irregular outlines of

1704-643: The Arctic Ocean, and by the late Eocene (c. 37 Ma) there is evidence of glaciation in Antarctica. Changes in deep ocean currents, as Australia and South America moved away from Antarctica opening the Drake and Tasmanian passages, were responsible for the drop in global temperatures. The warm waters of the South Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific oceans extended southward into the opening Southern Ocean and became part of

1775-648: The Australian Plate drifted slowly northwards. Collision between India and the West Burma block was complete by the late Oligocene. As the India-Eurasia collision continued, movement of material away from the collision zone was accommodated along, and extended, the already existing major strike slip systems of the region. During the Paleocene, seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge propagated from

1846-513: The British and Northwest Atlantic volcanic provinces occurred mainly in the early Palaeocene, the latter associated with an increased spreading rate in the Labrador Sea, whilst northeast Atlantic magmatism occurred mainly during the early Eocene and is associated with a change in the spreading direction in the Labrador Sea and the northward drift of Greenland. The locations of the magmatism coincide with

1917-752: The Central Atlantic northwards between North America and Greenland in the Labrador Sea (c. 62 Ma) and Baffin Bay (c. 57 Ma), and, by the early Eocene (c. 54 Ma), into the northeastern Atlantic between Greenland and Eurasia. Extension between North America and Eurasia, also in the early Eocene, led to the opening of the Eurasian Basin across the Arctic, which was linked to the Baffin Bay Ridge and Mid-Atlantic Ridge to

1988-721: The Eocene (c. 45 Ma), subduction of the Farallon Plate along the Central American subduction zone was (re)established. Subduction along the northern section of the Caribbean volcanic arc ceased as the Bahamas carbonate platform collided with Cuba and was replaced by strike-slip movements as a transform fault, extending from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, connected with the northern boundary of the Caribbean Plate. Subduction now focused along

2059-737: The Indian-endemic Nyctibatrachidae, from which they diverged in the early Eocene . However, other studies recover a closer relationship with the Dicroglossidae. It was previously thought that the Ranidae and their closest relatives were of Gondwanan origins, having evolved on Insular India during the Cretaceous . They were then entirely restricted to the Indian subcontinent until the late Eocene , when India collided with Asia , allowing

2130-567: The Jan Mayen microcontinent part of the Eurasian Plate, where its remains now lie to the east and possibly beneath the southeast of Iceland. The North Atlantic Igneous Province stretches across the Greenland and northwest European margins and is associated with the proto-Icelandic mantle plume , which rose beneath the Greenland lithosphere at c. 65 Ma. There were two main phases of volcanic activity with peaks at c. 60 Ma and c. 55 Ma. Magmatism in

2201-537: The Kula Plate became part of the Pacific Plate. The Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain formed above the Hawaiian hotspot . Originally thought to be stationary within the mantle, the hotspot is now considered to have drifted south during the Paleocene to early Eocene, as the Pacific Plate moved north. At c. 47 Ma, movement of the hotspot ceased and the Pacific Plate motion changed from northward to northwestward in response to

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2272-572: The Late Cretaceous. The Kula-Farallon spreading ridge lay to its north until the Eocene (c. 55 Ma), when the northern section of the plate split forming the Vancouver/Juan de Fuca Plate . In the Oligocene (c. 28 Ma), the first segment of the Pacific–Farallon spreading ridge entered the North American subduction zone near Baja California leading to major strike-slip movements and the formation of

2343-598: The Late Cretaceous. At the Paleocene-Eocene boundary global temperatures rose rapidly with the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). By the middle Eocene, temperatures began to drop again and by the late Eocene (c. 37 Ma) had decreased sufficiently for ice sheets to form in Antarctica. The global climate entered icehouse conditions at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and the present day Late Cenozoic ice age began. The Paleogene began with

2414-539: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge) propagating northwards and splitting off the Jan Mayen microcontinent . After c. 33 Ma seafloor spreading in Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay gradually ceased and seafloor spreading focused along the northeast Atlantic. By the late Oligocene, the plate boundary between North America and Eurasia was established along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with Greenland attached to the North American plate again, and

2485-420: The Neotethys resulted in the obuction of ocean crust onto the Arabian margin in the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, with break-off of the subducted oceanic plate close to the Arabian margin occurring during the Eocene. Continental collision began during the Eocene c. 35 Ma and continued into the Oligocene to c. 26 Ma. The Indian continent rifted from Madagascar at c. 83 Ma and drifted rapidly (c. 18 cm/yr in

2556-435: The Palaeocene. Convergence rates between Africa and Eurasia increased again in the early Eocene and the remaining oceanic basins between Adria and Europe closed. Between about 40 and 30 Ma, subduction began along the western Mediterranean arc of the Tell, Rif, Betic and Apennine mountain chains. The rate of convergence was less than the subduction rate of the dense lithosphere of the western Mediterranean and roll-back of

2627-427: The Paleocene) northwards towards the southern margin of Eurasia. A rapid decrease in velocity to c. 5 cm/yr in the early Eocene records the collision of the Tethyan (Tibetan) Himalayas , the leading edge of Greater India, with the Lhasa Terrane of Tibet (southern Eurasian margin), along the Indus-Yarling-Zangbo suture zone . To the south of this zone, the Himalaya are composed of metasedimentary rocks scraped off

2698-505: The Paleogene, achieving a diverse array of morphologies. The Paleogene is marked by considerable changes in climate from the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum , through global cooling during the Eocene to the first appearance of permanent ice sheets in the Antarctic at the beginning of the Oligocene. The Paleogene is divided into three series / epochs : the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene. These stratigraphic units can be defined globally or regionally. For global stratigraphic correlation,

2769-593: The Ranidae to colonize Eurasia and eventually the rest of the world. However, more recent studies instead propose that the Ranidae originated in Eurasia, and their close relationship with India-endemic frog lineages is due to those lineages colonizing India from Eurasia during the Paleogene . The subdivisions of the Ranidae are still a matter of dispute, although most are coming to an agreement. Several former subfamilies are now recognised as separate families ( Petropedetidae , Cacosterninae , Mantellidae , and Dicroglossidae ). The genus Rana has now been split up and

2840-428: The West Burma block and the development of a major north-south transform fault along the margin of Southeast Asia to the south. Between c. 60 and 50 Ma, the leading northeastern edge of Greater India collided with the West Burma block resulting in deformation and metamorphism . During the middle Eocene, north-dipping subduction resumed along the southern edge of Southeast Asia, from west Sumatra to West Sulawesi, as

2911-456: The base of the Cenozoic, Paleogene and Paleocene is at Oued Djerfane, west of El Kef , Tunisia . It is marked by an iridium anomaly produced by an asteroid impact, and is associated with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The boundary is defined as the rusty colored base of a 50 cm thick clay , which would have been deposited over only a few days. Similar layers are seen in marine and continental deposits worldwide. These layers include

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2982-435: The base of the Oligocene is at Massignano , near Ancona , Italy . The extinction the hantkeninid planktonic foraminifera is the key marker for the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, which was a time of climate cooling that led to widespread changes in fauna and flora. The final stages of the breakup of Pangaea occurred during the Paleogene as Atlantic Ocean rifting and seafloor spreading extended northwards, separating

3053-427: The brief but intense " impact winter " caused by the Chicxulub impact , which was followed by an abrupt period of warming. After temperatures stabilised, the steady cooling and drying of the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene Cool Interval that had spanned the last two ages of the Late Cretaceous continued, with only the brief interruption of the Latest Danian Event (c. 62.2 Ma) when global temperatures rose. There

3124-406: The cold circumpolar current. Dense polar waters sank into the deep oceans and moved northwards, reducing global ocean temperatures. This cooling may have occurred over less than 100,000 years and resulted in a widespread extinction in marine life. By the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, sediments deposited in the ocean from glaciers indicate the presence of an ice sheet in western Antarctica that extended to

3195-442: The continental margins, including the Adriatic promontory (Adria) that extended north from the African Plate, led to the development of several short subduction zones, rather than one long system. In the western Mediterranean, the European Plate was subducted southwards beneath the African Plate, whilst in the eastern Mediterranean, Africa was subducted beneath Eurasia along a northward dipping subduction zone. Convergence between

3266-430: The cooler oceans also reduced moisture in the atmosphere and increased aridity. By the early Oligocene, the North American and Eurasian tropical and subtropical forests were replaced by dry woodlands and widespread grasslands. The Early Oligocene Glacial Maximum lasted for about 200,000 years, and the global mean surface temperature continued to decrease gradually during the Rupelian . A drop in global sea levels during

3337-421: The development of the Rocky Mountains , was a broad zone of thick-skinned deformation , with faults extending to mid-crustal depths and the uplift of basement rocks that lay to the east of the Sevier belt, and more than 700km from the trench. With the Laramide uplift the Western Interior Seaway was divided and then retreated. During the mid to late Eocene (50–35 Ma), plate convergence rates decreased and

3408-517: The dip of the Farallon slab began to steepen. Uplift ceased and the region largely levelled by erosion . By the Oligocene, convergence gave way to extension, rifting and widespread volcanism across the Laramide belt. Ocean-continent convergence accommodated by east dipping subduction zone of the Farallon Plate beneath the western edge of South America continued from the Mesozoic. Over the Paleogene, changes in plate motion and episodes of regional slab shallowing and steepening resulted in variations in

3479-434: The eastern border of Iraq to the Makran coast in southern Iran . It formed as a result of the convergence and collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates as the Neotethys Ocean closed and is composed sediments scrapped from the descending Arabian Plate. From the Late Cretaceous, a volcanic arc developed on the Eurasia margin as the Neotethys crust was subducted beneath it. A separate intra-oceanic subduction zone in

3550-422: The extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles, and primitive fish groups. Mammals continued to diversify from relatively small, simple forms into a highly diverse group ranging from small-bodied forms to very large ones, radiating into multiple orders and colonizing the air and marine ecosystems by the Eocene . Birds , the only surviving group of dinosaurs, quickly diversified from

3621-449: The greenhouse conditions. The initial rise in global temperatures was related to the intrusion of magmatic sills into organic-rich sediments during volcanic activity in the North Atlantic Igneous Province, between about 56 and 54 Ma, which rapidly released large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This warming led to melting of frozen methane hydrates on continental slopes adding further greenhouses gases. It also reduced

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3692-485: The group could be cleared up. These changes are not recognized by AmphibiaWeb . A number of taxa are placed in Ranidae incertae sedis , that is, their taxonomic status is too uncertain to allow more specific placement. Paleogene Much of the world's modern vertebrate diversity originated in a rapid surge of diversification in the early Paleogene, as survivors of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event took advantage of empty ecological niches left behind by

3763-403: The intersection of propagating the rifts and large-scale, pre-existing lithospheric structures, which acted as channels to the surface for the magma . The arrival of the proto-Iceland plume has been considered the driving mechanism for rifting in the North Atlantic. However, that rifting and initial seafloor spreading occurred prior to the arrival of the plume, large scale magmatism occurred at

3834-422: The iridium anomaly, microtektites , nickel -rich spinel crystals and shocked quartz , all indicators of a major extraterrestrial impact. The remains of the crater are found at Chicxulub on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico . The extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs , ammonites and dramatic changes in marine plankton and many other groups of organisms, are also used for correlation purposes. The Eocene

3905-412: The magnitude of crustal shortening and amounts of magmatism along the length of the Andes . In the Northern Andes, an oceanic plateau with volcanic arc was accreted during the latest Cretaceous and Paleocene, whilst the Central Andes were dominated by the subduction of oceanic crust and the Southern Andes were impacted by the subduction of the Farallon-East Antarctic ocean ridge. The Caribbean Plate

3976-413: The mid Oligocene. Rifting between the Antarctic Peninsula and the southern tip of South America formed the Drake Passage and opened the Southern Ocean also during this time, completing the breakup of Gondwana. The opening of these passages and the creation of the Southern Ocean established the Antarctic Circumpolar Current . Glaciers began to build across the Antarctica continent that now lay isolated in

4047-432: The northern margin of India during the opening of the Neotethys. The Tethyan Himalaya block lay along its northern edge, with the Neotethys Ocean lying between it and southern Eurasia. Debate about the amount of deformation seen in the geological record in the India–Eurasia collision zone versus the size of Greater India, the timing and nature of the collision relative to the decrease in plate velocity, and explanations for

4118-455: The now subducted Indian continental crust and mantle lithosphere as the collision progressed. Palaeomagnetic data place the present day Indian continent further south at the time of collision and decrease in plate velocity, indicating the presence of a large region to the north of India that has now been subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate or incorporated into the mountain belt. This region, known as Greater India, formed by extension along

4189-574: The ocean. The development of the circumpolar current led to changes in the oceans, which in turn reduced atmospheric CO 2 further. Increasing upwellings of cold water stimulated the productivity of phytoplankton , and the cooler waters reduced the rate of bacterial decay of organic matter and promoted the growth of methane hydrates in marine sediments. This created a positive feedback cycle where global cooling reduced atmospheric CO 2 and this reduction in CO 2 lead to changes which further lowered global temperatures. The decrease in evaporation from

4260-438: The onset of subduction along its western margin. This resulted in a 60 degree bend in the seamount chain. Other seamount chains related to hotspots in the South Pacific show a similar change in orientation at this time. Slow seafloor spreading continued between Australia and East Antarctica. Shallow water channels probably developed south of Tasmania opening the Tasmanian Passage in the Eocene and deep ocean routes opening from

4331-538: The rate of burial of organic matter as higher temperatures accelerated the rate of bacterial decomposition which released CO 2 back into the oceans. The (relatively) sudden climatic changes associated with the PETM resulted in the extinction of some groups of fauna and flora and the rise of others. For example, with the warming of the Arctic Ocean, around 70% of deep sea foraminifera species went extinct, whilst on land many modern mammals, including primates , appeared. Fluctuating sea levels meant, during low stands,

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4402-457: The south polar region and surrounded by cold ocean waters. These changes contributed to the fall in global temperatures and the beginning of icehouse conditions. Extensional stresses from the subduction zone along the northern Neotethys resulted in rifting between Africa and Arabia, forming the Gulf of Aden in the late Eocene. To the west, in the early Oligocene, flood basalts erupted across Ethiopia , northeast Sudan and southwest Yemen as

4473-418: The south via major strike slip faults. From the Eocene and into the early Oligocene, Greenland acted as an independent plate moving northwards and rotating anticlockwise. This led to compression across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , Svalbard and northern Greenland resulting in the Eureka Orogeny . From c. 47 Ma, the eastern margin of Greenland was cut by the Reykjanes Ridge (the northeastern branch of

4544-403: The southern Caribbean arc ( Lesser Antilles ). By the Oligocene, the intra-oceanic Central American volcanic arc began to collide with northwestern South American. At the beginning of the Paleogene, the Pacific Ocean consisted of the Pacific, Farallon, Kula and Izanagi plates. The central Pacific Plate grew by seafloor spreading as the other three plates were subducted and broken up. In

4615-405: The southern Pacific, seafloor spreading continued from the Late Cretaceous across the Pacific–Antarctic, Pacific-Farallon and Farallon–Antarctic mid ocean ridges. The Izanagi-Pacific spreading ridge lay nearly parallel to the East Asian subduction zone and between 60–50 Ma the spreading ridge began to be subducted. By c. 50 Ma, the Pacific Plate was no longer surrounded by spreading ridges, but had

4686-454: The subducting slab led to the arcuate structure of these mountain ranges. In the eastern Mediterranean, c. 35 Ma, the Anatolide-Tauride platform (northern part of Adria) began to enter the trench leading to the development of the Dinarides, Hellenides and Tauride mountain chains as the passive margin sediments of Adria were scrapped off onto the Eurasia crust during subduction. The Zagros mountain belt stretches for c. 2000 km from

4757-442: The subfamilies formerly included under Ranidae are now treated as separate families, leaving only Raninae remaining. The following genera are recognised in the family Ranidae: In 2023, Amphibian Species of the World tentatively synonymized Amnirana , Chalcorana , Humerana , Hydrophylax , Indosylvirana , Papurana , Pulchrana , and Sylvirana into Hylarana until significant taxonomic confusion surrounding

4828-426: The unusually high velocity of the Indian plate have led to several models for Greater India: 1) A Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene subduction zone may have lain between India and Eurasia in the Neotethys, dividing the region into two plates, subduction was followed by collision of India with Eurasia in the middle Eocene. In this model Greater India would have been less than 900 km wide; 2) Greater India may have formed

4899-411: The very few neognath and paleognath clades that survived the extinction event, also radiating into multiple orders, colonizing different ecosystems and achieving an extreme level of morphological diversity. Percomorph fish, the most diverse group of vertebrates today, first appeared near the end of the Cretaceous but saw a very rapid radiation into their modern order and family-level diversity during

4970-525: The water and go through a tadpole stage. However, as in most families of frogs, there is large variation of habitat within the family. There are also arboreal species of true frogs, and the family includes some of the very few amphibians that can live in brackish water . The Ranidae are related to several other frog families that have Eurasian and Indian origins, including Rhacophoridae , Dicroglossidae , Nyctibatrachidae , Micrixalidae , and Ranixalidae . They are thought to be most closely related to

5041-588: Was 10 to 15 °C higher than the current annual mean temperatures in these areas. This rapid rise in global temperatures and intense greenhouse conditions were due to a sudden increase in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other greenhouse gases . An accompanying rise in humidity is reflected in an increase in kaolinite in sediments, which forms by chemical weathering in hot, humid conditions. Tropical and subtropical forests flourished and extended into polar regions. Water vapour (a greenhouse gas) associated with these forests also contributed to

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